共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 46 毫秒
1.
Dr. Ruijin Meng Dr. Xin He Dr. Samuel Jun Hoong Ong Chenxu Cui Prof. Shufeng Song Prof. Peerasak Paoprasert Prof. Quanquan Pang Prof. Zhichuan J. Xu Prof. Xiao Liang 《Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)》2023,62(38):e202309046
Passivation of the sulfur cathode by insulating lithium sulfide restricts the reversibility and sulfur utilization of Li−S batteries. 3D nucleation of Li2S enabled by radical conversion may significantly boost the redox kinetics. Electrolytes with high donor number (DN) solvents allow for tri-sulfur (S3⋅−) radicals as intermediates, however, the catastrophic reactivity of such solvents with Li anodes pose a great challenge for their practical application. Here, we propose the use of quaternary ammonium salts as electrolyte additives, which can preserve the partial high-DN characteristics that trigger the S3⋅− radical pathway, and inhibit the growth of Li dendrites. Li−S batteries with tetrapropylammonium bromide (T3Br) electrolyte additive deliver the outstanding cycling stability (700 cycles at 1 C with a low-capacity decay rate of 0.049 % per cycle), and high capacity under a lean electrolyte of 5 μLelectrolyte mgsulfur−1. This work opens a new avenue for the development of electrolyte additives for Li−S batteries. 相似文献
2.
Dr. Yichao Cai Yunpeng Hou Dr. Yong Lu Dr. Qiu Zhang Dr. Zhenhua Yan Prof. Jun Chen 《Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)》2023,62(17):e202218014
Li−O2 batteries with bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide-based ionic liquid (TFSI-IL) electrolyte are promising because TFSI-IL can stabilize O2− to lower charge overpotential. However, slow Li+ transport in TFSI-IL electrolyte causes inferior Li deposition. Here we optimize weak solvating molecule (anisole) to generate anisole-doped ionic aggregate in TFSI-IL electrolyte. Such unique solvation environment can realize not only high Li+ transport parameters but also anion-derived solid electrolyte interface (SEI). Thus, fast Li+ transport is achieved in electrolyte bulk and SEI simultaneously, leading to robust Li deposition with high rate capability (3 mA cm−2) and long cycle life (2000 h at 0.2 mA cm−2). Moreover, Li−O2 batteries show good cycling stability (a small overpotential increase of 0.16 V after 120 cycles) and high rate capability (1 A g−1). This work provides an effective electrolyte design principle to realize stable Li deposition and high-performance Li−O2 batteries. 相似文献
3.
Fengling Zhang Dr. Jingning Lai Zhengqiang Hu Anbin Zhou Huirong Wang Xin Hu Lijuan Hou Bohua Li Wen Sun Dr. Nan Chen Prof. Li Li Prof. Feng Wu Prof. Renjie Chen 《Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)》2023,62(16):e202301772
Lithium-oxygen batteries (LOBs) are well known for their high energy density. However, their reversibility and rate performance are challenged due to the sluggish oxygen reduction/evolution reactions (ORR/OER) kinetics, serious side reactions and uncontrollable Li dendrite growth. The electrolyte plays a key role in transport of Li+ and reactive oxygen species in LOBs. Here, we tailored a dilute electrolyte by screening suitable crown ether additives to promote lithium salt dissociation and Li+ solvation through electrostatic interaction. The electrolyte containing 100 mM 18-crown-6 ether (100-18C6) exhibits enhanced electrochemical stability and triggers a solution-mediated Li2O2 growth pathway in LOBs, showing high discharge capacity of 10 828.8 mAh gcarbon−1. Moreover, optimized electrode/electrolyte interfaces promote ORR/OER kinetics on cathode and achieve dendrite-free Li anode, which enhances the cycle life. This work casts new lights on the design of low-cost dilute electrolytes for high performance LOBs. 相似文献
4.
