钕修饰载体的PtRu/Nd/C薄膜结构及电催化性能

采用离子束多靶溅射沉积技术(IBS),在Nd修饰的碳载体上制备了PtRu/Nd/C纳米合金薄膜作为直接甲醇燃料电池(DMFC)阳极催化剂,并对PtRu/Nd/C薄膜催化剂进行了不同条件的氧化处理.应用XRD,XPS,AFM等分析手段研究了薄膜表面的成分、化学状态、结构及表面形貌,并用循环伏安法(CV)测试了薄膜催化剂对甲醇的催化氧化性能.结果表明,由于溅射产生的Pt+,Ru+和稀土Nd膜层之间的相互作用,使PtRu/Nd薄膜的表面形貌发生粗化并抑制了PtRu薄膜表层的择优生长,增大了PtRu/Nd/C薄膜催化剂的电化学比表面积,催化活性明显提高;经氧化处理后,PtRu/Nd/C催化剂表面RuO2物种数量增加,进一步提高了催化剂对甲醇的催化性能,特别是PtRu/Nd/C薄膜催化剂经40min的氧化处理后,出现异常的电流峰.     

具有高活性和突出的抗中毒性能的Pt修饰Ru/C催化剂的制备和表征(英文)

采用两步浸渍-还原法制备了一种具有高Pt利用效率,高性能的Pt修饰的Ru/C催化剂(Ru@Pt/C).对于甲醇的阳极氧化反应,该催化剂的单位质量铂的催化活性分别为Pt/C、自制PtRu/C和商业JMPtRu/C催化剂的1.9、1.5和1.4倍;其电化学活性比表面积分别为Pt/C和自制PtRu/C的1.6和1.3倍.尤为重要的是该催化剂对甲醇氧化中间体具有很好的去除能力,其正向扫描的氧化峰的峰电流密度(If)与反向扫描氧化峰的峰电流密度(Ib)之比可高达2.4,为Pt/C催化剂的If/Ib的2.7倍,表明催化剂具有很好的抗甲醇氧化中间体毒化的能力.另外,Ru@Pt/C催化剂的稳定性也高于Pt/C、自制PtRu/C和商业JMPtRu/C催化剂的稳定性.采用X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电镜(TEM)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)对催化剂进行了表征,Pt在Ru表面的包覆结构得到了印证.Ru@Pt/C的高铂利用效率、高性能和高抗毒能力使其有望成为一种理想的直接甲醇燃料电池电催化剂.     

热处理对甲醇电氧化催化剂PtRu/C性能的影响

采用非离子表面活性剂Triton X-100作为稳定剂制备了催化甲醇电氧化反应的PtRu/C催化剂, 研究了热处理温度对催化剂的组成、结构、形貌和活性的影响. 利用循环伏安法研究了PtRu/C催化剂催化甲醇电氧化的活性, 用热重和差热分析(TG-DTA)、X射线能量色散谱(EDX)、X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)对PtRu/C催化剂进行了表征. 研究结果表明, 热处理对PtRu/C催化剂粒子的大小、分布和Pt的氧化态有重要的作用. 在350 ℃下热处理的催化剂显示了最好的催化甲醇电氧化的性能, 由Triton X-100作为稳定剂制备的PtRu/C催化剂最适宜的热处理温度是350 ℃.     

促进型PtMoSi/C催化剂的制备、表征及电催化活性

采用甲醛还原、H2还原、肼还原三种方法制备了添加硅钼酸的PtMoSi/C阳极催化剂, 并用XRD、XPS和TEM技术对催化剂进行了表征. XRD表明Pt粒子呈立方面心晶态结构, TEM显示PtMoSi/C催化剂粒径小(3−4 nm), 分布窄, 分散性好. XPS分析可知Pt主要以0价, Mo主要以6价, Si主要以4价形态存在于催化剂中. 同时通过循环伏安法和线性扫描法考察了制备方法和添加硅钼酸对催化剂电化学活性的影响. 结果表明, 甲醛还原法制备的PtMoSi/C催化剂(Pt、Mo的原子比为3:1)对甲醇氧化的电化学性能和抗中毒性能优于自制的PtRu/C和E-TEK PtRu/C催化剂, 可能是因为添加硅钼酸可以使活性组分的分散度提高, 从而提高了催化剂的活性和抗毒性能.     

