聚苯胺薄膜的溶液表面制备及室温氨气气敏性能

提出了一种基于溶液表面的聚苯胺(PANI)薄膜及气敏器件的室温制备方法,以苯胺单体、盐酸和过硫酸铵为原料通过氧化聚合在其水溶液表面直接获得质子化聚苯胺(PANI)薄膜,并利用薄膜的可转移特性构筑气敏器件.研究发现溶液的pH对PANI致密薄膜的形成至关重要,从而提出了质子化苯胺单体优先在溶液表面聚集和聚合的PANI薄膜形成机制.该薄膜气敏器件能够对NH₃进行有效的室温检测,且性能随薄膜聚合温度和聚合时间的变化呈规律性变化,优选制备条件下(pH=0.6,室温18℃,聚合60 min)的薄膜其检测下限为10^-6,响应与NH₃浓度呈良好的线性关系,并具有良好的重复性、选择性、快速响应和有竞争力的响应值.该薄膜制备工艺体现了“绿色”制备思想,且薄膜能够大面积制备并具有优异的气敏性能,有望为PANI-基薄膜的制备与室温气体传感器的研究与应用提供一种新的思路.     

微电流法直接检测非电活性气体二氧化碳

基于非电活性气体CO_2在‘二甲亚砜/铂微电极’体系中定量的电还原反应,提出微电流法常温直接检测二氧化碳.在常规气敏微电极和硅一体化薄膜微电极器件上获得了满意的气敏响应特性:好的线性响应关系、灵敏度和响应速度.用硅微机械加工技术批量构制的薄膜微电极器件,既保持了微电极的全部优点,又实现了微电流器件结构的一体化,电流响应异常稳定和重现.     

电化学阳极氧化法制备类纳米管结构WO_3光阳极用于光电催化全分解水(英文)

近年来,随着能源和环境问题日益凸显,新型可再生能源的开发利用意义重大.其中开发高效的光阳极材料用于光电催化全分解水引起了广泛的研究兴趣.纳米WO_3由于其禁带宽度适中,被证明是一种效果良好的光催化分解水产氧的催化剂,但无法直接用于催化析氢.若将其作为光阳极材料,在施加较低偏压下可用于高效光电催化全分解水.纳米WO_3电极的众多制备方法中,电化学氧化法因其方法简单,高效,制备成本低而具有重要的应用价值.然而,通常情况下电化学氧化法得到的纳米WO_3薄膜多为无规则形貌或多孔膜.本文发展了一种简单的阳极氧化法,通过优化调变其制备过程中的氧化时间,氧化电压,电解质离子浓度以及焙烧温度,确定了最佳制备条件(1 h,40 V,0.15 mol/L NH4F,400℃)时样品的光电催化全分解水活性最高,其光电催化析氢和析氧的速率分别达到了3.93和1.96μmol/cm~2/h,且量子效率达5.23%的,此NAs-WO_3/W薄膜的光电催化活性和稳定性远超商业WO_3/W薄膜.场发射扫描电镜结果显示,所制样品是一种新型的形貌规整的类纳米管阵列状WO_3薄膜.并进一步通过X射线衍射(XRD)、高分辨透射电子显微镜(HRTEM)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、紫外可见光谱、光电转换效率、光电流测试、和交流阻抗等手段研究了其晶体结构、表面化学组成、光学及光电化学性质.同时通过实验与计算获得了NAs-WO_3/W薄膜在420 nm单色光照下的表面空穴分离率,并与商业WO_3制备得到的WO_3/W薄膜进行了相关对比.XRD,HRTEM和XPS结果表明,所制NAs-WO_3/W薄膜是由暴露(020)和(202)晶面的单斜晶相WO_3构成.交流阻抗测试表明,NAs-WO_3/W的交流阻抗值要远小于商业WO_3/W,说明其光生载流子分离效果要比商业化的WO_3/W高;且NAs-WO_3/W薄膜的表面空穴分离率是商业WO_3/W薄膜的三倍.由此可见NAs-WO_3/W具有优异的光电催化性能(高光电转换效率和空穴分离效率),能有效应用于可见光全分解水反应,这主要归因于其类纳米管阵列的特殊一维结构、高结晶度的单斜态WO_3及WO_3与金属W片之间的强相互作用.本文为高效光电转换材料的制备提供了新的技术与途径.     

