Zwitterionic mechanisms for photooxygenation reactions of n-activated c-c double bonds: full geometry optimizations of the diradical and zwitterionic intermediates by ab initio SCF method

Geometry optimizations of perepoxide, 1,4-diradical, zwitterion and dioxetane for the 1,1-diaminoethylene plus singlet molecular oxygen system were performed using the energy gradients of the HF 4-31G and STO-3G solutions. The zwitterion (ZW) is more stable than the perepoxide and σπ-diradical (DR) intermediates (at the 4-31G level), supporting the previous ZW mechanism for photoovygenation reactions of N-activated C-C double bonds     

Theoretical prediction of a perepoxide intermediate for the reaction of singlet oxygen with trans-cyclooctene contrasts with the two-step no-intermediate ene reaction for acyclic alkenes

B3LYP/6-31G* and CASMP2 calculations have been employed to study the ene reaction of singlet oxygen with trans-cyclooctene. These methods predict that the reaction involves a perepoxide intermediate, whereas alkenes such as tetramethylethylene are predicted by the same methods to occur by a two-step no-intermediate mechanism, with no perepoxide intermediate. The change in mechanism arises because the trans-cyclooctene imposes a substantial strain in the transition state for hydrogen abstraction. The perepoxide is formed through a polarized diradical intermediate that can lead to the observation of alkene isomerization. The polarized diradical also becomes a minimum because of the barrier to abstraction.     

Site specificity in the photooxidation of some trisubstituted alkenes in thionin-supported zeolite Na-Y. On the role of the alkali metal cation

The less substituted side of some geminal dimethyl trisubstituted alkenes becomes significantly more reactive if photooxygenation takes place in thionin-supported zeolite Na-Y. These results are mainly attributed to a synergistic interaction between the alkali metal cation, the alkene, and the oxygen in the transition state of perepoxide formation.     

Geometry optimizations of the dioxetane,perepoxide and 1,4-diradicals for the ethylene plus molecular oxygen system: mechanism of photooxygenation of olefins

Geometry optimization of perepoxide, 1,4-diradicals and dioxetane for the ethylene plus molecular oxygen system is performed using the energy gradients of the HF 4-31G and STO-3G solutions. Perepoxide is less stable than the singlet (σπ) diradical by ≈24 k cal/mole at the 4-31G level, incompatible with the GVB CI plus thermochemical estimations. The rotational barrier of the terminal methylene group around the C-C bond is small.     

Regioselectivity in the ene reaction of singlet oxygen with ortho-prenylphenol derivatives

The ene reaction of singlet oxygen with prenylated dihydroxyacetophenones led to the 2-hydroperoxy-3-methylbut-3-enyl derivatives as the major product. This original regioselectivity outlined a new effect, in competition with the previously established large group non-bonding effect. The oxidation products distribution could be explained by a stabilising interaction between the phenolic hydrogen, ortho to the prenyl side chain, and the perepoxide intermediate.     

Mechanistic significance of perepoxide trapping experiments,with epoxide detection,in 1Deltag dioxygen reactions with alkenes

The reactions of (1)O(2) with alkenes can share open-chain diradicals or cyclic peroxiranes as common polar intermediates. The latter in particular has been postulated on the basis of trapping experiments, which exploit the capability of reducing agents (R) to extract an oxygen atom from the putative perepoxide, to generate an epoxide. This theoretical study illustrates that trapping experiments cannot distinguish between a peroxirane and an open-chain intermediate pathway, because an epoxide is the shared outcome of the attack by R.     

Ab initio studies of the reactive intermediates involved in the oxidation of acetylenes

The relative stability, zero-point energy, dipole moment and characteristic frequencies of substituted phenylketene isomers, α-ketocarbonyl oxides, dioxetenes and carbynes proposed in the oxidation of acetylenes have been studied by the ab initio method using the split-valence plus polarization 6-31G¹ basis set. Potential barriers for intramolecular rearrangement pathways are calculated for appropriate transition structures in the singlet surface for phenylketene isomers. Alkoxy and phenoxyvinylidenes are found to be the most unstable species. Biradical α-ketocarbonyl oxide is found to be more stable than its isomers. Dioxetene is more stable than its zwitterion isomers and perepoxide.     

