水性防污涂料的研究进展

海洋污损生物是海洋资源开发首先要面对的问题。防污涂料是防除海洋污损生物的关键材料。传统的防污涂料虽然发展成熟,但以油性溶剂为介质,存在挥发性有机物(VOC)排放过高、环境污染严重的问题。不释放VOC的水性涂料符合绿色无污染的环保要求,是防污材料领域研究的热点。本文对最重要的四种水性防污涂料(污损释放型水性低表面能防污涂料、自抛光型水性防污涂料、污损阻抗型水凝胶海洋防污涂料、强碱释放型水性硅酸盐防污涂料)从防污机理、制备方法和存在的问题等几个方面进行了综述,并对水性防污涂料的发展趋势进行了展望。     

原位探测防污高分子材料与液体界面的分子结构（英文）

海洋生物附着在船体表面会导致严重的燃油消耗的增加,防污高分子材料的研究因此成为对海洋船只运行极其重要的课题。这些高分子可以被用作船只的表面涂层,从而保护船只不受到海洋生物的吸附和生长的影响。两性离子高分子近年来已经逐渐成为潜力巨大的防污材料。研究表明,这些两性离子高分子的表面在水中的强水化作用对于其防污性能有至关重要的影响。在本篇综述中,我们总结了最近通过使用和频(SFG)振动光谱技术来实现的对防污材料的界面分析工作。SFG是一种表面敏感的技术,可以在原位并实时检测界面高分子和水分子的分子结构。我们总结的防污材料包括两性离子高分子,混合电荷式高分子以及两性的拟肽高分子材料。这些材料的界面水研究,以及盐离子对界面水分子作用会被详细讨论。我们也将介绍这些防污材料与蛋白质及海藻之间的作用。以上这些研究清楚地表明了高分子界面强水化与防污性能之间的关联,也显示了SFG是对高分子材料防污机理探索的一个强有力的分析技术。     

海洋污损生物粘附机制及防污涂层表面工程

任何浸入海水的结构物均会受到海洋污损生物的附着。 在物体表面涂覆防污涂料是最广泛的防污方式,无毒污损脱附型防污涂料已成为当前的研究热点。 分析了污损生物的粘附过程及界面粘结作用,探讨了表面能、涂层模量、表面化学成分、微观形貌、颜色等因素对涂层防污效果的影响,并指出涂料工程化中必须解决的问题。     

环境友好海洋防污体系的研究进展

海洋污损是海洋资源开发与利用中遇到的一个国际性难题,发展环境友好海洋防污体系是该领域最重要的方向。本文综述了近年来环境友好海洋防污体系的研究进展,并探讨了未来的发展方向。     

绿色海洋防污涂料技术及其研究进展

海洋生物污损给人类海洋生产和运输活动带来了严重的影响,涂覆防污涂料是解决这一问题根本办法。近年来大量使用的有机锡和氧化亚铜涂料,对海洋生物的生存环境造成了危害。因此,研究高效、低毒、绿色的海洋防污涂料成为目前发展的主要方向。本文综述了当前绿色环保型防污涂料的发展状况及研究进展,重点介绍了含氟、含硅低表面能防污涂料、天然产物防污涂料和新型无锡自抛光防污涂料的发展状况,并分析了今后绿色海洋防污涂料的发展趋势。     

石英晶体微天平在高分子研究中的应用

石英晶体微天平(QCM)作为一种强有力的表征工具已被广泛应用于高分子研究之中.本文中,作者介绍了QCM的发展简史、基本原理以及实验样品制备方法 .在此基础上,介绍了如何基于带有耗散测量功能的石英晶体微天平(QCM-D)及相关联用技术研究界面接枝高分子构象行为、高分子的离子效应以及高分子海洋防污材料,展示了QCM-D技术在高分子研究中的广阔应用前景. QCM-D可同时检测界面高分子薄膜的质量变化和刚性变化,从而反映其结构变化.与光谱型椭偏仪联用后,还可同步获取界面高分子薄膜的厚度变化等信息,可以有效解决相关高分子研究中的问题.希望本文能够对如何利用QCM-D技术开展高分子研究起到一定的启示作用,使这一表征技术能够为高分子研究解决更多问题.     