Zheng Li Li-Peng Hou Nan Yao Xi-Yao Li Zi-Xian Chen Dr. Xiang Chen Dr. Xue-Qiang Zhang Dr. Bo-Quan Li Prof. Qiang Zhang 《Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)》2023,62(43):e202309968
Lithium–sulfur (Li−S) batteries are promising due to ultrahigh theoretical energy density. However, their cycling lifespan is crucially affected by the electrode kinetics of lithium polysulfides. Herein, the polysulfide solvation structure is correlated with polysulfide electrode kinetics towards long-cycling Li−S batteries. The solvation structure derived from strong solvating power electrolyte induces fast anode kinetics and rapid anode failure, while that derived from weak solvating power electrolyte causes sluggish cathode kinetics and rapid capacity loss. By contrast, the solvation structure derived from medium solvating power electrolyte balances cathode and anode kinetics and improves the cycling performance of Li−S batteries. Li−S coin cells with ultra-thin Li anodes and high-S-loading cathodes deliver 146 cycles and a 338 Wh kg−1 pouch cell undergoes stable 30 cycles. This work clarifies the relationship between polysulfide solvation structure and electrode kinetics and inspires rational electrolyte design for long-cycling Li−S batteries. 相似文献
5.
Xiaoqun Qi Dr. Ying Yang Qiang Jin Fengyi Yang Yong Xie Pengfei Sang Kun Liu Wenbin Zhao Prof. Xiaobin Xu Prof. Yongzhu Fu Prof. Jian Zhou Prof. Long Qie Prof. Yunhui Huang 《Angewandte Chemie (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2020,132(33):14012-14018
For Li-Se batteries, ether- and carbonate-based electrolytes are commonly used. However, because of the “shuttle effect” of the highly dissoluble long-chain lithium polyselenides (LPSes, Li2Sen, 4≤n≤8) in the ether electrolytes and the sluggish one-step solid-solid conversion between Se and Li2Se in the carbonate electrolytes, a large amount of porous carbon (>40 wt % in the electrode) is always needed for the Se cathodes, which seriously counteracts the advantage of Se electrodes in terms of volumetric capacity. Herein an acetonitrile-based electrolyte is introduced for the Li-Se system, and a two-plateau conversion mechanism is proposed. This new Li-Se chemistry not only avoids the shuttle effect but also facilitates the conversion between Se and Li2Se, enabling an efficient Se cathode with high Se utilization (97 %) and enhanced Coulombic efficiency. Moreover, with such a designed electrolyte, a highly compact Se electrode (2.35 gSe cm−3) with a record-breaking Se content (80 wt %) and high Se loading (8 mg cm−2) is demonstrated to have a superhigh volumetric energy density of up to 2502 Wh L−1, surpassing that of LiCoO2. 相似文献
6.
Chongxing Li Renbo Liu Shuxian Zhang Qingyu Li Cong Wang Zhiwei Zhang Chengxiang Wang Longwei Yin Rutao Wang 《中国化学快报》2023,34(9):108083-311
Selenium, an element belonging to the same group in the periodic table as sulfur, has a high electronic conductivity(1 × 10-5S/cm) and a high volumetric energy density(3253 mA h/cm3), which is a prospective cathode material for high-energy all-solid-state rechargeable batteries. However, its wide use is hindered by large volume expansion and low utilization rate. In this work, Se-infused nitrogen-doped hierarchical meso-microporous carbon composites(Se/NHPC) are prepared by... 相似文献
7.
Kai Chen Gang Huang Jin-Ling Ma Jin Wang Dong-Yue Yang Xiao-Yang Yang Yue Yu Prof. Xin-Bo Zhang 《Angewandte Chemie (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2020,132(38):16804-16810
The lithium (Li)–air battery has an ultrahigh theoretical specific energy, however, even in pure oxygen (O2), the vulnerability of conventional organic electrolytes and carbon cathodes towards reaction intermediates, especially O2−, and corrosive oxidation and crack/pulverization of Li metal anode lead to poor cycling stability of the Li-air battery. Even worse, the water and/or CO2 in air bring parasitic reactions and safety issues. Therefore, applying such systems in open-air environment is challenging. Herein, contrary to previous assertions, we have found that CO2 can improve the stability of both anode and electrolyte, and a high-performance rechargeable Li–O2/CO2 battery is developed. The CO2 not only facilitates the in situ formation of a passivated protective Li2CO3 film on the Li anode, but also restrains side reactions involving electrolyte and cathode by capturing O2−. Moreover, the Pd/CNT catalyst in the cathode can extend the battery lifespan by effectively tuning the product morphology and catalyzing the decomposition of Li2CO3. The Li–O2/CO2 battery achieves a full discharge capacity of 6628 mAh g−1 and a long life of 715 cycles, which is even better than those of pure Li–O2 batteries. 相似文献
8.
