热处理温度对铬掺杂二氧化钛表面结构和性质的影响

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了铬掺杂二氧化钛(Cr-TiO₂), 并对经过不同温度烧结的Cr-TiO₂的结构、吸收光谱及样品中铬的氧化态等进行了表征. 实验结果表明, 在不高于723 K的温度烧结后, 铬以Cr^3＋的氧化物和Cr^6＋的铬酸盐或重铬酸盐的形式存在于TiO₂表面. 随着热处理温度的提高, Cr^6＋的含量逐渐增多. Cr-TiO₂在可见区400～550 nm的吸收带是由Cr^3＋的⁴A₂→⁴T₁跃迁和O→Cr^6＋的1t₁→2e电荷转移等引起的, 620～800 nm的吸收则是Cr^3＋的⁴A₂→⁴T₂跃迁的结果. 前者随着烧结温度的升高而增强, 后者则随着温度升高而下降.     

M(EDTA)2－ (M＝Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd)电子结构和性质的密度泛函理论研究

在B3LYP/LanL2DZ水平上, 计算研究了Co^2＋, Ni^2＋, Cu^2＋, Zn^2＋, Cd^2＋与乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)六配位模式下配合物的结构和性质. 除Cu(EDTA)^2－的M—O(5)受Jahn-Teller效应影响明显拉长外, 配位键长M—N(1)和M—O(5)按 Cu^2＋＜Ni^2＋＜Co^2＋＜Zn^2＋＜Cd^2＋的顺序依次增长, 配位键长M—O(3)按Cu^2＋＜Zn^2＋＜Ni^2＋＜Co^2＋＜Cd^2＋的次序依次增长. 自然键轨道(NBO)分析表明, 氮、氧的非键电子与金属空轨道的相互作用是配体与金属离子配位的主要作用方式. 通过对N(1)—C(7), N(1)—C(9), N(1)—C(15)键长和NAO键级的分析, 在分子水平上阐明了EDTA在与金属离子配位前后发生首步降解, 其产物存在差异的实验事实. 依据热力学原理并兼顾自洽反应场(SCRF)的IEFPCM模型, 我们设计了金属离子与EDTA在水溶液中的反应途径和热力学循环. 结果表明, 金属离子与EDTA的结合能(即配位稳定性)依次为: Cd^2＋＜Zn^2＋＜Co^2＋＜Ni^2＋＜Cu^2＋, 金属离子的水合吉布斯自由能计算值与实验值大致吻合, 而且上述目标金属配合物的络合吉布斯自由能的递变规律与实验一致. 基于气相优化结构进行了振动频率计算, 并对部分重要的振动峰作了归属指认. 结果表明, 随着配位稳定性的减弱, M(EDTA)^2－具有红外活性的金属敏感性振动峰ν(M—N)和ν(M—O)的峰位依次红移.     

1,8-萘酰亚胺为发色团的Zn2+荧光探针的合成及性能研究

合成了以1,8-萘酰亚胺为发色团,以联吡啶为离子受体的Zn²⁺荧光探针,并进行了表征及离子识别性能的研究。研究表明该化合物对Zn²⁺具有良好的识别性能,同时相对于Ca²⁺, Cd²⁺, Co²⁺, Cu²⁺, Hg²⁺, Fe³⁺, Mn²⁺, Ni²⁺, Pb²⁺等金属离子具有良好的选择性。     

介孔α-Fe2O3表面配合反应平衡常数测定

采用十二胺为模板剂、氨水做沉淀剂成功制备了介孔α-Fe₂O₃, 通过粉末X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电镜(TEM)、N₂吸附/脱附技术对样品晶相、形貌和比表面积进行了表征. 根据介孔α-Fe₂O₃悬浮液的酸碱滴定数据, 使用FITEQL软件, 采用双电层恒电容模型计算得出了介孔α-Fe₂O₃的表面酸碱反应平衡常数. 在此基础上研究了Cu^2＋, Pb^2＋, Zn^2＋在介孔氧化铁表面的吸附行为, 使用WinSGW软件模拟得出了相应的表面配合反应平衡常数并讨论了其吸附机理.     

