交联聚苯乙烯负载聚二乙醇胺型支化分子的孔结构

以氯球和二乙醇胺为原料,合成了两种交联聚苯乙烯负载聚二乙醇胺型支化分子螯合树脂PS-EDA和PS-EDA2.77K温度下,采用氮气吸附法测定了氯球和这两种螯合树脂的吸附/脱附等温线,并计算了孔径分布、BET表面积、平均孔径、总孔体积等参数.研究结果表明,反应后螯合树脂中的孔分布明显变宽.孔径分析结果和吸附实验结果都表明,PS-EDA对金属离子的吸附性能要优于PS-EDA2.     

六硅Y沸石的研制及性能

ＬｉＮａＹ沸石经ＳｉＣｌ４气相同晶脱铝补硅后制得系列高硅铝比,高结晶度的Ｙ沸石,用低温氮吸附法,救是样品对Ｎ２的吸附－－脱附等温线,从而计算其比表面和孔体积,并采用ＢＪＨ模型计算孔径分布。用真空重量法测定了四种Ｃ６化合物（正己烷,２,３－二甲基丁烷、苯、环己烷）的吸附等温线,探讨吸附量与吸附物的性能（极性、几何构型）,吸附量一吸附剂脱铝深度的关系,从而得到,经ＳｉＣｌ４同晶取代后Ｙ沸石的孔结构和表     

高硅Y沸石的研制及性能——Ⅱ.沸石孔结构及吸附性能

LiNaY沸石经SiCl₄气相同晶脱铝补硅后制得系列高硅铝比、高结晶度的Y沸石,用低温氮吸附法,求得样品对N₂的吸附—脱附等温线,从而计算其比表面和孔体积,并采用BJH模型计算孔径分布。用真空重量法测定了四种C₆化合物(正己烷,2,3-二甲基丁烷、苯、环己烷)的吸附等温线,探讨吸附量与吸附物的性能(极性、几何构型)、吸附量与吸附剂脱铝深度的关系。从而得到,经SiCl₄同晶取代后Y沸石的孔结构和表面性质与脱铝深度的关系。     

表面活性剂改性对Zn/Ti-PILCs吸附剂脱硫性能的影响

在柱撑黏土Ti-PILCs的合成过程中,加入各种表面活性剂进行改性,通过负载Zn制备了Zn/Ti-PILCs吸附剂,考察了其对模拟柴油中二苯并噻吩的选择吸附性能。结果表明,经表面活性剂尤其是十六烷基三甲基溴化铵（CTAB）改性制备的Zn/Ti-PILCs其吸附脱硫率得以显著提高。当CTAB/Ti摩尔比为0.5时,Zn/Ti-PILCs-CATB具有最佳的吸附性能,DBT去除率达96.3%。N₂吸附脱附等温线和孔径分布研究表明,CTAB改性可增加1nm～4nm孔的数量,并改善黏土层间柱子的分布,使Ti-PILCs具有更高的比表面及更均匀的孔径分布。     

聚二乙烯苯型多孔吸附剂的纳米孔结构表征

采用氮气吸附法 ,研究聚二乙烯苯多孔吸附剂的纳米孔结构 .结果表明 ,以甲苯 液体石蜡 (2 :1)为致孔剂制备的聚二乙烯苯多孔吸附剂 ,其比表面和孔体积随致孔剂用量增大而增加 .在二乙烯苯总含量相当时 ,m 二乙烯苯与p 二乙烯苯等比例混合制备的吸附剂 ,具有最大的比表面和孔体积 ,而聚m 二乙烯苯吸附剂和聚p 二乙烯苯吸附剂依次下降 .中孔分布研究说明 ,各种吸附剂的中孔主要分布在 2～ 2 0nm之间 ,其中在5nm附近存在一个明显的分布峰 ,是吸附剂在制备时由于致孔剂的存在而在微核 微核之间形成的孔 .微孔分布研究发现 ,聚m 二乙烯苯吸附剂和聚p 二乙烯苯吸附剂的微孔集中分布在 0 .4～ 1.2nm之间 ,这些微孔可能是微核内部不规整聚集的高分子链之间的缝隙和紧密接触的微核之间的缝隙 .用扫描电镜观察吸附剂内部 ,显示吸附剂的确是由微核聚集形成的 ,其间存在着大小不同的纳米尺度的空隙     