《Angewandte Chemie (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2017,129(24):7074-7078
Metal‐air batteries, especially Li‐air batteries, have attracted significant research attention in the past decade. However, the electrochemical reactions between CO2 (0.04 % in ambient air) with Li anode may lead to the irreversible formation of insulating Li2CO3, making the battery less rechargeable. To make the Li‐CO2 batteries usable under ambient conditions, it is critical to develop highly efficient catalysts for the CO2 reduction and evolution reactions and investigate the electrochemical behavior of Li‐CO2 batteries. Here, we demonstrate a rechargeable Li‐CO2 battery with a high reversibility by using B,N‐codoped holey graphene as a highly efficient catalyst for CO2 reduction and evolution reactions. Benefiting from the unique porous holey nanostructure and high catalytic activity of the cathode, the as‐prepared Li‐CO2 batteries exhibit high reversibility, low polarization, excellent rate performance, and superior long‐term cycling stability over 200 cycles at a high current density of 1.0 A g−1. Our results open up new possibilities for the development of long‐term Li‐air batteries reusable under ambient conditions, and the utilization and storage of CO2. 相似文献
9.
Mingming Ma Chaoqi Dai Kailin Luo Shun Li Jiahe Chen Zhendong Li Prof. Xiaodi Ren Prof. Deyu Wang Prof. Haiyong He Prof. Mingzhi Dai Prof. Zhe Peng 《Chemphyschem》2021,22(10):1027-1033
Uneven lithium (Li) electrodeposition hinders the wide application of high-energy-density Li metal batteries (LMBs). Current efforts mainly focus on the side-reaction suppression between Li and electrolyte, neglecting the determinant factor of mass transport in affecting Li deposition. Herein, guided Li+ mass transport under the action of a local electric field near magnetic nanoparticles or structures at the Li metal interface, known as the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) effect, are proposed to promote uniform Li deposition. The modified Li+ trajectories are revealed by COMSOL Multiphysics simulations, and verified by the compact and disc-like Li depositions on a model Fe3O4 substrate. Furthermore, a patterned mesh with the magnetic Fe−Cr2O3 core-shell skeleton is used as a facile and efficient protective structure for Li metal anodes, enabling Li metal batteries to achieve a Coulombic efficiency of 99.5 % over 300 cycles at a high cathode loading of 5.0 mAh cm−2. The Li protection strategy based on the MHD interface design might open a new opportunity to develop high-energy-density LMBs. 相似文献
10.
Xiaoqun Qi Ying Yang Qiang Jin Fengyi Yang Yong Xie Pengfei Sang Kun Liu Wenbin Zhao Xiaobin Xu Yongzhu Fu Jian Zhou Long Qie Yunhui Huang 《Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)》2020,59(33):13908-13914
For Li‐Se batteries, ether‐ and carbonate‐based electrolytes are commonly used. However, because of the “shuttle effect” of the highly dissoluble long‐chain lithium polyselenides (LPSes, Li2Sen, 4≤n≤8) in the ether electrolytes and the sluggish one‐step solid‐solid conversion between Se and Li2Se in the carbonate electrolytes, a large amount of porous carbon (>40 wt % in the electrode) is always needed for the Se cathodes, which seriously counteracts the advantage of Se electrodes in terms of volumetric capacity. Herein an acetonitrile‐based electrolyte is introduced for the Li‐Se system, and a two‐plateau conversion mechanism is proposed. This new Li‐Se chemistry not only avoids the shuttle effect but also facilitates the conversion between Se and Li2Se, enabling an efficient Se cathode with high Se utilization (97 %) and enhanced Coulombic efficiency. Moreover, with such a designed electrolyte, a highly compact Se electrode (2.35 gSe cm?3) with a record‐breaking Se content (80 wt %) and high Se loading (8 mg cm?2) is demonstrated to have a superhigh volumetric energy density of up to 2502 Wh L?1, surpassing that of LiCoO2. 相似文献
11.
