熔融缩聚/固相缩聚合成聚草酸乙二醇酯及其性能表征

为解决直接聚合聚草酸乙二醇酯粘度低,利用熔融缩聚和固相缩聚联用的工艺合成较高粘度的聚酯。聚草酸乙二醇酯在170℃,氯化亚锡催化剂直接熔融缩聚,125±2℃进行固相缩聚40h,特性粘度增加到0.236dl·g~(-1)。通过红外和核磁进行表征分子结构;利用DSC表征固相缩聚比直接聚合结晶温度高10℃,达到137℃。固相缩聚后聚酯粘度增加,结晶性能改变,结晶温度增加。     

L-聚乳酸固相缩聚的工艺研究

以L-乳酸单体为原料,采用复合催化剂通过直接熔融法合成低聚左旋聚乳酸(PLLA),然后分段控温进行固相缩聚(SSP).对固相缩聚的工艺条件进行了详细的研究.采用粘度法和凝胶渗透色谱法(GPC)对固相缩聚产物PLLA的特性粘数([η])和分子量进行了表征.用差示扫描量热(DSC)研究了固相缩聚产物的熔融行为和结晶度.结果...     

熔融/固相缩聚法合成聚乙醇酸及其性能表征

采用熔融/固相缩聚法合成了聚乙醇酸(PGA)可降解高分子材料,其基本反应步骤为:以乙醇酸为原料,先在190℃熔融状态下将乙醇酸脱水制成分子量为2万左右的低聚物,然后将制得的低聚物在190℃下进行固相缩聚以进一步提高分子量,所制备的PGA产物通过IR、DSC、XRD等手段进行表征。重点考察了不同催化剂,催化剂用量、是否熔融、反应温度、反应时间等因素对固相缩聚的影响,并得出熔融/固相缩聚法合成高分子量的聚乙醇酸的较佳工艺条件:反应温度190℃,二水合醋酸锌与等摩尔量的对甲苯磺酸作为催化剂(质量分数为0.4%),熔融缩聚2h后制得低聚物,然后在190℃下进行固相缩聚,40h后熔融一次,产品粉碎后继续固相缩聚60小时,PGA的重均分子量可达74000左右。     

固相缩聚PET等温结晶动力学

高聚物等温结晶动力学方面的研究者甚多,由熔融缩聚制备的不同分子量PET的等温结晶动力学及几种不同缩聚催化体系固相缩聚PET的等温结晶动力学已有报道.本文采用一个修正的Avrami方程对固相缩聚PET样品进行系统的等温结晶动力学研究.     

开环聚合-固相缩聚法制备立体嵌段聚乳酸

首先,采用乳酸为引发剂,辛酸亚锡为催化剂,引发丙交酯开环聚合制得具有缩聚活性的L-聚乳酸和D-聚乳酸;然后,将两者熔融共混后进行固相缩聚,合成了一系列立体嵌段聚乳酸。采用核磁共振(NMR)、凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)及差示扫描量热仪(DSC)分析了产物的链结构、重均分子量、热性能,并探讨了均相晶体和立体复合晶体共存情况下的固相缩聚机理。结果表明,固相缩聚产物分子量增长的适宜反应条件为:反应时间30h,较低的催化剂含量,L-聚乳酸质量分数为80%。L-聚乳酸和D-聚乳酸共混物较低的初始立体复合晶体结晶度有利于后续固相缩聚过程中产物分子量的增长;固相缩聚不仅发生在异链之间,而且也发生在同链之间。     

交联型直链淀粉手性固定相制备及其手性拆分

通过区域选择法制备了6-(三乙氧基硅基)直链淀粉衍生物,利用6-位上的三乙氧基硅基分子间缩聚将直链淀粉衍生物固定在硅球基质上,制备了交联型直链淀粉固定相。结果表明,采用分子间缩聚法制备交联型直链淀粉手性固定相具有制备简单、固定效率高的特点。考察了固定相手性拆分性能以及影响拆分能力的的因素。溶剂耐受性实验表明分子间缩聚法制备交联型直链淀粉手性固定相对四氢呋喃及氯仿流动相有良好的耐受能力。     