桥连氧化钨纳米线的可控合成及气敏性质

氧化钨WO_(3-x) (0≤x1)具有丰富的氧化态、亚化学计量比晶相以及可逆的光致/电致变色特性,纳米线具有高比表面积和准一维单晶载流子传输通道,WO_(3-x)纳米线结合了上述两者的优异特性,在智能玻璃、能源转换与存储器件和气体传感器等领域有广阔的应用前景。本文从WO_(3-x)的基本性质出发,分析了液相法和气相法(气-液-固、气-固、热氧化)纳米线生长的机制及特点。其中,热氧化法无需催化剂,有望解决纳米线应用的器件化瓶颈,在500°C下即可实现纳米线尺寸与生长位置的可控生长,实现桥连纳米线器件的高效、原位集成。随后,本文综述了桥连WO_(3-x)纳米线器件在NO_x等气体分子检测中的应用进展,梳理了桥连WO_(3-x)纳米线器件在低功耗、高灵敏气体分子检测中的应用,以期为今后高灵敏、低功耗、高集成的氧化物桥连纳米线器件的开发提供参考。     

磷钨酸盐修饰的氧化钨薄膜的制备与电致变色性质研究

为了提高WO_3纳米粒子薄膜的光学对比度,利用层接层自组装方法,将Keggin型结构的磷钨酸盐H_3[α-PW_(12)O_(40)]与WO_3纳米粒子复合,制备[PEI/PW_(12)/PEI/WO_3]_(20)复合膜.采用扫描电镜、紫外光谱和电化学工作站对复合膜的形貌及电致变色性能进行研究,结果表明:该复合膜与单纯的WO_3纳米粒子薄膜相比,光学对比度提高了117.28%,且这种复合膜提供了较大的H~+扩散系数,可以获得更好的电致变色性能.     

纳米棒组装的WO_3·0.33H_2O及其光催化性能改善（英文）

以十二烷基苯磺酸(DBSA)和钨酸钠为原料,在无其它辅助剂条件下,通过水热方法制备了由纳米棒组装成的三维多级微结构WO_3·0.33H_2O。结果表明,反应原料DBSA不仅在反应中提供氢离子,而且还具备表面活性剂调控产物形貌的作用。在可见光照射下,由于其特殊的多级结构,WO_3·0.33H_2O展现出较强的光催化降解罗丹明B活性,降解率达100%,重复使用5次后,降解率仍保持较高水平。     