Solvent effect on the sensitized photooxygenation of 2,3-dihydropyrazine derivatives

Detection of O(2)((1)Delta(g)) phosphorescence emission, lambda(max) = 1270 nm, following laser excitation and steady-state methods was employed to determine the total rate constant, k(T), and the chemical reaction rate constant, k(R), for reaction between 5,6-disubstituted-2,3-dihydropyrazines and singlet oxygen in several solvents. Values of k(T) ranged from 0.26 x 10(5) M(-1) s(-1) in hexafluoro-2-propanol to 58.9 x 10(5) M(-1) s(-1) in N,N-dimethylacetamide for 5,6-dimethyl-2,3-dihydropyrazine (DMD) and from 5.74 x 10(5) M(-1) s(-1) in trifluoroethanol to 159.0 x 10(5) M(-1) s(-1) in tributyl phosphate for 5-methyl-6-phenyl-2,3-dihydropyrazine (MPD). Chemical reaction rate constants, k(R), for DMD are similar to k(T) in polar solvents such as propylencarbonate, whereas for MPD in this solvent, the contribution of the chemical channel to the total reaction is about of 4%. Dependence of the total rate constant on solvent microscopic parameters, alpha and pi, for DMD can be explained in terms of a reaction mechanism that involves formation of a perepoxide exciplex. Replacement of the methyl by a phenyl substituent enhances dihydropyrazine ring reactivity toward singlet oxygen and modifies the dependence of k(T) on solvent parameters, specially on the Hildebrand parameter. These results are explained in terms of an additional reaction path, involving a perepoxide-like exciplex stabilized by the interaction of the negative charge on the terminal oxygen of the perepoxide with the aromatic pi system.     

Unusual Facial Selectivity in the Cycloaddition of Singlet Oxygen to a Simple Cyclic Diene(1)

Syntheses of 5-isopropyl-1,3-cyclohexadiene and syn-5-isopropyl-2,3-dioxabicyclo[2.2.2]octane, by routes that would allow completely diastereoselective introduction of deuterium labels, are described. The reaction of the isopropyl cyclohexadiene with singlet oxygen is shown to give an endoperoxide that is derived by preferential attack on the more sterically hindered face of the diene. A possible mechanistic explanation of this result is that the attack from the less hindered face leads to "ene" reaction rather than endoperoxide formation. However, this mechanism would require that the "ene" reaction and cycloaddition proceed via a common intermediate-presumably a perepoxide.     

Effect of secondary MO interaction on the regiospecificity in the reactions of tf-ionones with singlet oxygen

The ene reactions of a-ionones with singlet oxygen were examined to ascertain the effect of secondary MO interaction between the reactants on the reaction regiospecificity. Exclusive formation of 3-hydroxy-V-ionones found in the reactions reveals favorable interaction of singlet oxygen with the acyclic fl-hydrogen atom. On the other hand, no formation of 3-hydroxy-0-ionones implies that the steric requirement was not met for the bond formation between zwitterionic perepoxide with Ci-hydrogen in the process. The MMP21 and MNDO calculations indicate minus value of the secondary interaction energy for the acyclic a-hydrogen abstraction and a repulsion between the oxygen with C₁-hydrogen atom. Twisting tilting of the double bond may account for favorable attack of singlet oxygen on C3. An explanation of the excellent regiospecificity was addressed and placed in proper mechanic prospective.     

Reaction of singlet oxygen with trans-4-propenylanisole. Formation Of

We report the effects of added acid in the reaction of singlet oxygen with trans-4-propenylanisole (1). We provide evidence that solvent acidity modifies the behavior of the transient intermediates. Relative to reactions in aprotic solvent, enhanced dioxetane concentrations are observed in MeOH and in nonprotic solvents with acid. We suggest a new mechanism that invokes a proton transfer from MeOH and benzoic acid to perepoxide (2) and zwitterion (3) intermediates.     

Singlet oxygen reaction—II: Alkylthiosubstituted ethylene

The reaction of singlet oxygen with tetrakis(ethylthio)ethylene has been shown to afford diethylthiooxalate and diethyl disulfide. The expected diethylthiocarbonate was also obtained as a minor product. A similar reaction with bis(ethylthio)ethylene gave ethylthioglyoxalate together with diethyl disulfide. Formation of diethylthioacetaldehyde was also observed, and is suggested to proceed via the intermediary 1,2-dioxetane or perepoxide followed by preferential migration of the ethyltilio group. On the other hand, phenylthioethylene is oxidized with singlet oxygen to give a thiol ester together with disulfide. This suggests that the formation of disulfide probably occurs via a radical pathway. The photooxygenation of disulfide in alcohol was also studied.     