聚酰胺46的合成与结构研究：1.合成条件对产物分子量的影响

合成了高性能工程塑料聚酰胺４６并进行了基本表征，讨论了界面缩聚和溶液－固相缩聚时，有机相溶剂类型，单体浓度比，固相缩聚温度、真空度、反应时间对产物分子量的影响。     

尼龙66盐固态缩聚反应的研究

采用测定转化率和特性粘数、红外光谱、偏光显微镜、扫描电镜和DSC等方法,研究了结晶尼龙66盐固态缩聚过程的反应历程、初生态尼龙66的结晶形态及其热行为与热历史的关系。实验结果表明,在缩聚过程中尼龙66盐结晶的缺陷可以诱发大分子相的成核,并出现外延结晶过程。发现,初生态尼龙66呈现出原纤状结构状态,且原纤的取向取决于反应条件;讨论了初生态尼龙66在DSC谱上所出现的熔融双峰现象。     

尼龙6固态后缩聚工艺研究

对尼龙6萃取切片及干燥切片的固态后缩聚工艺进行了研究。研究了聚合温度、聚合时间、氮气流速等聚合条件对固态后缩聚的影响，并测定了固态后缩聚前后切片结晶度，水分以及分子量分布的变化。实验表明：可以以尼龙6萃取切片为起始切片进行固态聚合，其聚合时间24h，聚合温度185℃。固态后缩聚后切片的分子量分布略有增加。     

尼龙6纳米纤维膜固相膜萃取-高效液相色谱法测定塑料瓶装矿泉水中双酚A

采用静电纺丝法制备尼龙6纳米纤维膜,结合固相膜萃取-高效液相色谱法测定了矿泉水中的双酚A。对洗脱溶剂及其体积、进样速度、样品体积、样品pH值、尼龙6纳米纤维膜的用量、及其活化方式和使用次数等影响因素进行了研究。结果表明:10mL样品调至pH8.0后,以3mL/min流速通过1.5mg尼龙6纳米纤维膜,300μL甲醇即可将膜上吸附的双酚A完全洗脱,每张膜至少可重复使用6次。在此最优化条件下,方法的线性范围为0.20～20.0μg/L;检出限为0.15μg/L,膜内和膜间的相对标准偏差均小于4.5%(n=6)。本方法应用于6种不同品牌的矿泉水中双酚A的分析测定,在1.0μg/L加标水平下,测得回收率为95.0%,双酚A测得浓度低于0.30μg/L。与固相萃取方法相比,本方法高效、环保,表明尼龙6纳米纤维膜是极具潜力的萃取介质     

Mutual influence of the morphology and capillary rheological properties in nylon/glass‐fiber/liquid‐crystalline‐polymer blends

Nylon‐6/glass‐fiber (GF)/liquid‐crystalline‐polymer (LCP) ternary blends with different viscosity ratios were prepared with three kinds of nylon‐6 with different viscosities as matrices. The rheological behaviors of these blends were characterized with capillary rheometry. The morphology was observed with scanning electron microscopy and polarizing optical microscopy. This study showed that although LCP did not fibrillate in binary nylon‐6/LCP blends, LCP fibrillated to a large aspect ratio in some ternary blends after GF was added. The addition of 5 wt % LCP significantly reduced the melt viscosity of nylon‐6/GF blends to such an extent that some nylon‐6/GF/LCP blends had quite low viscosities, not only lower than those of neat resins and nylon‐6/GF blends but also lower than those of corresponding nylon‐6/LCP blends. The mutual influence of the morphology and rheological properties was examined. The great reduction of the melt viscosity was considered the result of LCP fibrillation. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 1619–1627, 2004     

On the viscosity of composite suspensions of aluminum and ammonium perchlorate particles dispersed in hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene--New empirical model