WO_3中单斜相/六方相异相结的构建及提高光催化降解罗丹明B活性（英文）

光催化技术被认为有可能成为解决环境污染和能源危机的有效手段之一,引起了各国政府和科学家的极大兴趣.以TiO_2,WO_3和Bi_2O_3等半导体为催化剂的光催化反应受到广泛关注.WO_3是一种典型的n型半导体材料,具有电致变色、气敏和光催化等性能,在电致变色器件、气敏传感器和光催化剂等方面有着广泛应用前景.由于WO_3具有高的太阳能利用率、良好的可见光响应性和较强的抗光腐蚀性,是一种极具开发潜力的半导体光催化材料,所以在光解水制氢及催化降解有机污染物等领域中得到广泛应用.然而,WO_3半导体表面上较高的光生电子-空穴复合效率是影响其光催化性能的主要因素之一,从而限制了WO_3在光催化领域的工业应用.研究发现,TiO_2材料在从锐钛矿向金红石转变的过程中,通过精细调变焙烧温度,可以在两种晶相的界面形成TiO_2异相结.形成的锐钛矿-金红石异相结能有效促进电子-空穴分离.目前,构建异相结已成为改善光催化剂电子-空穴分离效率的有效方法之一.近年来,人们先后成功构建了a-Ga_2O_3/b-Ga_2O_3,a-Bi_2O_3/b-Bi_2O_3和WO_3/WO_3·H_2O等异相结,这些异相结催化剂在光催化降解水产氢和降解污染物反应中显示了比单一晶相更高的光催化活性.WO_3是一种多晶相材料,具有正交、六方、单斜和四方等多种晶体结构,其中六方晶相(h-WO_3)由于具有开放结构而在气体传感器和电池电极等领域显示了突出性能,而单斜晶相(m-WO_3)具有合适的带宽和良好的可见光响应性,因而广泛应用在光催化领域.而且,h-WO_3的导带和价带均低于m-WO_3的导带和价带,所以在WO_3材料中有可能通过构建单斜/六方异相结(m-WO_3/h-WO_3)来提高WO_3的光催化性能.本文借鉴半导体异相结概念,采用固相热分解法,试图通过调节焙烧温度和焙烧时间以构建m-WO_3/h-WO_3异相结催化剂.利用X射线衍射(XRD)、高分辨透射电镜(HRTEM)、扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)和N_2吸附-脱附等方法对WO_3样品的晶相结构、形貌和元素组成等进行了表征.以光催化降解罗丹明B(RhB)为模型,研究了不同晶相WO_3材料的光催化性能,考察了WO_3晶相和异相结对其光催化性能的影响,从而为WO_3材料中异相结的构建提供思路、方法和理论指导.结果表明,采用偏钨酸铵固相热分解制备WO_3的过程中,焙烧温度为600–700℃时,样品为单斜晶相,随着焙烧温度升高至800℃时,样品中开始出现六方晶相.随着焙烧温度升高,h-WO_3的含量没有明显变化,当温度升至1000℃时,h-WO_3的含量有所减少.SEM和HRTEM结果验证了m-WO_3/h-WO_3异相结的形成,小的m-WO_3粒子分布在棒状h-WO_3上,并且两者紧密接触.为了进一步证实WO_3的异相结效应,将偏钨酸铵在800℃焙烧不同时间(8–30 h).结果表明,通过改变焙烧时间可有效控制m-WO_3和h-WO_3混合晶相比例,800℃焙烧8 h时m-WO_3为主要晶相,焙烧12 h时h-WO_3含量明显增加,当焙烧时间延长至24和30 h时h-WO_3含量减少.SEM结果同样显示,在800℃焙烧12 h样品中棒状h-WO_3显著增多,与小的m-WO_3粒子接触几率增大,即m-WO_3/h-WO_3异相结数量增加.不同晶相WO_3样品光催化降解RhB的结果表明,具有m-WO_3/h-WO_3异相结结构的WO_3催化剂具有较高光催化活性.荧光光谱结果表明,单斜相/六方相异相结的形成提高了电子-空穴分离效率,从而提高了其光催化降解Rh B的活性.而在具有m-WO_3/h-WO_3异相结结构的WO_3催化剂中,随着焙烧温度升高或焙烧时间延长,h-WO_3含量有所减少,从而导致暴露的m-WO_3/h-WO_3异相结数量减少,因而使得活性有所降低.本文采用固相热分解法通过调变焙烧温度构建了m-WO_3/h-WO_3异相结光催化剂,显著提高了光催化降解RhB的活性,这对设计合成高效WO_3基光催化剂具有一定借鉴.     

石墨烯氧化物湿敏特性研究

在声表面波谐振器件上滴定石墨烯氧化物,制成了一种基于石墨烯氧化物薄膜的声表面波湿敏检测器件.此器件表现出优异的湿敏传感性能,在宽湿度范围内(10％ ～98％ RH),其灵敏度高达200 kHz/％RH以上;线性度超过0.9;温度系数小于0.5％ RH/℃;吸湿与脱湿响应速度均小于2s.结果表明:石墨烯氧化物具有优良的湿度敏感特性,有望应用于高性能湿度传感器的开发.     