甲烷在特制活性炭上吸附性能

用不同的原料制得了多种高比表面的活性炭吸附剂．用标准容积法测得高压下（０～５０ＭＰａ）不同活性炭对甲烷的吸脱附等温线,得到了吸附容量和有效吸附容量．研究了温度对吸附等温线的影响．利用ＣｌａｕｓｉｕｓＣｌａｐｅｙｒｏｎ方程解析了甲烷在活性炭上的等量吸附热．结果表明,活性炭对甲烷的吸脱附存在着滞后现象,活性炭的比表面和堆密度是活性炭吸附性能的主要指标,找到了最佳甲烷吸附剂．     

高硫石油焦制备高储气性能天然气吸附剂

以高硫石油焦为原料，KOH为活化剂，十二烷基苯磺酸钠（SDBS）为表面活性剂制备天然气吸附剂，分析了高硫焦基吸附剂的孔结构和孔分布特征，讨论了高硫焦制备吸附剂的活化机理。结果表明，预活化中加入表面活性剂SDBS可提高KOH与原料的混合均匀度，对活化效果有利。最优活化条件下制备的吸附剂样品GSR3和GSR4的微孔容积分别达到1.0985cm3·g－1 和1.3193cm3·g－1，孔径分布集中在0.9nm~1.5nm；在25℃、充放气压力3.5MPa和0.1MPa下，GSR3、GSR4对甲烷的质量吸附量分别达到0.139和0.145，有效体积脱附量达到111和115。粉体高硫焦基吸附剂的性能非常接近于低硫焦基吸附剂。     

碳酸盐活化稻壳制备高比表面积多孔炭

本文采用碳酸盐作为活化剂,活化稻壳,制备出具有介孔结构的高比表面积多孔炭。利用孔径分布、氮气吸附-脱附曲线以及透射电子显微镜表征了多孔炭的孔结构及形貌。碳酸钾活化稻壳制备出的多孔炭比表面积高达1860m2/g,孔径呈单分布,大小为2～3nm。同时通过活化条件和热重分析曲线探讨了碳酸盐的活化机理。     

酚羟基修饰的超高交联聚苯乙烯树脂对苯酚吸附及脱附性能的研究

对超高交联聚苯乙烯树脂进行酚羟基修饰得到修饰后的超高交联聚苯乙烯树脂(JN-2),将该树脂与大孔吸附树脂(Amberlite XAD-4)和超高交联树脂(NDA-150)在水溶液中对苯酚进行吸附-脱附性能比较,经过酚羟基修饰的超高交联聚苯乙烯树脂(JN-2)对苯酚的吸附性能有所提高,同时脱附性能明显改善,该树脂可望在含酚废水治理中得到广泛应用.     

溶剂浸渍树脂孔结构的研究

用萃取剂N_(235)浸渍大孔苯乙烯—二乙烯苯(MSD)树脂制得了溶剂浸渍树脂。用压汞仪测定了溶剂浸渍树脂的孔体积、孔表面积和孔径等,用扫描电镜观察了溶剂浸渍树脂的形貌。MSD树脂对N_(235)吸附率随该树脂的交联度和混合致孔剂用量增加而增加。由于N_(235)分布于MSD树脂孔表面,浸渍树脂的孔体积、孔表面和孔径比MSD树脂显著下降。在孔径1～100nm孔表面吸附N_(235)量最大。低交联度MSD树脂对N_(235)吸附量低,且分布不均匀。     

一种后交联大孔吸附树脂的合成及其对苯酚和维生素B_(12)吸附性能研究

工业二乙烯苯悬浮聚合制备的大孔树脂,在二氯乙烷溶剂中以无水三氯化铁为催化剂进行悬挂双键后交联反应,得到的后交联树脂的比表面积和孔容都有显著增加.低温氮气吸附/脱附等温线得到的孔径分布曲线证明初始共聚物PDT-55(polydivinylbenzene,toluene as porogen)和PDH-55(polydivinylbenzene,heptane andtoluene as porogen)经后交联反应,所形成的新孔以微孔为主.树脂对水溶液中苯酚和维生素B12(VB12)的静态吸附研究发现树脂经后交联后,对苯酚的吸附量有显著提高,但对VB12的吸附量增加不大,原因是分子尺寸较大的VB12无法进入由悬挂双键后交联反应所形成的微孔.树脂PDT-55pc对苯酚的吸附量大于商品树脂XAD-4;后交联前后树脂PDT-55、PDT-55pc(post-crosslinking of PDT-55)、PDH-55、PDH-55pc(post-crosslinking ofPDH-55)对VB12的吸附量均大于树脂XAD-4.在本研究的实验条件下,Langmiur和Freundlich吸附等温线方程能很好地拟合树脂对水溶液中苯酚和VB12的吸附,相关系数在0.99以上.静态吸附动力学实验结果表明后交联前后树脂对苯酚的吸附较VB12更容易达到吸附平衡.吸附动力学数据的拟合结果显示,McKay二级吸附动力学模型符合树脂对苯酚的吸附,而对VB12的吸附更符合Lagergren一级吸附动力学模型.     