The rheological properties of fuel suspensions with various solid loadings up to close their maximum packing fraction and suspending media having different viscosities are investigated using the rotational viscometer at relatively low shear rates in which suspensions behave as Newtonian fluids. Aluminum (Al) and ammonium perchlorate (AP) particles are major solid components of any solid fuel system which should be distributed uniformly inside a polymeric binder based on hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene (HTPB). The experimental data generated in this investigation indicates that the relative viscosity of the suspensions is independent of viscosity of polymer binder, but in addition to solid content, geometrical aspects of the solid particles affect strongly the relative viscosity of suspensions. Maximum packing fraction of filler is found to be suitable quantitative measure of filler characteristics such as size, size distribution, shape and structure. Consequently, it is revealed that the relative viscosity of fuel suspension is a unique function of reduced volume fraction (Phi). Based on analogy of viscosity enhancement of reactive resin with cure conversion and suspension with filler content, an empirical model with two adjustable parameters originated from resin gelation model is suggested. According to this model and experimental results obtained in this investigation, a generalized model is proposed to describe the relative viscosity as a function of solid content in which the adjustable parameters are found to be general constants. The generalized model which is expressed as mu(r) = (1-Phi)(0.3 Phi-2) is found to be quite accurate to predict the experimental data. Furthermore, the applicability and accuracy of the generalized model are evaluated using the viscosity data of some suspension systems reported in the literature.     

Synthesis,rheology, and morphology of nylon‐11/layered silicate nanocomposite

Exfoliated nylon‐11/layered silicate nanocomposites were prepared via in situ polymerization by dispersing organoclay in 11‐aminoundecanoic acid monomer. The original clay was modified by a novel method with 11‐aminoundecanoic acid. In situ Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results show that stronger hydrogen bonds exist between nylon‐11 and organoclay than that of between nylon‐11 and original clay. The linear dynamic viscoelasticity of organoclay nanocomposites was investigated. Before taking rheological measurements, the exfoliated and intercalating structures and the thermal properties were characterized using X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetric analysis. The results show that the clay was uniformly distributed in nylon‐11 matrix during in situ polymerization of clay with 4 wt % or less. The presence of clay in nylon‐11 matrix increased the crystallization temperature and the thermal stability of nanocomposites prepared. Rheological properties such as storage modulus, loss modulus, and relative viscosity have close relationship with the dispersion favorably compatible with the organically modified clay. Comparing with neat nylon‐11, the nanocomposites show much higher dynamic modulus and stronger shear thinning behavior. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 2161–2172, 2006     

Polymer crystalline structure and morphology changes in nylon‐6/ZnO nanocomposites

The influence of ZnO nanoparticles on the crystalline structures of nylon‐6 under different crystallization conditions (annealing at different temperatures from the amorphous solid, isothermal crystallization from the melt at different temperatures, and crystallization from the solution) has been examined with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared. ZnO nanoparticles can induce the γ‐crystalline form in nylon‐6 when it is cooled from the melted state and annealed from the amorphous solid. This effect of ZnO nanoparticles increases with decreasing particle size and changes under different crystallization conditions. The effects of ZnO nanoparticles on the crystallization kinetics of nylon‐6 have also been studied with DSC. The results show that ZnO nanoparticles have two competing effects on the crystallization of nylon‐6: inducing the nucleation but retarding the mobility of polymer chains. Finally, the melting behavior of the composites has been investigated with DSC, and the multiple melting peaks of composites containing ZnO nanoparticles and pure nylon‐6 are ascribed to the reorganization of imperfect crystals. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 41: 1033–1050, 2003     

Synthesis of copolyamides based on ε-caprolactam and AH salt in the presence of cationic resin

Copolyamides based on ε-caprolactam and AH salt were prepared by copolymerization of various combinations of ε-caprolactam and AH salt in the presence of a cationic resin. In terms of adhesivity towards metals they have proved their superiority over nylon 6, nylon 6, 6, and the copolyamides of ε-caprolactam and AH salt, prepared in presence of water. Adhesive property of the copolyamide was found to be increased with increasing proportion of AH salt in the combinations. ε-Caprolactam (1 part) and AH salt (5 parts) in presence of a cationic resin (0.55%) were copolymerized to give a best performing copolyamide: yield 93%, mp 232°C, relative viscosity 2.42, and shear tensile strength 620 kg/in.²     