微弧氧化法制备WO_3/TiO_2复合薄膜的结构及光催化性能

采用微弧氧化工艺分别在钨酸盐和磷酸盐电解液中制备了WO_3/TiO_2复合薄膜和单一的TiO_2膜(P-TiO_2),利用X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜、紫外-可见光谱和荧光光谱对这两种膜层的结构及光物理特性进行了表征.结果表明,P-TiO_2膜由锐钛矿与金红石混合相组成,而WO_3/TiO_2膜中除锐钛矿与金红石混合相外,还含有W0O相.两种膜层表面粗糙多孔,WO_3/TiO_2膜的孔洞数量更多,分布更均匀.WO_3/TiO_2膜的光吸收范围较P-TiO_2膜略宽,但后者在紫外光区的光吸收性能更好.WO_3O/TiO_2膜的荧光发光强度比P-TiO_2的小,光生电子-空穴之间的分离效果好.与P-TiO_2膜相比,WO_3/TiO_2膜的表面酸度高,吸附有机物和羟基的能力更强.紫外光下照射2 h,WO_3/TiO_2能够降解85%罗丹明,而P-TiO_2膜只能降解23%.WO_3/Ti0_2膜的高光催化活性源于它较高的比表面积、较优的电子.空穴分离效果和较高的表面酸度.     

钨酸铋/还原氧化石墨烯二氧化氮传感器的研制EI北大核心CSCD

通过一步水热法合成了钨酸铋/还原氧化石墨烯(Bi_(2)WO_(6)/rGO)复合材料,并基于此材料制备了NO_(2)气体传感器。用X射线衍射光谱、拉曼光谱、扫描电镜和透射电镜对复合材料的晶相、形貌和微观结构进行的表征表明,Bi_(2)WO_(6)和rGO成功复合,且获得了具有花状超结构的Bi_(2)WO_(6)/rGO复合材料。将复合材料负载到叉指电极上制备了NO_(2)气体传感器,利用自制的气敏测试装置对气体传感器的气敏性能进行了系统测试。结果表明,Bi_(2)WO_(6)/rGO复合气体传感器在室温下对NO_(2)气体具有较高选择性、较高响应值和较好长期稳定性,对质量浓度为47.03 mg/m^(3)NO_(2)的响应值为28.35%,是纯rGO气体传感器的3.5倍,响应时间为55 s,恢复时间为549 s,对NO_(2)的检出限为62μg/m^(3)。     

阳极氧化膜WO3（Ⅰ）：电显色和自褪色

用循环伏安法、交流阻抗技术和光电流谱技术研究了阳极氧化膜WO_3电显色和自褪色过程的机理,电显色时,氢原子先在WO_3表面吸附,其后从WO_3表面向晶格内部传输,电褪色时,H_xWO_3晶格中填隙H原子先传输到W表面脱附生成填隙H~+,然后再在电场驱动下在膜中迁移,自褪色过程可能是由膜中所含的少量水和部分填隙H原子的羟基化作用引起的。     

Structural stability and phase transitions in WO3 thin films

Tungsten oxide (WO3) thin films have been produced by KrF excimer laser (lambda = 248 nm) ablation of bulk ceramic WO3 targets. The crystal structure, surface morphology, chemical composition, and structural stability of the WO3 thin films have been studied in detail. Characterization of freshly grown WO3 thin films has been performed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), atomic force microscopy (AFM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), Raman spectroscopy (RS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and selected area electron diffraction (SAED) measurements. The results indicate that the freshly grown WO3 thin films are nearly stoichiometric and well crystallized as monoclinic WO3. The surface morphology of the resulting WO3 thin film has grains of approximately 60 nm in size with a root-mean-square (rms) surface roughness of 10 nm. The phase transformations in the WO3 thin films were investigated by annealing in the TEM column at 30-500 degrees C. The phase transitions in the WO3 thin films occur in sequence as the temperature is increased: monoclinic --> orthorhombic --> hexagonal. Distortion and tilting of the WO6 octahedra occurs with the phase transitions and significantly affects the electronic properties and, hence, the electrochemical device applications of WO3.     