Pore structural studies of monodisperse porous polymer particles

Monodisperse polystyrene latex particles with molecular weight on the order of 10⁶ were used as inert diluents for the preparation of monodisperse porous styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer particles via seeded emulsion polymerization techniques. Mercury porosimetry and nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms were used to assess pore structure and pore size distribution. Pore size distribution was very sensitive to the molecular weight of the polystyrene latex particles used as inert diluent. Qualitative evidence from the techniques used indicated that the monodisperse porous polymer particles were macroporous (average pore diameter > 500 Å) in nature. As the molecular weight of the linear polymer decreased, the porous structure of the polymer particles ranged in complexity across the spectrum of macro/mesopore structures. Scanning electron microscope results indicated the existence of voids between the microspheres and their agglomerates within the porous polymer particle, and nitrogen adsorption isotherms confirmed that the pores were due to interstices between these crosslinked microspheres and agglomerates.     

Deformation of styrene—divinylbenzene copolymers and hypercrosslinked polystyrenes during solvent adsorption and desorption

An automated procedure was developed for monitoring fast changes in the size of spherical samples of polymers during their contact with a solvent or drying. The kinetics of bulk deformation in these processes was studied for a series of cross-linked polymers, viz., gel-type and porous styrene—divinylbenzene copolymers and poly(divinylbenzenes), and hypercrosslinked polystyrenes. Gel, macroporous, and hypercrosslinked polystyrenes are substantially different in the rate, mechanism, and degree of swelling, which is associated with the principal differences in their physical structures. An unusual effect of a sharp decrease followed by a temporary increase in the volume of porous polystyrene and poly(divinylbenzene) materials were observed during desorption (evaporation) of organic solvents. Water desorption is accompanied by an excessive bulk compression of porous granules giving rise to negative deformations, which gradually relax to the state equilibrium for the dry polymer. The results of dynamic desorption porometry (for water desorption) are indicative of a bimodal size distribution of micropores in hypercrosslinked polystyrene. Published in Russian in Izvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 3, pp. 467–476, March, 2007.     

Monodisperse polymer beads as packing material for high-performance liquid chromotography: Effect of divinylbenzene content on the porous and chromatographic properties of poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene) beads prepared in presence of linear polystyrene as a porogen

The effect of concentration of divinylbenzene on pore size distribution and surface areas of micropores, mesopores, and macropores in uniformly sized porous poly(styrene-co-divinylbenzene) beads prepared in the presence of linear polystyrene as a component of the porogenic mixture has been studied. While the total specific surface area was clearly determined by the content of divinylbenzene, the sum of pore volumes for mesopores and macropores as well as their size distribution does not change within a broad range of DVB concentrations. Consequently, the size exclusion chromatography calibration curves are almost identical for all the beads prepared with different percentages of crosslinking monomer. However, the more crosslinked beads have better mechanical and hydrodynamic properties. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Adsorption hysteresis in self-ordered nanoporous alumina

We performed systematic adsorption studies using self-ordered nanoporous anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) in an extended range of mean pore diameters and with different pore topologies. These matrices were characterized by straight cylindrical pores having a narrow pore size distribution and no interconnections. Pronounced hysteresis loops between adsorption and desorption cycles were observed even in the case of pores closed at one end. These results are in contrast with macroscopic theoretical models and detailed numerical simulations of the adsorption in a single pore. Extensive measurements involving adsorption isotherms, reversal curves, and subloops carried out in closed-bottom pores suggest that the pores do not desorb independently from one another.     