烯烃光敏氧化反应机理——Ⅲ.丙烯与单重态氧Ene反应途径的解析

用MINDO/3法对丙烯与单重态氧Ene反应机理进行了详细研究。利用Fukui提出的IRC理论计算了整个反应途径。计算结果预期反应是分步进行的,且经由桥环过氧化物中间体。通过沿反应途径的分析,对反应过程中,反应物间的相互作用的情况,立体化学等进行了较为详细的讨论。     

Solvent effect on the sensitized photooxygenation of cyclic and acyclic α-diimines

The reaction of singlet molecular oxygen with a series of cyclic and acyclic α-diimines was studied. Time-resolved methods were used to measure total reaction rate constants and steady-state methods were used to determine chemical reaction rate constants. GC-MS was used to tentatively assign the reaction products. 5,6-Disubstituted cyclic α-diimines are singlet oxygen quenchers, but become more effective in polar solvents. A reaction mechanism involving a perepoxide intermediate or transition state leading to a hydroperoxide seems to be a key reaction path for product formation. A replacement of the phenyl substituent for a methyl substituent opens up an additional reaction involving a perepoxide-like exciplex, which increases singlet oxygen quenching of the cyclic α-diimines. The reactivity of 5,6-disubstituted cyclic α-diimines towards singlet oxygen is highly dependent on steric interactions arising from vicinal phenyl rings and from electronic effects. 1,4-Disubstituted acyclic α-diimines are, by comparison, moderate or poor singlet oxygen quenchers. Total rate constants are scarcely dependent on solvent properties, but instead correlate with the Hildebrand parameter. These results are explained in terms of a mechanism involving a dioxetane-like exciplex that gives rise to a charged intermediate leading to products.     

MCSCF study of singlet oxygen addition to ethenol—a model of photooxidation reactions of unsaturated and aromatic compounds bearing hydroxy groups

The reaction path of singlet (¹Δ_g) oxygen addition to ethenol (vinyl alcohol)—a model of the reactions of singlet oxygen with aromatic and unsaturated compounds bearing the hydroxy groups—has been studied by means of MCSCF calculations, using various active spaces and basis sets. The effects of dynamic correlation (at the PT2 level) and basis set superposition error (BSSE) on relative energies were also investigated. It was found that including polarization functions is necessary to obtain geometries of the oxygen moiety consistent with the available experimental data. Two possible reaction products were considered: 1-hydroxy-1,2-dioxethane (peroxide) and 2-hydroperoxyethanal-1 (hydroperoxide); their energies are 24.1 and 36.6 kcal/mol (44.1 and 78.2 kcal/mol with the PT2 contribution and BSSE correction) below the dissociation limit, respectively (all energies reported here refer to the 6-31G** basis set and an active space composed of eight orbitals and ten electrons). A common stage of both reactions is the formation of a peralcoxyl intermediate with one of the oxygen atoms attached to the unsubstituted carbon atom; the energies of the respective transition state and that of the intermediate are 30.2 and 18.7 kcal/mol (15.9 and 10.3 kcal/mol with the PT2 contribution and BSSE correction) above the dissociation limit, respectively. The energy of this transition state is the dominant energy barrier to the reaction. The intermediate can then undergo conversion to the dioxethane product, to the perepoxide intermediate, or via a proton transfer, directly to the hydroperoxide, the last route being the most probable one. The perepoxide intermediate, after a proton transfer, also readily gives the hydroperoxide. It was also found that the unimolecular conversion from dioxethane to hydroperoxide via a proton transfer from the hydroxy group accompanied with ring cleavage requires an activation energy of at least 56 kcal/mol, making this reaction path highly improbable. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Comput Chem 18 : 1668–1681, 1997     

Auxiliary controlled singlet-oxygen ene reactions of cyclohexenes

The photooxygenation of homochiral cyclohexene ketals, which are easily available from 2-cyclohexenone and l-tartrates, affords hydroperoxides and after reduction the corresponding allylic alcohols in good yields and high regioselectivities. This can be rationalized by electronic repulsions in a perepoxide intermediate and provides evidence for unfavorable 1,3 diaxial interactions with a dioxolane oxygen atom. Only low stereoselectivities were observed, due to the flexibility of the cyclohexene ring. However, the diastereomers could be separated and after cleavage of the auxiliary, 4-hydroxy-2-cyclohexen-1-one was isolated in enantiomerically pure form, which can serve as a building block for natural product synthesis.     