高负载率纳米Pt-Ru/C催化剂的制备和表征

以Vulcan XC-72R碳黑为载体, 通过在含十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)的乙二醇溶液中直接还原氯铂酸和三氯化钌, 制备了负载率为60%的纳米PtRu/C催化剂. 透射电镜(TEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)分析结果表明, SDS的加入可显著改善PtRu纳米颗粒在载体表面分散性, 平均粒径达到2.7 nm. 电化学循环伏安法(CV)测试的结果显示, 利用这种方法制备的纳米PtRu/C催化剂对于甲醇氧化具有较强的抗中毒能力和较高的电催化活性.     

直接甲醇燃料电池催化剂性能的影响因素

考察了温度、电位及中间产物等因素对直接甲醇燃料电池催化剂性能的影响.结果表明,温度的升高会显著促进Pt催化剂粒子的聚结.对于PtRu催化剂,Ru氧化物/水合氧化物对Pt微晶的聚结具有抑制作用.高温放电实验后,PtRu催化剂的合金化程度有所提高.高电位会加速电催化剂的降解.电极反应中间产物甲酸和甲醛对甲醇电催化氧化反应具有一定的抑制作用,其中甲醛的影响更大.     

稀土Eu掺杂PtRu/C催化剂及其对甲醇电氧化的性能

采用化学还原和热处理方法对商业PtRu/C催化剂进行稀土Eu掺杂,制备了不同Eu含量的PtRuEux/C催化剂.透射电子显微镜(TEM)、X射线能量色散光谱(EDX)、X射线衍射(XRD)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等方法表征催化剂的结果表明,Eu的掺杂未改变PtRu/C催化剂的平均粒径(约为3nm),并且Eu以金属和氧化物两种形态修饰PtRu表面.循环伏安和计时电流法测试显示,PtRuEux/C催化剂较商业PtRu/C对甲醇氧化具有更高的活性,其中PtRuEu0.3/C的活性最高.运用原位傅里叶变换红外(FTIR)光谱从分子水平研究了该催化剂对甲醇电催化氧化的反应过程,检测到甲醇在催化剂上解离吸附的吸附态产物是线型吸附态CO(COL),Eu的掺杂使COL的氧化电位降低,明显提高了催化剂的活性和抗CO毒化的能力.     

碳载Pt和PtRu催化剂的甲醇电氧化比较

利用电化学方法对商用Pt/C和PtRu/C催化剂在酸性介质中的甲醇电氧化进行了比较研究.动电位和恒电位氧化实验结果皆表明PtRu/C比Pt/C对甲醇电催化活性高.PtRu合金的形成不仅改变了催化剂表面对氢的吸附性质,而且使氧化物还原峰电位向阴极方向移动.Ru与甲醇的相互作用为温度活化过程,需要较高的温度.     

Ru, Sn和Co促进的Pt/C催化剂电催化氧化甲醇的性能

 采用溶胶法制备了用于阴离子膜直接甲醇燃料电池的Pt-M/C(M=Ru, Sn和Co)阳极电催化剂,并用X射线衍射和X射线能谱技术对催化剂进行了表征. 结果表明,制备的Pt-M合金颗粒分布均匀,粒径为2～6 nm, 其组成与前驱体中相应金属的原子比基本吻合. 用循环伏安法测定了催化剂在不同碱性条件下的活性. 结果显示,随着碱性的增加,甲醇的起始氧化电位降低,峰电流和催化剂的活性增大; 相同碱强度下催化剂活性顺序为Pt50Ru50/C>Pt50Sn50/C>Pt75Co25/C, 添加Ru可明显提高Pt/C催化剂的活性. Pt50Ru50/C在1.0 mol/L NaOH+1.0 mol/L CH3OH溶液中的峰电流密度可达634.7 mA/mg.     