Synthesis and Physicochemical Properties of Hypercrosslinked Polysterene Restricted-Access Materials

With a view to simplifying and reducing the cost of the synthesis of novel selective restricted-access materials based on microporous hypercrosslinked polystyrene for solid-phase extraction, various polystyrene crosslinking agents and Friedel–Crafts catalysts in various combinations have been studied. It has been found that the most effective crosslinking agent is monochlorodimethyl ether; in addition, expensive tin chloride has been effectively replaced with a smaller amount of cheap ferric chloride. Under special conditions for the suspension copolymerization of styrene with 1, 2, and 3% of divinylbenzene, copolymers with a bead size of 30–70 μm have been synthesized. Each of the copolymers has been further crosslinked with monochlorodimethyl ether to a degree of crosslinking of 100, 150, and 200%. These polymers are porous materials swellable in water and any organic solvents. The hypercrosslinked polymer network is not accessible to large molecules of proteins (Cytochrome C and albumin) and does not cause protein adsorption; owing to this feature, the sorbents can be classified as novel selective restricted-access materials.     

Isotherms of Capillary Condensation Influenced by Formation of Adsorption Films

Isotherms of capillary condensation are often used to determine the vapor sorption capacity of porous adsorbents as well as the pore size distribution by radii. In this paper, for calculating the volume of capillary condensate and of adsorption films in a porous body, an approach based on the theory of surface forces is used. Adsorption isotherms and disjoining pressure isotherms of wetting films are presented here in an exponential form discussed earlier. The calculations were made for straight cylindrical capillaries of different radii and slit pores of different width. The mechanisms of capillary condensation differ in cylindrical and slit pores. In cylindrical pores capillary condensation occurs due to capillary instability of curved wetting films on a capillary surface, when film thickness grows. In the case of slit pores, coalescence of wetting films formed on opposite slit surfaces proceeds under the action of attractive dispersion forces. Partial volumes of liquid in the state of both capillary condensate and adsorbed films are calculated dependent on the relative vapor pressure in a surrounding media. Copyright 2000 Academic Press.     

Influence of mesoporosity on the sorption of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid onto alumina and silica

Two SiO2 and three Al2O3 adsorbents with varying degrees of mesoporosity (pore diameter 2-50 nm) were reacted with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) at pH 6 to investigate the effects of intraparticle mesopores on adsorption/desorption. Anionic 2,4-D did not adsorb onto either SiO2 solid, presumably because of electrostatic repulsion, but it did adsorb onto positively charged Al2O3 adsorbents, resulting in concave isotherms. The Al2O3 adsorbent of highest mesoporosity consistently adsorbed more 2,4-D per unit surface area than did the nonporous and less mesoporous Al2O3 adsorbents over a range of initial 2,4-D solution concentrations (0.025-2.5 mM) and reaction times (30 min-55 d). Differences in adsorption efficiency were observed despite equivalent surface site densities on the three Al2O3 adsorbents. Hysteresis between the adsorption/desorption isotherms was not observed, indicating that adsorption is reversible. Attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy studies confirm that 2,4-D adsorption does not occur via ligand exchange, but rather via electrostatic interaction. The results indicate that adsorbent intraparticle mesopores can result in consistently greater 2,4-D adsorption, but the amount adsorbed is dependent upon surface charge and the presence of adsorbent mesoporosity. The data also suggest that when mineral pores are significantly larger than the adsorbate, they do not contribute to diffusion-limited adsorption/desorption hysteresis. Adsorbent transformations through time are discussed.     

Polanyi-based models for the adsorption of naphthalene from aqueous solutions onto nonpolar polymeric adsorbents

In this research, naphthalene was adopted as the representative model compound of PAHs, and static adsorption of naphthalene from aqueous solution onto three commercial polymeric adsorbents with different pore structure was investigated. Nonlinear isotherms models, i.e., Freundlich, Langmuir, and Polanyi-Dubinin-Manes (PDM) models were tested to fit experimental data, and the experimental data were found to fit well by the PDM model. Through both isotherm modeling and constructing "characteristic curve," Polanyi theory was useful to describe the adsorption process of naphthalene by polymeric adsorbents, providing evidence that a micropore filling phenomenon was involved during the adsorption process. In addition, a good linear correlation was obtained between the naphthalene adsorption capacities and the micropore volume of adsorbents (Vmicro), whereas no linear relationship was found between the naphthalene adsorption capacities and the specific surface area of adsorbents. Based on the PDM model, the micropore volumes of adsorbents was introduced to normalize the equilibrium adsorbed volume (qv), plots of qv/V(micro) vs adsorption potential density for naphthalene on three different polymeric adsorbents were collapsed to a single correlation curve, which would be of great benefit to predict the adsorption capacity of adsorbent for the purpose of adsorption engineering design.