层状锰酸锂衍生物的阳离子价态与锂电池的电化学性能研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法, 通过锂盐、镍盐、钴盐与锰盐生成锂镍钴锰氧化合物的前驱体, 随后采用高温固相法合成了Li(Mn_1/3Co_1/3Ni_1/3)O₂. 借助于X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、X射线衍射(XRD)、循环伏安(CV)及充放电测试等现代测试手段研究了材料的晶型结构、离子价态及电化学性能. 前驱体经950 ℃煅烧可获得晶体结构完整、晶胞参数为a＝0.2864 nm, c＝1.4235 nm的六方层状Li(Mn_1/3Co_1/3Ni_1/3)O₂化合物; XPS结果表明Li(Mn_1/3Co_1/3Ni_1/3)O₂化合物表面上的Mn, Ni和Co分别以Mn^4＋, Ni^2＋和Co^3＋存在; 材料的高温放电比容量比室温要高, 在55 ℃下, 在2.5～4.6 V电压范围内, 电流密度为28 mA/g时材料首次放电容量195 mAh/g, 循环10次后容量保持在170 mAh/g; 循环伏安曲线上3.7 V和4.4 V的氧化还原过程对应于Ni^2＋/4＋和Co^3＋/4＋氧化还原电对的反应.     

α-Fe2O3、γ-Al2O3、SiO2混合体系的表面配位反应

运用自动电位滴定技术分别研究了纳米α-Fe₂O₃、γ-Al₂O₃、SiO₂单一体系及三组分混合体系中氧化物表面的酸碱性质和对重金属离子Cu²⁺、Pb²⁺、Zn²⁺的吸附行为. 依据表面配位理论恒电容模式(CCM), 计算了相应的表面酸碱配位常数. 结果表明: α-Fe₂O₃/γ-Al₂O₃/SiO₂三组分混合体系的表面化学反应并非是单一体系的简单叠加, 而是存在着不同矿物表面间复杂的交互作用. 三组分表面酸碱反应平衡式和相应的酸碱反应平衡常数分别为: ≡XOH₂⁺?≡XOH+H⁺ (lgK_a1=-4.23), ≡XOH?≡XO^-+H⁺(lgK_a2=-8.41). 根据重金属离子Cu²⁺、Pb²⁺、Zn²⁺在α-Fe₂O₃/γ-Al₂O₃/SiO₂混合体系表面的吸附行为, 计算得到Cu²⁺、Pb²⁺、Zn²⁺在混合体系表面配位反应及其平衡常数如下: ≡XOH＋M²⁺?≡XOM⁺+H⁺; lgK=-2.20, -1.90, -3.20 (M=Cu, Pb, Zn).     

表面稳定单质铜的介孔二氧化钛的光催化产氢性能

采用十二烷基硫醇作为保护剂有效地稳定住了光催化过程中介孔二氧化钛(m-TiO₂)表面原位生成的Cu⁰物种。通过X射线衍射,X射线光电子能谱,高分辨透射电镜,高角环形暗场扫描透射电镜等手段对催化剂的组成结构进行了表征,发现催化剂中仅有Cu⁰物种存在。在紫外光照射下,以甲醛水溶液为牺牲试剂测试了Cu⁰物种对介孔二氧化钛产氢性能的影响,发现适量的Cu⁰纳米颗粒能够极大地提高介孔二氧化钛的产氢性能。当Cu⁰的物质的量分数为1.0%时,Cu⁰/m-TiO₂表现出最高的产氢速率,为725μmol·h^-1·g^-1。该样品中Cu⁰纳米颗粒的尺寸为(4.2±0.9)nm。此外,通过气相色谱检测到产生的H₂和CO₂的物质的量之比为2:1,表明部分氢气来自于水分解。     

以[M(DETA)2)]n+(M=Cu2+, Ni2+, Co3+)为客体的MnPS3夹层化合物的合成、结构表征与磁性研究

将过渡金属配合物阳离子([M(DETA)₂]ⁿ⁺(M=Cu²⁺,Ni²⁺,Co³⁺;DETA=Diethylenetriamine,二乙烯三胺)作为客体插入层状MnPS₃层间得到了相应的3个夹层化合物。通过X-射线粉末衍射、元素分析和红外光谱对夹层化合物的结构进行了表征。结果表明,与主体MnPS₃ 0.65 nm的层间距相比较,夹层化合物(Mn_0.88PS₃[Cu(DETA)₂]_0.12)的层间距扩大了0.32 nm,由此推测客体[Cu(DETA)₂]²⁺在层间以平面四方的配位形式存在,而另2个夹层化合物(Mn_0.79PS₃[Ni(DETA)₂]_0.21和Mn_0.74PS₃[Co(DETA)₂]_0.17)的层间距扩大了0.48 nm,说明客体[(M(DETA)₂]ⁿ⁺,M=Co³⁺,Ni²⁺) 在主体层间以八面体配位形式存在。磁性测试结果表明过渡金属离子[(M(DETA)₂]ⁿ⁺(M=Cu²⁺,Co³⁺)的插入能引起主体MnPS₃的磁性在35~40 K发生由顺磁向亚铁磁性的转变并表现自发磁化,而客体[Ni(DETA)₂]²⁺却使夹层化合物的反铁磁相互作用增强,抑制了自发磁化的发生。     