Nd_x作为助催化剂对PtRu/C电催化氧化甲醇活性的影响

采用沉积-还原法制备了PtRu-NdOx/C催化剂,借助TEM、EDS和XRD等测试手段对其进行了微结构和组成的表征.结果表明,催化剂中Pt与Ru以合金形式存在,而Nd的氧化物则以无定形形态存在.催化剂粒子的平均粒径在2nm左右,晶胞参数为0.3896nm,Nd氧化物的加入对PtRu合金的晶体结构影响不明显.采用循环伏安法和计时电流法,比较了PtRu-NdOx/C催化剂和PtRu/C催化剂对甲醇氧化的电催化活性,结果表明,加入Nd的氧化物作为助催化剂能明显提高PtRu/C催化剂对甲醇氧化的电催化性能.     

Effect of third metal on the electrocatalytic activity of PtRu/Vulcan for methanol electro-oxidation

The effect of a third metal on the activity of PtRu/Vulcan toward methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) is studied. An efficient method to prepare ternary catalysts was used, which allows the introduction of the third metal to PtRu/Vulcan without altering its particle size or dispersion. Ni, Mo, Co, and Ir were chosen and added to PtRu/Vulcan, based on theoretical and experimental literature results, anticipating enhancement in the catalytic activity of PtRu/Vulcan. The composition of the third metal can be varied from trace to considerable amounts. Transmission electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis were used to determine the particle size, dispersion, and the composition of the ternary catalysts. Cylic voltammetry, chronoamperometry, and CO-stripping voltammetry were used to analyze and compare the activities of the catalysts at 25 °C. It has been found that the addition of even trace amounts of third metal significantly affects the catalytic activity of PtRu toward MOR.     

pH值对微波协助乙二醇法制备PtRu/C催化剂的影响

以微波协助乙二醇工艺合成了碳负载不同粒径大小的PtRu/C纳米催化剂, 主要考察了溶液pH值对PtRu粒子大小的影响. 利用紫外可见光谱、能量散射X射线谱、透射电镜和X射线衍射谱对PtRu纳米催化剂进行了表征. 结果表明, pH值是一个对PtRu粒子大小有着重要影响的因素. TEM结果显示随着溶液pH值的增加, PtRu粒径从3.5 nm减小到1.5 nm. 当溶液pH值达到11.0时, 由于金属粒子被保护, 合成的催化剂中金属载量明显减少. 溶液pH 值在9.0 右合成的PtRu/C催化剂具有适宜粒径(2.4 nm)和均匀分布的金属颗粒, 具有最好的甲醇电氧化活性.     

直接甲醇燃料电池PtRuMo/C电催化剂的制备和性质

直接甲醇燃料电池PtRuMo/C电催化剂的制备和性质;直接甲醇燃料电池;电催化剂;甲醇电氧化     

二维多层PtRu/PtNd纳米薄膜的结构效应及电催化氧化活性

采用离子束多靶溅射技术控制膜层结构制备出二维多层PtRu/PtNd纳米合金薄膜作为微型直接甲醇燃料电池(DMFCs)阳极催化电极材料. 应用X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、原子力显微镜(AFM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、掠入射X射线衍射(GIXD)研究了薄膜表面的化学状态、形貌以及薄膜表层、次表层和体相的结构,并用CO-stripping伏安法、循环伏安法(CV)、线性扫描伏安法(LSV)、计时电流法(CA)等电化学方法测试薄膜催化剂的电化学活性比表面积及其对甲醇的电催化氧化. 结果表明, 多次交替沉积制备的PtRu/PtNd薄膜, 由于溅射产生的Pt+、Ru+和Pt+、Nd+之间的相互作用, 使薄膜表面的化学状态和膜层结构发生变化, 其衍射谱峰呈现异常宽化, Pt与Nd之间产生电子转移, 证实了PtRu/PtNd纳米合金薄膜是一种具有特殊膜层结构和电子结构的二维多层PtRu/PtNd纳米合金薄膜, 电化学活性比表面积高达115.00m2 ·g-1, 在酸性溶液中电催化氧化甲醇的活性显著提高.     