阳极氧化膜WO3（Ⅱ）：电显色的介质效应

用循环计时电量法、循环伏安法、电化学现场(in-situ)紫外可见反射光谱技术和光电流谱技术研究了溶剂和阳离子(H~+,Li~+)对阳极氧化膜WO_3电显色稳定性和过程的影响。从循环计时电量图可以测定表征膜稳定性的氢或锂的累积量和暂态周期数。实验发现W/WO_3/LiCLO_4乙腈溶液体系具有高的电显色稳定性。引起WO_3膜可逆电显色的H~+和Li~+离子的嵌-脱过程的界面电化学机理不同。着色态WO_3膜的色心是自由电子,其密度超过10~(21)/cm~3,生色机理是等离子体振荡。     

Ag/WO3纳米复合膜的制备及其电致变色性质和器件的研究

通过真空镀膜方法制备的纳米Ag薄膜均匀致密, 表面光滑. 然后通过电化学方法在Ag纳米薄膜上沉积一层三氧化钨(WO3), 制备纳米Ag/WO3复合膜. 并在此基础上构筑五层式玻璃/ITO/纳米Ag-WO3复合膜/固态电解质/聚(3-甲基噻吩)/ITO/玻璃电致变色器件. 实验结果表明, 与传统的WO3膜相比, 纳米Ag/WO3复合膜具有更好的电化学活性、更高的对比度、更短的响应时间, 以及更好的稳定性. 由该复合膜组装的电致变色器件工艺简单, 电致变色性能良好.     

WO_3 Anodic Oxide Film——I.Electrochromism and Auto-bleaching mechanism

Electrochromic and auto-bleaching processes at the WO2 anodic film in 0. 5 mol/L H2SO4 solution were investigated by cyclic voltammetry, a. c. impedance technique and photocurrent spectrometry. The colouration mechanism consists of hydrogen adsorption on the WO2 surface and the transport of H atoms in the WO, lattice. The bleaching process involves at least two steps: transport of interstitial H atoms and hydrogen desorption on the W surface, resulting in interstitial H+ ions; then extration of the H+ ions driven by the external electric field. The auto-bleaching arises from the hydroxylation due to both partial interstitial H atoms and a little of water contained in the film.     

热处理对WO3纳米薄膜结构及其气致变色性能的影响

以钨粉和过氧化氢溶液为原料, 采用溶胶凝胶法制备了WO3溶胶, 并结合提拉镀膜法, 分别在普通玻璃载玻片和抛光硅片上制备了掺钯气致变色WO3纳米结构薄膜; 并分别在50, 150, 250, 350和450 ℃的空气氛围中对薄膜进行了热处理. 采用IR、双椭圆偏振光谱仪、AFM和XRD分析了薄膜的性质和微观结构, 观察了薄膜的表面形貌, 根据所得数据讨论了不同热处理温度对薄膜的结构和气致变色性能的影响.     

Photocatalysis and photoinduced hydrophilicity of WO3 thin films with underlying Pt nanoparticles

The photocatalytic oxidation and photoinduced hydrophilicity of thin tungsten trioxide (WO(3)) films coupled with platinum (Pt) nanoparticles were investigated. WO(3) films with underlying Pt nanoparticles (WO(3)/Pt/substrate) and those with overlying Pt nanoparticles (Pt/WO(3)/substrate) were synthesized by sputtering and sol-gel methods. Between these films, underlying Pt nanoparticles greatly enhanced the photocatalytic oxidation activity of WO(3) without decreasing the photoinduced hydrophilic conversion. However, overlying Pt nanoparticles deteriorated the hydrophilicity of WO(3) because the Pt nanoparticle surface was hydrophobic. The enhanced photocatalytic reaction by the Pt nanoparticles was attributed to the multi-electron reduction in Pt, which is caused by the injected electrons from the conduction band of WO(3). The relationship between photocatalytic activity and thin film structure, including the size of Pt nanoparticles, the thickness and porosity of the WO(3) layer, were investigated. Consequently, the optimum structure for high performance in both photocatalysis and photoinduced hydrophilicity was WO(3) (50 nm)/Pt(1.5 nm)/substrate, and this film exhibited a significant self-cleaning property even under visible light irradiation.     