金属离子对CdS量子点/聚酰胺-胺树形分子纳米复合材料光致发光性能的影响

以聚酰胺-胺树形分子为模板制备了分散好、尺寸均匀的CdS量子点，并用分光光度滴定法研究了Cd²⁺、Zn²⁺、Pb²⁺、Cu²⁺、Mn²⁺几种金属离子对其光致发光性能的影响。发现不同离子对CdS量子点的发光性能影响不同:Cd²⁺和Zn²⁺使量子点荧光增强，Pb²⁺、Cu²⁺和Mn²⁺使其荧光有不同程度淬灭。这归因于金属离子对CdS量子点表面的修饰作用。Cd²⁺能减少由S^2-悬键构成的非辐射复合中心，增强树形分子对量子点表面缺陷的钝化作用，并能在量子点周围形成类肖特基能垒，从而显著增大CdS量子点的光致发光效率。由于ZnS与CdS的晶格参数非常接近，Zn²⁺能起到与Cd²⁺类似的作用，使CdS量子点的发光效率大大增强。Pb²⁺和Cu²⁺能取代Cd²⁺在CdS量子点表面生成窄带隙的壳层，对其发光有很强的淬灭作用。由于块体PbS的带隙比块体CuS窄，故Pb²⁺的淬灭能力强于Cu²⁺。Mn²⁺能破坏Cd²⁺与PAMAM树形分子的配位键，降低树形分子对CdS量子点表面缺陷的钝化作用，且其本身在量子点表面构成了新的荧光淬灭中心，但Mn²⁺也能形成较弱的类肖特基能垒，故对量子点的发光淬灭作用较弱。     

Cd3Al2Ge3O12: Mn2+磷光体的发光和长余辉性能

采用传统的高温固相法合成了Cd₃Al₂Ge₃O₁₂: Mn²⁺长余辉发光材料, 利用X射线粉末衍射仪、荧光光谱仪、热释光谱计量仪等手段对粉末样品进行了表征。研究了以Zr⁴⁺离子作为辅助激活剂离子, 对发光材料Cd₃Al₂Ge₃O₁₂: Mn²⁺余辉性能的影响。分析结果表明, 样品位于500~700 nm的黄光宽带发射峰源于Mn²⁺的⁴T₁(⁴G)→⁶A₁(⁶S)跃迁发射结果。并且观察到了由Cd₃Al₂Ge₃O₁₂基质向激活剂离子Mn²⁺的能量传递。共掺杂Zr⁴⁺离子后样品发射峰位没有明显变化, 但是余辉亮度衰减曲线表明适量的Zr⁴⁺离子掺杂可延长Cd₃Al₂Ge₃O₁₂: Mn²⁺的余辉时间。通过对热释光谱的分析, 解释了双掺杂荧光粉余辉性能增强的原因, Zr⁴⁺的掺杂在材料中引入了深度更为合适的缺陷陷阱, 可有效存储光能, 增强余辉的时间和强度。     

Nanometer-sized alumina coated with chromotropic acid as solid phase metal extractant from environmental samples and determination by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry

A method for solid phase extraction of trace metals such as Cd²⁺, Cr⁶⁺, Cu²⁺, Fe³⁺, Mn²⁺, Ni²⁺, Pb²⁺ and Zn²⁺ using nanometer-sized alumina coated with chromotropic acid prior to determination by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES) has been developed. Various influencing parameters on the separation and preconcentration of trace metals, pH, flow rate, sample volume, amount of adsorbent, concentration of eluent and sorption kinetics have been studied. The detection limits for Cd²⁺, Cr⁶⁺, Cu²⁺, Fe³⁺, Mn²⁺, Ni²⁺, Pb²⁺ and Zn²⁺ were found to be 0.14, 0.62, 0.22, 0.54, 0.27, 0.28, 0.53 and 0.38 ng ml^− 1, respectively. The adsorption capacity of the solid phase adsorption material is 10.3, 11.3, 14.5, 16.4, 15.1, 11.7, 15.4 and 16.8 mg g^− 1 for Cd²⁺, Cr⁶⁺, Cu²⁺, Fe³⁺, Mn²⁺, Ni^2+, Pb²⁺ and Zn²⁺, respectively. The preconcentration factor was obtained in the range of 50-100 for all studied metal ions. Coexisting ions over a high concentration range have not shown any significant effects on the determination of aforesaid metal ions. The accuracy of the proposed method was tested by standard reference materials (NIST 1643e: water, NIST 1573a: tomato leaves and NIST 1568a rice flour) and natural waters and the results obtained were in good agreement with the certified values.     