Nylon–selected topics

Elements of the technology of nylon fibers and nylon plastics are reviewed. These include the development of equations to quantify the effects of end‐group imbalance and chain‐ending impurities, the kinetics of the polymerization of caprolactam, the solid‐state polymerization of nylon‐66, and the dependence of fiber tensile strength on molecular weight. This is followed by remarks that include comments on the significance of the amidation equilibrium for melt behavior and estimates of the activation energy of viscous flow, the pyrolysis of nylon, the use of the glass‐transition temperature (T_g) to predict the effect of moisture on properties, and the prospect for new nylons. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 39: 2565–2570, 2001     

Temperature dependence of density, thermal expansion coefficient and shear viscosity of supercooled glycerol as a reflection of its structure

The relationship of the microstructure of supercooled, highly viscous glycerol to the temperature dependence of its density, thermal expansion coefficient, and shear viscosity are discussed. The character of this temperature dependence at the transition from low viscosity state to the solid amorphous state (solidified state without nuclei) is described with help of function psi, which can be interpreted as the effective number of degrees of freedom responsible for the change of viscosity of glycerol over a broad range; these degrees of freedom are those related to the alpha-relaxation process. It is shown that the change in effective activation energy of the viscosity is completely determined by the parameter psi. The change in the shear viscosity of glycerol due to the influence of the solid-phase nuclei is considered. It is shown that the introduction of the parameter phi, equal to the specific volume occupied by the nuclei of the solid phase, together with psi provides a natural explanation of the temperature dependence of density and thermal expansion coefficients of glycerol in its liquid, solid amorphous, glassy, and crystal states. The peculiarities of the temperature dependence of phi(T) and psi(T) for glycerol and o-terphenyl are compared.     

新型尼龙214,414,614,814,1014和1214的合成与表征

用熔融缩聚法基于十四碳二酸合成了一系列偶偶尼龙，包括尼龙2 14，4 14， 6 14，8 14，10 14，12 14。用红外光谱、元素分析、核磁共振、差示扫描热分析 、热失重分析、热机械分析、粘度法对合成尼龙的结构与性能进行了表征。同时还 初步研究了尼龙12 14的物理性能，发现其物理性能介于尼龙66和聚乙烯之间。     

Detection of Phthalate Esters in Environmental Water Samples-Comparison of Nylon6 Nanofibers Mat-based Solid Phase Extraction and Other Conventional Extraction Methods

In this article, a new method for simultaneous determination of six phthalate esters was developed by a combination of electrospun nylon6 nanofibers mat‐based solid phase extraction with high performance liquid chromatography‐ultraviolet detector (HPLC‐UV). The six phthalate esters were dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), di‐n‐butyl phthalate (DBP), di‐(2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and dioctyl phthalate (DOP). Under optimized conditions, all target analytes in 50 mL environmental water samples could be completely extracted by 2.5 mg nylon6 nanofibers mat and eluted by 100 µL solvent. Compared with C18 cartridges solid phase extraction, C18 disks solid phase extraction and national standard method (China), nylon6 nanofibers mat‐based solid phase extraction was advantageous in aspects of simple and fast operation, low consumption of extraction materials and organic solvents. The four methods were applied to analysis of environment water samples. All the results indicated that the determination values of target compounds with the proposed method were consistent with C18 cartridges and C18 disks solid phase extraction method, and the new method was better than the national standard method in aspects of recovery, LOD and precision. Therefore, nylon6 nanofibers mat has great potential as a novel material for solid phase extraction.     

尼龙1010结构的研究

本工作通过X-光衍射、红外光谱、示差扫描量热、偏光显微镜、粘弹谱及密度观测,考察了尼龙1010样品,分别从玻璃态结晶与从熔融态结晶后的聚集态结构,发现它的结晶结构与尼龙66相似,但从熔融态结晶的晶格有很大畸变,对所涉及的问题进行了讨论,提出了氢键面畸变的模型。