Xiaoqun Qi Fengyi Yang Pengfei Sang Zhenglu Zhu Xiaoyu Jin Yujun Pan Jie Ji Ruining Jiang Haoran Du Yongsheng Ji Prof. Yongzhu Fu Prof. Long Qie Prof. Yunhui Huang 《Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)》2023,62(9):e202218803
The use of non-solvating, or as-called sparingly-solvating, electrolytes (NSEs), is regarded as one of the most promising solutions to the obstacles to the practical applications of Li−S batteries. However, it remains a puzzle that long-life Li−S batteries have rarely, if not never, been reported with NSEs, despite their good compatibility with Li anode. Here, we find the capacity decay of Li−S batteries in NSEs is mainly due to the accumulation of the dead Li2S at the cathode side, rather than the degradation of the anodes or electrolytes. Based on this understanding, we propose an electrochemical strategy to reactivate the accumulated Li2S and revive the dead Li−S batteries in NSEs. With such a facile approach, Li−S batteries with significantly improved cycling stability and accelerated dynamics are achieved with diglyme-, acetonitrile- and 1,2-dimethoxyethane-based NSEs. Our finding may rebuild the confidence in exploiting non-solvating Li−S batteries with practical competitiveness. 相似文献
12.
Ziping Wang Shuyuan Xie Xuejie Gao Xinyang Chen Lina Cong Jun Liu Haiming Xie Chuang Yu Yulong Liu 《中国化学快报》2023,34(9):108151-317
Li metal is considered an ideal anode material because of its high theoretical capacity and low electrode potential. However, the practical usage of Li metal as an anode is severely limited because of inevitable parasitic side reactions with electrolyte and dendrites formation. At present, single-component artificial solid electrolyte interphase cannot simultaneously meet the multiple functions of promoting ion conduction, guiding lithium ion deposition, inhibiting dendrite growth, and reducing ... 相似文献
13.
Jianping Yan Dr. Minghui Ye Dr. Yufei Zhang Dr. Yongchao Tang Prof. Xiaoqing Liu Prof. Cheng Chao Li 《Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2022,28(49):e202201151
Lithium metal batteries (LMBs) have attracted extensive attention owing to their high energy density. However, the uncontrolled volume changes and serious dendrite growth of the Li metal anode have hindered their commercialization. Herein, a three-dimensional Cu foam decorated with Au nanoparticles and conformal graphene layer was designed to tune the Li plating/stripping behaviors. The 3D−Cu conductive host anchored by lithiophilic Au nanoparticles can effectively alleviate the volume expansion caused by the continuous plating/stripping of Li and reduce the nucleation energy barrier. Notably, the conductive graphene not only facilitates the transfer of electrons, but also acts as an ionic rectifier, thereby avoiding the aggregation of local current density and Li+ ions around Au nanoparticles and enabling the uniform Li+ flux. As a result, the G−Au@3D−Cu/Li anode ensures the non-dendritic and homogeneous Li+ plating/stripping. Electrochemical results show that the symmetric G−Au@3D−Cu/Li cell delivers a low voltage hysteresis of 110 mV after 1000 h at 1 mA cm−2. Matched with a layered LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 cathode, the NCM622||G−Au@3D−Cu/Li full cell exhibits a long cycle life of 2000 cycles and an ultra-low capacity decay rate (0.01 % per cycle). 相似文献
14.
Siyuan Li Weidong Zhang Qiang Wu Lei Fan Xinyang Wang Xiao Wang Zeyu Shen Yi He Yingying Lu 《Angewandte Chemie (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2020,132(35):15045-15051
A rechargeable Li metal anode coupled with a high-voltage cathode is a promising approach to high-energy-density batteries exceeding 300 Wh kg−1. Reported here is an advanced dual-additive electrolyte containing a unique solvation structure and it comprises a tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane additive and LiNO3 in a carbonate-based electrolyte. This system generates a robust outer Li2O solid electrolyte interface and F- and B-containing conformal cathode electrolyte interphase. The resulting stable ion transport kinetics enables excellent cycling of Li/LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 for 140 cycles with 80 % capacity retention under highly challenging conditions (≈295.1 Wh kg−1 at cell-level). The electrolyte also exhibits high cycling stability for a 4.6 V LiCoO2 (160 cycles with 89.8 % capacity retention) cathode and 4.95 V LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 cathode. 相似文献
15.