Electrochemical Quantification of Lead Adsorption on TiO2 Nanoparticles

This work describes a rapid easy-to-use electrochemical method for quantifying lead (Pb²⁺) adsorption on metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs), demonstrated here for titanium dioxide (TiO₂). The method was able to quantify Pb²⁺ adsorption for concentrations as low as 0.95 μM, and up to 200 μM in NP dispersions, and to differentiate ion uptake in the presence and absence of a natural organic material, humic acid (HA). The method was selective for Pb²⁺ against Cu²⁺, As³⁺, Zn²⁺, Cd²⁺ and Cr³⁺ ions when measured in the specific potential range from −0.4 to −0.6 V and was successfully demonstrated in water and home-collected dust.     

On-Line Separation and Preconcentration of Trace Metals in Biological Samples Using a Microcolumn Loaded with PAN-Modified Nanometer-Sized Titanium Dioxide,and Their Determination by ICP-AES

A flow injection analysis system incorporating a microcolumn of nanometer-sized TiO₂ loaded with 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol (PAN) has been used for the development of an on-line multi-element method for simultaneous separation and preconcentration and subsequent determination of Cu²⁺, Co²⁺, Cr³⁺, Y³⁺, Yb³⁺ and Bi³⁺ by ICP-AES. Effects of pH, sample flow rate and volume, elution conditions, adsorption capacity and interfering ions on analyte recovery were examined. The adsorption capacity of nanometer-sized TiO₂ loaded with PAN was 4.73, 18.57, 3.81, 6.14, 4.52 and 20.35mgg^–1 for Cu²⁺, Cr³⁺, Y³⁺, Yb³⁺, Co²⁺ and Bi³⁺, respectively. The method has been applied to the analysis of trace elements in standard reference biological samples, and the results are in good agreement with the certified values.     

Nanometer titanium dioxide immobilized on silica gel as sorbent for preconcentration of metal ions prior to their determination by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry

Nanometer titanium dioxide immobilized on silica gel (immobilized nanometer TiO₂) was prepared by sol-gel method and characterized by using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The adsorptive potential of immobilized nanometer TiO₂ for the preconcentration of trace Cd, Cr, Cu and Mn was assessed in this work. The metal ions studied can be quantitative retained at a pH range of 8-9, and 0.5 mol L⁻¹ HNO₃ was sufficient for complete elution. The adsorption capacity of immobilized nanometer TiO₂ for Cd, Cr, Cu and Mn was found to be 2.93, 2.11, 6.69 and 2.47 mg g⁻¹, respectively. A new method using a microcolumn packed with immobilized nanometer TiO₂ as sorbent has been developed for the preconcentration of trace amounts of Cd, Cr, Cu and Mn prior to their determination by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). The method has been successfully applied for the determination of trace elements in some environmental samples with satisfactory results.     

Study of the adsorption behavior ¶of heavy metal ions on nanometer-size ¶titanium dioxide with ICP-AES

A new method using nanoparticle TiO₂ as solid-phase extractant coupled with ICP-AES was proposed for simultaneous determination of trace elements. The adsorption behavior of nanometer TiO₂ towards Cu, Cr, Mn and Ni was investigated by ICP-AES, and the adsorption pH curves, adsorption isotherms and adsorption capacities were obtained. It was found that the adsorption rates of the metal ions studied were more than 90% in pH 8.0～9.0, and 2.0 mol L^–1 HCl was sufficient for complete elution. Nanometer TiO₂ possesses a significant capacity for the sorption of the metal ions studied which is higher than the capacity of silica, the commonly used extractant. The method has been applied to the analysis of some environmental samples with satisfactory results.     

Simultaneous removal of Cu2+ and Cr3+ ions from aqueous solution based on Complexation with Eriochrome cyanine‐R and derivative spectrophotometric method