无毒海洋防污剂研究进展

综述了无毒海洋防污剂研究进展,从防污活性、机理、特点及应用等方面着手介绍了近年来开发的几种新型无毒天然产物防污剂和人工合成防污剂,并就其发展前景进行了展望;指出开发研制无毒海洋防污剂是海洋防污技术的发展方向之一.     

两性离子聚合物涂层的研究与应用进展

两性离子聚合物是一类整体呈电中性,在同一单体侧链上同时含有阴、阳离子基团的高分子材料,因其独特的分子结构和理化性质引起了人们广泛的关注。两性离子聚合物具有极强的水化能力,通过结合水分子可以在材料表面形成一层致密的水化层,使其成为涂层材料功能化的良好选择,在诸多领域具有潜在的应用价值。从介绍两性离子聚合物的分类及聚合物涂层的制备方法入手,进一步对两性离子聚合物在海洋防污、生物医学和膜分离技术中的应用研究进展进行论述,最后对两性离子聚合物及涂层的发展进行总结和展望。     

包埋苯甲酸钠微球的制备及在海洋防污涂料中的抑菌研究

用溶剂挥发法制备了可以包埋海洋防污剂苯甲酸钠的聚苯乙烯聚合物微球,并实现了防污剂在海洋防污涂料中的的缓慢释放.讨论了影响微球性能的一些因素,聚合物微球的粒径分别随着温度的降低,分散剂浓度的升高以及搅拌速度的提高而减小.采用标准曲线法,对防污剂释放速度进行了分析,并与未用微球包埋的苯甲酸钠释放速度进行对比,缓释效果明显....     

X射线吸收精细结构技术在高分子及相关材料中的应用

高分子材料由于其优异的物理和化学性能应用范围非常广泛,而同步辐射光源的发展大大提高了X射线吸收精细结构(XAFS)技术的使用.本文介绍了XAFS包括扩展X射线吸收精细结构(EXAFS)和X射线吸收近边结构(XANES)的实验原理和实验手段,综述了同行利用XAFS技术在常见高分子、有机金属高分子、钯掺杂高分子、离聚物及碳基材料等高分子领域的结构研究进展,展示了XAFS技术在高分子及其相关材料领域的重要作用和分析方法,体现了XAFS技术的优势和特点,并对XAFS技术在高分子及相关材料方面的应用进行了展望.随着同步辐射技术的发展和提高,XAFS技术在高分子领域的应用将会进一步拓展和提升.     

New peptidomimetic polymers for antifouling surfaces

Exposure of therapeutic and diagnostic medical devices to biological fluids is often accompanied by interfacial adsorption of proteins, cells, and microorganisms. Biofouling of surfaces can lead to compromised device performance or increased cost and in some cases may be life-threatening to the patient. Although numerous antifouling polymer coatings have enjoyed short-term success in preventing protein and cell adsorption on surfaces, none have proven ideal for conferring long-term biofouling resistance. Here we describe a new biomimetic antifouling N-substituted glycine polymer (peptoid) containing a C-terminal peptide anchor derived from residues found in mussel adhesive proteins for robust attachment of the polymer onto surfaces. The methoxyethyl side chain of the peptoid portion of the polymer was chosen for its chemical resemblance to the repeat unit of the known antifouling polymer poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), whereas the composition of the 5-mer anchoring peptide was chosen to directly mimic the DOPA- and Lys-rich sequence of a known mussel adhesive protein. Surfaces modified with this biomimetic peptide-peptoid conjugate exhibited dramatic reduction of serum protein adsorption and resistance to mammalian cell attachment for over 5 months in an in vitro assay. These new synthetic peptide based antifouling polymers may provide long-term control of surface biofouling in the physiologic, marine, and industrial environments.     