染料敏化TiO2/WO3薄膜电池的光电变色

The light-to-electricity conversion process of the TiO2 nanostructured electrode sensitized by a dye was investigated using the photoelectrochemical method in this paper. At the same time, the WO3 thin film was electrodeposited on conducting glass. The results showed that the dye-sensitized nanoporous TiO2 film has the properties of energy conversion, along with good electrochromic properties of electrodeposited MoO3 thin film. A self-powered smart window was achieved by combining a dye-sensitized nanoporous TiO2 film as the photovoltaic layer and an electrodeposited WO3 film as the electrochromic layer. This window changed from being almost transparent to blue spontaneously under illumination, and thus could modulate light transmittance.     

High-throughput screening system for catalytic hydrogen-producing materials

A high-throughput screening system and methodology were developed for libraries of hydrogen (H(2)) producing catalytic materials. The system is based on the chemo-optical properties of WO(3), which give rise to reflectance changes in the presence of H(2). Pd-coated WO(3) sensors were synthesized and examined for their hydrogen sensitivity, wavelength-dependent reflectance, and performance in the presence of water vapor. For high-throughput screening, a polypropylene reactor block was designed and constructed to house 8 x 12 catalyst libraries deposited as thin films. When the library and reactor block are assembled together, 96 independent microreactor units are formed. A large-area Pd/WO(3) sensor film covers and seals all microreactors, forming a 96-element 2-D H(2) sensor array. As H(2) is produced differentially across the library, the reflectance changes of the Pd/WO(3) film are monitored by reflectivity sensors that scan the surface every 30 s. The time-dependent changes in reflectance indicate relative rates of H(2) production. A library of cathode electrocatalysts was synthesized from Ti, Pt, Ni, Au, Pd, Al, Ag, Ge, and mixtures thereof to demonstrate the H(2) high-throughput screening system. The results of the electrolytic screening are in agreement with expected literature trends: mixtures of Ni and samples containing Pt and Pd generated H(2) at the greatest rates, while Ge- and Ti-based materials were the least effective electrocatalysts. A mixture of 80% Al and 20% Pt was found to have the highest rate of H(2) production. This high-throughput screening system is applicable in a variety of catalytic screening applications where hydrogen is the desired product.     

Electrochromic hysteresis performance of a prussian blue film arising from electron-transfer control by a tris(2,2'-bipyridine)ruthenium(II)-doped WO(3) film as studied by a spectrocyclic voltammetry technique

A [Ru(bpy)(3)](2+) (bpy=2,2'-bipyridine)-doped WO(3) film was prepared as a base layer on a substrate by cathodic electrodeposition from a colloidal triad solution containing peroxotungstic acid (PTA), [Ru(bpy)(3)](2+), and poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) (PSS). A Prussian blue (PB; Fe(II)-Fe(III)) film was cathodically electrodeposited on the [Ru(bpy)(3)](2+)-doped WO(3) film or neat WO(3) film from an aqueous Berlin brown (BB; Fe(III)-Fe(III)) colloid solution to yield a [Ru(bpy)(3)](2+)-doped WO(3)/PB bilayer film or WO(3)/PB bilayer film. For the spectrocyclic voltammogram (SCV) of the WO(3)/PB film, a redox response of Prussian white (PW; Fe(II)-Fe(II))/PB was observed at 0.11 V, however, further oxidation of PB to BB was not allowed by the interfacial n-type Schottky barrier between the WO(3) and PB layers. For the [Ru(bpy)(3)](2+)-doped WO(3)/PB film, any electrochemical response assigned to the redox of PB was not observed in the cyclic voltammogram, however, the in situ absorption spectral change recorded simultaneously showed the significant redox reactions based on PB. The SCV revealed that PW on the [Ru(bpy)(3)](2+)-doped WO(3) film is completely oxidized to PB by a geared reaction of Ru(II)/Ru(III) at 1.05 V, and that 32 % of PB formed is further oxidized to BB by the same geared reaction in the potential scan to 1.5 V. PB was completely re-reduced to PW by a geared reaction of H(x)WO(3)/WO(3) at -0.5 V in the reductive potential scan. These geared electrochemical reactions produced an electrochromic hysteresis performance of the PB film layered on the [Ru(bpy)(3)](2+)-doped WO(3) film.