TiO₂ nanoparticles deposited on activated carbon (TiO₂–NP–AC) was prepared and characterized by XRD and SEM analysis. Subsequently, simultaneous ultrasound‐assisted adsorption of Cu²⁺ and Cr³⁺ ions onto TiO₂‐NPs‐AC after complexation via eriochrome cyanine R (ECR) has been investigated with UV–Vis and FAA spectrophotometer. Spectra overlapping of the ECR‐Cu and ECR‐Cr complex was resolve by derivative spectrophotometric technique. The effects of various parameters such as initial Cu²⁺ (A) and Cr³⁺ (B) ions concentrations, TiO₂‐NPs‐AC mass (C), sonication time (D) and pH (E) on the removal percentage were investigated and optimized by central composite design (CCD). The optimize conditions were set as: 4.21 min, 0.019 mg, 20.02 and 13.22 mg L^?1 and 6.63 for sonication time, TiO₂–NP–AC mass, initial Cr³⁺ and Cu²⁺ ions concentration and pH, respectively. The experimental equilibrium data fitting to Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin and Dubinin–Radushkevich models show that the Langmuir model is a good and suitable model for evaluation and the actual behavior of adsorption process and maximum adsorption capacity of 105.26 and 93.46 mg g^?1 were obtained for Cu²⁺ and Cr³⁺ ions, respectively. Kinetic evaluation of experimental data showed that the adsorption processes followed well pseudo second order and intraparticle diffusion models.     

Ligational behaviour of biacetylmonoxime nicotinoyl hydrazone (H2BMNH) towards transition metal ions

Summary The synthesis and characterization of Mn^II, Co^II, Ni^II, Cu^II, Zn^II, Cd^II UO ₂ ²⁺ , Cr^III and Fe^III complexes of biacetylmonoxime nicotinoyl hydrazone (H₂BMNH) are reported. Elemental analysis, molar conductance, magnetic moment and spectral (i.r., visible and n.m.r.) measurements have been used to characterize the complexes. I.r. spectral data show that the ligand behaves in a bidentate and/or tridentate manner. An octahedral structure is proposed for the Mn^II, Ni^II, Cr^III and Fe^III complexes, while a square-planar structure is proposed for both Co^II and Cu^II complexes on the basis of magnetic and spectral measurements.     

Bulgarian natural diatomites: modification and characterization

Natural Bulgarian diatomite modified by oxidation with sulfuric acid and H₂O₂ or by coating with manganese oxide was characterized considering its chemical composition, surface area, pore volume, and structure. Modified diatomites displayed larger surface area and pore volumes in comparison with untreated natural diatomite, which favored their sorption behavior. Sorption properties of diatomites towards Fe³⁺, Pb²⁺, Cu²⁺, Cd²⁺, Mn²⁺, Ni²⁺, Co²⁺, Cr³⁺, Pd²⁺, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺ were investigated and their sorption capacities were determined. Sorption properties of manganese oxide-modified diatomite were superior to those of diatomite modified by oxidation. Owing to its high sorption capacity towards Co²⁺, Ni²⁺, Pb²⁺, Cr³⁺, Fe²⁺, Cu²⁺, and Cd²⁺, the manganese oxide-modified diatomite is a promising low-cost sorbent for selective removal of milligram amounts of these toxic metal ions from contaminated water.     

Transition metal complexes derived from N-isonicotinamido-N′-benzoylthiocarbamide (H2IBTC)

Summary The synthesis and characterization of Cr^III, Mn^II, Fe^III, Co^II, Ni^II, Cu^II, Zn^II, Cd^II and UO _inf2 ^sup2+ complexes of N-isonicotinamido-_N-benzoylthiocarbamide (H₂IBTC) are reported. I.r. spectral data show that the ligand behaves in a bidentate, tridentate and/or tetradentate manner. Different stereochemistries are proposed for Cr^III, Mn^II, Fe^III, Co^II, Ni^II and Cu^II complexes on the basis of spectral and magnetic studies. The i.r. data indicate that the carbonyl oxygen of the benzoyl moiety is the backbone of chelation in most complexes.     

Preparation of dithiocarbamatecellulose derivatives and their adsorption properties for trace elements

Tosylcellulose was treated separately with aniline, benzylamine, n-butylamine and piperazine to give four different aminocelluloses which were further treated with carbon disulfide to furnish four dithiocarbamatecelluloses (AND, BZD, BUD and PID). A comparative study was made of their performance as adsorbents for several kinds of metal ions. PID, which has the highest degree of substitution of the dithiocarbamate group of the four derivatives obtained, was investigated for its adsorption behavior towards Ag⁺, As⁵⁺, Cd²⁺, Co²⁺, Cr³⁺, Cr⁶⁺, Cu²⁺, Fe³⁺, Hg²⁺, Mn²⁺, Pb²⁺, Sb⁵⁺; Se⁴⁺, Te⁴⁺ and Zn²⁺. PID showed good adsorption characteristics with relatively large capacities for Ag⁺, Cr⁶⁺, Cu²⁺, Hg²⁺, Pb²⁺ and Se⁴⁺ ranging from 9.5 to 370 mg g^-1 of resin.