原位探测防污高分子材料与液体界面的分子结构

Marine organisms such as plants, algae or small animals can adhere to surfaces of materials that are submerged in ocean. The accumulation of these organisms on surfaces is a marine biofouling process that has considerable adverse effects. Marine biofouling on ship hulls can cause severe fuel consumption increase. Investigations on antifouling polymers are therefore becoming important research topics for marine vessel operations. Antifouling polymers can be applied as coating layers on the ship hull, protecting it against the settlement and growth of sea organisms. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) is a hydrophilic polymer that can effectively resist the accumulation of marine organisms. PEG-based antifouling coatings have therefore been extensively researched and developed. However, the inferior stability of PEG makes it subject to degradation, rendering it ineffective for long-term services. Zwitterionic polymers have also emerged as promising antifouling materials in recent years. These polymers consist of both positively charged and negatively charged functional groups. Various zwitterionic polymers have been demonstrated to exhibit exceptional antifouling properties. Previously, surface characterizations of zwitterionic polymers have revealed that strong surface hydration is critical for their antifouling properties. In addition to these hydrophilic polymers, amphiphilic materials have also been developed as potential antifouling coatings. Both hydrophobic and hydrophilic functional groups are incorporated into the backbones or sidechains of these polymers. It has been demonstrated that the antifouling performance can be enhanced by precisely controlling the sequence of the hydrophobic-hydrophilic functionalities. Since biofouling generally occurs at the outer surface of the coatings, the antifouling properties of these coatings are closely related to their surface characteristics in water. Therefore, understanding of the surface molecular structures of antifouling materials is imperative for their future developments. In this review, we will summarize our recent advancements of antifouling material surface analysis using sum frequency generation (SFG) vibrational spectroscopy. SFG is a surface-sensitive technique which can provide molecular information of water and polymer structures at interfaces in situ in real time. The antifouling polymers we will review include zwitterionic polymer brushes, mixed charged polymers, and amphiphilic polypeptoids. Interfacial hydration studies of these polymers by SFG will be presented. The salt effect on antifouling polymer surface hydration will also be discussed. In addition, the interactions between antifouling materials and protein molecules as well as algae will be reviewed. The above research clearly established strong correlations between strong surface hydration and good antifouling properties. It also demonstrated that SFG is a powerful technique to provide molecular level understanding of polymer antifouling mechanisms.     

Gaseous Plastron on Natural and Biomimetic Surfaces for Resisting Marine Biofouling

In recent years, various biomimetic materials capable of forming gaseous plastron on their surfaces have been fabricated and widely used in various disciplines and fields. In particular, on submerged surfaces, gaseous plastron has been widely studied for antifouling applications due to its ecological and economic advantages. Gaseous plastron can be formed on the surfaces of various natural living things, including plants, insects, and animals. Gaseous plastron has shown inherent anti-biofouling properties, which has inspired the development of novel theories and strategies toward resisting biofouling formation on different surfaces. In this review, we focused on the research progress of gaseous plastron and its antifouling applications.     

Biofouling and antifouling

Most benthic organisms produce planktonic larvae in their life cycles; larval settlement and metamorphosis are influenced by many environmental factors, especially chemical cues originating from conspecific adults, prey organisms, and substrates. On the other hand, larval settlement of other species endangers the survival of benthic organisms which therefore have antifouling defense. Marine natural products involved in biofouling and antifouling are described.     

抗污界面构建及其电化学生物传感应用进展

电化学生物传感器具有灵敏度高、便携性好、响应快速和易于集成等优点,在临床检测方面有很大应用潜力,并在可穿戴健康监测领域得到了快速发展。但在实际临床生物样本检测中,非靶标生物物质会在电极表面产生非特异性吸附（即生物污染）,影响了电化学生物传感器的性能。因此,构建具有防污染能力的传感界面（抗污界面）,防止非靶标物质吸附到电极表面,对于扩大电化学生物传感器的实际应用范围,实现在复杂生物样本中的检测至关重要。本文概述了物理、化学和生物抗污电极界面的构建及其在临床相关生物标志物检测中的应用,为电化学生物传感器实际应用性能的提升提供技术参考,并通过对界面抗污原理和存在问题的探讨,对抗污界面发展前景和未来趋势予以展望。     