Bin Yuan Prof. Liang Wu Shitao Geng Qiuchen Xu Dr. Xiaoju Zhao Dr. Yan Wang Dr. Meng Liao Dr. Lei Ye Zongtao Qu Dr. Xiao Zhang Shuo Wang Zhaofeng Ouyang Shanshan Tang Prof. Huisheng Peng Prof. Hao Sun 《Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)》2023,62(37):e202306789
Chlorine (Cl)-based batteries such as Li/Cl2 batteries are recognized as promising candidates for energy storage with low cost and high performance. However, the current use of Li metal anodes in Cl-based batteries has raised serious concerns regarding safety, cost, and production complexity. More importantly, the well-documented parasitic reactions between Li metal and Cl-based electrolytes require a large excess of Li metal, which inevitably sacrifices the electrochemical performance of the full cell. Therefore, it is crucial but challenging to establish new anode chemistry, particularly with electrochemical reversibility, for Cl-based batteries. Here we show, for the first time, reversible Si redox in Cl-based batteries through efficient electrolyte dilution and anode/electrolyte interface passivation using 1,2-dichloroethane and cyclized polyacrylonitrile as key mediators. Our Si anode chemistry enables significantly increased cycling stability and shelf lives compared with conventional Li metal anodes. It also avoids the use of a large excess of anode materials, thus enabling the first rechargeable Cl2 full battery with remarkable energy and power densities of 809 Wh kg−1 and 4,277 W kg−1, respectively. The Si anode chemistry affords fast kinetics with remarkable rate capability and low-temperature electrochemical performance, indicating its great potential in practical applications. 相似文献
16.
Xue-Qiang Zhang Tao Li Bo-Quan Li Rui Zhang Peng Shi Chong Yan Prof. Jia-Qi Huang Prof. Qiang Zhang 《Angewandte Chemie (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)》2020,132(8):3278-3283
High-energy-density Li metal batteries suffer from a short lifespan under practical conditions, such as limited lithium, high loading cathode, and lean electrolytes, owing to the absence of appropriate solid electrolyte interphase (SEI). Herein, a sustainable SEI was designed rationally by combining fluorinated co-solvents with sustained-release additives for practical challenges. The intrinsic uniformity of SEI and the constant supplements of building blocks of SEI jointly afford to sustainable SEI. Specific spatial distributions and abundant heterogeneous grain boundaries of LiF, LiNxOy, and Li2O effectively regulate uniformity of Li deposition. In a Li metal battery with an ultrathin Li anode (33 μm), a high-loading LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 cathode (4.4 mAh cm−2), and lean electrolytes (6.1 g Ah−1), 83 % of initial capacity retains after 150 cycles. A pouch cell (3.5 Ah) demonstrated a specific energy of 340 Wh kg−1 for 60 cycles with lean electrolytes (2.3 g Ah−1). 相似文献
17.
Dr. Long Qie Dr. Yi Lin Dr. John W. Connell Dr. Jiantie Xu Prof. Liming Dai 《Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)》2017,56(24):6970-6974
Metal-air batteries, especially Li-air batteries, have attracted significant research attention in the past decade. However, the electrochemical reactions between CO2 (0.04 % in ambient air) with Li anode may lead to the irreversible formation of insulating Li2CO3, making the battery less rechargeable. To make the Li-CO2 batteries usable under ambient conditions, it is critical to develop highly efficient catalysts for the CO2 reduction and evolution reactions and investigate the electrochemical behavior of Li-CO2 batteries. Here, we demonstrate a rechargeable Li-CO2 battery with a high reversibility by using B,N-codoped holey graphene as a highly efficient catalyst for CO2 reduction and evolution reactions. Benefiting from the unique porous holey nanostructure and high catalytic activity of the cathode, the as-prepared Li-CO2 batteries exhibit high reversibility, low polarization, excellent rate performance, and superior long-term cycling stability over 200 cycles at a high current density of 1.0 A g−1. Our results open up new possibilities for the development of long-term Li-air batteries reusable under ambient conditions, and the utilization and storage of CO2. 相似文献
18.