Theoretical Study of the Reaction Formalhydrazone with Singlet Oxygen. Fragmentation of the C=N Bond,Ene Reaction and Other Processes

Photobiologic and synthetic versatility of hydrazones has not yet been established with ¹O₂ as a route to commonly encountered nitrosamines. Thus, to determine whether the “parent” reaction of formalhydrazone and ¹O₂ leads to facile C=N bond cleavage and resulting nitrosamine formation, we have carried out CCSD(T)//DFT calculations and analyzed the energetics of the oxidation pathways. A [2 + 2] pathway occurs via diradicals and formation of 3‐amino‐1,2,3‐dioxazetidine in a 16 kcal/mol^?1 process. Reversible addition or physical quenching of ¹O₂ occurs either on the formalhydrazone carbon for triplet diradicals at 2–3 kcal mol^?1, or on the nitrogen (N(3)) atom forming zwitterions at ~15 kcal/mol^?1, although the quenching channel by charge‐transfer interaction was not computed. The computations also predict a facile conversion of formalhydrazone and ¹O₂ to hydroperoxymethyl diazene in a low‐barrier ‘ene’ process, but no 2‐amino‐oxaziridine‐O‐oxide (perepoxide‐like) intermediate was found. A Benson‐like analysis (group increment calculations) on the closed‐shell species are in accord with the quantum chemical results.     

Oxidation of Chiral 1,4-Cyclohexadienes: A Comparison of Chemically and Photochemically Generated Singlet Oxygen1O2(1Δg)

Chiral alkyl-substituted 2,5-cyclohexadiene-l-carboxyIic acids la-c have been oxidized in water and in methanol with singlet oxygen, ¹O₂ (¹Δ_g), generated either photochemically or chemically from the catalytic system hydrogen peroxide/sodium molybdate. These methods were compared in terms of chemo-, regio- and diastereoselec-tivities and the chemical (k_T) and physical (k_q) quenching rate constants of ¹O₂ were determined. The ratio of the cis and trans isomers of the hydroperoxides 2a-c is not influenced by the source of ¹O₂ but, on the other hand, it depends slightly on the solvent and greatly on the steric hindrance of the substituents linked to the chiral carbon. The results may be interpreted on the basis of the successive formation of an exciplex and a perepoxide that evolves either by giving the final allylic hydroperoxide or by dissociating into the starting substrate and singlet or triplet oxygen.     

Sensitized photoxygenation of piroxicam in neat solvents and solvent mixtures.

Detection of O(2)(1Delta(g)) phosphorescence emission, lambda(max)=1270 nm, following laser excitation and steady state methods were employed to determine the total rate constant, k(T), for the reaction between the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug piroxicam (PRX) and singlet oxygen in several solvents. Values of k(T) ranged from 0.048+/-0.003 x 10(6) M(-1) s(-1) in chloroform to 71.2+/-2.2 x 10(6) M(-1) s(-1) in N,N-dimethylformamide. The chemical reaction rate constant, k(R), was determined by using thermal decomposition of 1,4-dimethylnaphthalene endoperoxide as the singlet oxygen source. In acetonitrile, the k(R) value is equal to 5.0+/-0.4 x 10(6) M(-1) s(-1), very close to the k(T) value. This result indicates that, in this solvent, the chemical reaction corresponds to the main reaction path. Dependence of total rate constant on the solvent parameters pi* and beta can be explained in terms of a reaction mechanism that involves the formation of a perepoxide intermediate. Rearrangement of the perepoxide to dioxetane followed by ring cleavage and transacylation accounts for the formation of N-methylsaccharine and N-(2-pyridyl)oxamic acid, the main reaction products. Data obtained in dioxane-water (pH 4) mixtures with neutral enolic and zwitterionic tautomers of piroxicam in equilibrium show that the zwitterionic tautomer reacts with singlet oxygen faster than the enolic tautomer.     

Novel regiochemistry in the aqueous singlet oxygen ene reactions of carboxylic acid salts: a comparison of substrate structure

The singlet oxygen (¹Δ_g) photooxidations of angelic acid salt (1), tiglic acid salt (2), 2,3-dimethyl-2-butenoic acid salt (3), 3-ethoxycarbonyl-5,6-dihydro-2-methyl-4H-pyrane acid salt (4), cis-3-hexenoic acid salt (5), and trans-3-hexenoic acid salt (6) were conducted in deuterated water. The major and minor ene allylic hydroperoxide products were quantified and indicate that the allylic hydrogen geminal to the carboxylate group is preferentially abstracted in 1-4, whereas the allylic hydrogen α to the carboxylate is slightly favored for 5 and 6. We have attributed the observed regiochemistry in 1-4 to stabilizing hydrogen bonding interactions between the solvent and the perepoxide, which leads to the major ene product.