Complexation of an acrylic resin by tertiary amines: synthesis and characterisation of new binders for antifouling paints

Antifouling coatings are the most reliable way to prevent biofouling of immersed surfaces. As concerning the high toxicity of organotin paints, the tendency is the development of coatings, which do not present environmental risks. In this work, we prepare binders from modification of acrylic copolymers containing free carboxylic acid groups. Biocides chosen are tertiary ammonium salts; alkyl chain substituents with different length are considered. The chemical modifications of resins are carried out via a single step reaction. Modification extents are monitored through proton nuclear magnetic resonance and thermogravimetric analysis and the modified resins are characterised by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The glass transition temperature of the acrylate systems is assessed by dynamical mechanical analysis (pin point method) and compared with data obtained by differential scanning calorimetry. The erosion and antifouling properties of the binders are followed during an exposure to marine environment by a visual observation.     

Detection of tethered biocide moiety segregation to silicone surface using sum frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy

Polymer surface properties are controlled by the molecular surface structures. Sum frequency generation (SFG) vibrational spectroscopy has been demonstrated to be a powerful technique to study polymer surface structures at the molecular level in different chemical environments. In this research, SFG has been used to study the surface segregation of biocide moieties derived from triclosan (TCS) and tetradecyldimethyl (3-trimethoxysilylpropyl) ammonium chloride (C-14 QAS) that have been covalently bound to a poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) matrix. PDMS materials are being developed as coatings to control biofouling. This SFG study indicated that TCS-moieties segregate to the surface when the bulk concentration of TCS-moieties exceeds 8.75% by weight. Surface segregation of C-14 QAS moieties was detected after 5% by weight incorporation into a PDMS matrix. SFG results were found to correlate well with antifouling activity, providing a molecular interpretation of such results. This research showed that SFG can aid in the development of coatings for controlling biofouling by elucidating the chemical structure of the coating surface.     

Engineered nanoforce gradients for inhibition of settlement (attachment) of swimming algal spores

Current antifouling strategies are focused on the development of environmentally friendly coatings that protect submerged surfaces from the accumulation of colonizing organisms (i.e., biofouling). One ecofriendly approach is the manipulation of the surface topography on nontoxic materials to deter settlement of the dispersal stages of fouling organisms. The identification of effective antifouling topographies typically occurs through trial-and-error rather than predictive models. We present a model and design methodology for the identification of nontoxic, antifouling surface topographies for use in the marine environment by the creation of engineered nanoforce gradients. The design and fabrication of these gradients incorporate discrete micrometer-sized features that are associated with the species-specific surface design technique of engineered topography and the concepts of mechanotransduction. The effectiveness of designed nanoforce gradients for antifouling applications was tested by evaluating the settlement behavior of zoospores of the alga Ulva linza. The surfaces with nanoforce gradients ranging from 125 to 374 nN all significantly reduced spore settlement relative to a smooth substrate, with the highest reduction, 53%, measured on the 374 nN gradient surface. These results confirm that the designed nanoforce gradients may be an effective tool and predictive model for the design of unique nontoxic, nonfouling surfaces for marine applications as well as biomedical surfaces in the physiological environment.     

抗污染高分子分离膜研究进展

高分子分离膜已广泛应用于水处理、食品、生物医药等领域。然而,常用的膜材料如聚醚砜(PES)、聚砜(PSf)、聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)等容易吸附蛋白质和微生物形成膜污染,进而影响膜的性能和使用寿命。膜污染尤其是膜的生物污染成为限制膜广泛应用的主要瓶颈之一。本文从亲水改性、抗菌改性及亲水抗菌双功能改性三方面综述了控制膜污染的研究进展和现状,并对其未来发展方向进行了展望。