Xiahui Zhang Panpan Dong Seunghyo Noh Xianghui Zhang Younghwan Cha Su Ha Ji-Hoon Jang Min-Kyu Song 《Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)》2023,62(4):e202212942
The LiOH-based cathode chemistry has demonstrated potential for high-energy Li−O2 batteries. However, the understanding of such complex chemistry remains incomplete. Herein, we use the combined experimental methods with ab initio calculations to study LiOH chemistry. We provide a unified reaction mechanism for LiOH formation during discharge via net 4 e− oxygen reduction, in which Li2O2 acts as intermediate in low water-content electrolyte but LiHO2 as intermediate in high water-content electrolyte. Besides, LiOH decomposes via 1 e− oxidation during charge, generating surface-reactive hydroxyl species that degrade organic electrolytes and generate protons. These protons lead to early removal of LiOH, followed by a new high-potential charge plateau (1 e− water oxidation). At following cycles, these accumulated protons lead to a new high-potential discharge plateau, corresponding to water formation. Our findings shed light on understanding of 4 e− cathode chemistries in metal–air batteries. 相似文献
19.
Qi Zhang Zewen Liu Xiaosheng Song Tengfei Bian Dr. Zhijie Guo Donghai Wu Jun Wei Sixin Wu Prof. Dr. Yong Zhao 《Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)》2023,62(30):e202302559
Polymer based quasi-solid-state electrolyte (QSE) has attracted great attention due to its assurance for high safety of rechargeable batteries including lithium metal batteries (LMB). However, it faces the issue of low ionic conductivity of electrolyte and solid-electrolyte-interface (SEI) layer between QSE and lithium anode. Herein, we firstly demonstrate that the ordered and fast transport of lithium ion (Li+) can be realized in QSE. Due to the higher coordination strength of Li+ on tertiary amine (−NR3) group of polymer network than that on carbonyl (−C=O) group of ester solvent, Li+ can diffuse orderly and quickly on −NR3 of polymer, significantly increasing the ionic conductivity of QSE to 3.69 mS cm−1. Moreover, −NR3 of polymer can induce in situ and uniform generation of Li3N and LiNxOy in SEI. As a result, the Li||NCM811 batteries (50 μm Li foil) with this QSE show an excellent stability of 220 cycles at ≈1.5 mA cm−2, 5 times to those with conventional QSE. LMBs with LiFePO4 can stably run for ≈8300 h. This work demonstrates an attractive concept for improving ionic conductivity of QSE, and also provides an important step for developing advanced LMB with high cycle stability and safety. 相似文献
20.
Prof. Xin Wang Dr. Xiaomin Zhang Yan Zhao Dr. Dan Luo Prof. Lingling Shui Yebao Li Dr. Ge Ma Yaojie Zhu Dr. Yongguang Zhang Prof. Guofu Zhou Prof. Aiping Yu Prof. Zhongwei Chen 《Angewandte Chemie (International ed. in English)》2023,62(42):e202306901
The sluggish sulfur redox kinetics and shuttle effect of lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) are recognized as the main obstacles to the practical applications of the lithium-sulfur (Li−S) batteries. Accelerated conversion by catalysis can mitigate these issues, leading to enhanced Li−S performance. However, a catalyst with single active site cannot simultaneously accelerate multiple LiPSs conversion. Herein, we developed a novel dual-defect (missing linker and missing cluster defects) metal–organic framework (MOF) as a new type of catalyst to achieve synergistic catalysis for the multi-step conversion reaction of LiPSs. Electrochemical tests and first-principle density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed that different defects can realize targeted acceleration of stepwise reaction kinetics for LiPSs. Specifically, the missing linker defects can selectively accelerate the conversion of S8→Li2S4, while the missing cluster defects can catalyze the reaction of Li2S4→Li2S, so as to effectively inhibit the shuttle effect. Hence, the Li−S battery with an electrolyte to sulfur (E/S) ratio of 8.9 mL g−1 delivers a capacity of 1087 mAh g−1 at 0.2 C after 100 cycles. Even at high sulfur loading of 12.9 mg cm−2 and E/S=3.9 mL g−1, an areal capacity of 10.4 mAh cm−2 for 45 cycles can still be obtained. 相似文献