Studies on State and Structure of Noble Metals in Electrocatalyst Made by Coprecipitation Method

The electrocatalysts of Pt/C,PtRu/C and Ru/C were prepared by the impregnation method.The facet characterization.The dispersion and the particle size for the catalysts were determined by means of X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy,X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was also used to analyze the state and the valency of the noble metals.The results show that the particle size was in nanometer range and the binary metals have come into being an alloy.The platinum in the catalysts existed in zero valency.The valency of the ruthenium on the surface is different from that in the body,while the ruthenium on the surface existed in oxide-form.PtRu/C and Pt/C are of good activity of the electrooxidation of hydrogen except Ru/C.PtRu/C is more tolerant of CO than Pt/C,and CO is only adsorbed on Pt.     

Physical and electrochemical characterizations of microwave-assisted polyol preparation of carbon-supported PtRu nanoparticles

PtRu nanoparticles supported on Vulcan XC-72 carbon and carbon nanotubes were prepared by a microwave-assisted polyol process. The catalysts were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The PtRu nanoparticles, which were uniformly dispersed on carbon, were 2-6 nm in diameter. All PtRu/C catalysts prepared as such displayed the characteristic diffraction peaks of a Pt face-centered cubic structure, excepting that the 2theta values were shifted to slightly higher values. XPS analysis revealed that the catalysts contained mostly Pt(0) and Ru(0), with traces of Pt(II), Pt(IV), and Ru(IV). The electro-oxidation of methanol was studied by cyclic voltammetry, linear sweep voltammetry, and chronoamperometry. It was found that both PtRu/C catalysts had high and more durable electrocatalytic activities for methanol oxidation than a comparative Pt/C catalyst. Preliminary data from a direct methanol fuel cell single stack test cell using the Vulcan-carbon-supported PtRu alloy as the anode catalyst showed high power density.     

高分散PtRu/C催化剂的制备及对甲醇及吸附态CO的电催化氧化

采用化学还原浸渍法在两种不同条件下制备炭载PtRu催化剂,通过XRD和TEM技术对催化剂的晶体结构及微观形貌进行了分析,运用循环伏安法、线性扫描法来检测不同条件下制备的催化剂对甲醇及吸附态CO(COad)电催化氧化活性的影响.结果表明,不同条件下制备的催化剂Pt和Ru形成合金的程度不同,Pt-Ru合金原子的颗粒在载体炭上的粒径大小和分布不同,导致催化剂对甲醇及COad的电氧化催化活性不同.其中以甲醛为还原剂在乙二醇体系中制备的催化剂PtRu/C-2能形成较好的合金状态,粒径小,分布均匀,对甲醇及COad的氧化具有较高的电催化活性.     

Nanostructured PtRu/C as anode catalysts prepared in a pseudomicroemulsion with ionic surfactant for direct methanol fuel cell

Nanostructured PtRu/C catalysts have been prepared from a water-in-oil pseudomicroemulsion with the aqueous phase of a mixed concentrated solution of H(2)PtCl(6), RuCl(3), and carbon powder, oil phase of cyclohexane, ionic surfactant of sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (C(18)H(29)NaO(3)S), and cosurfactant n-butanol (C(4)H(10)O). Two different composing PtRu/C nanocatalysts (catalyst 1, Pt 20 wt %, Ru 15 wt %; catalyst 2, Pt 20 wt %, Ru 10 wt %) were synthesized. The catalysts were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffractometry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis, and the particles were found to be nanosized (2-4 nm) and inherit the Pt face-centered cubic structure with Pt and Ru mainly in the zero valance oxidation state. The ruthenium oxide and hydrous ruthenium oxide (RuO(x)()H(y)()) were also found in these catalysts. The cyclic voltammograms (CVs) and chronoamperometries for methanol oxidation on these catalysts showed that catalyst 1 with a higher Ru content (15 wt %) has a higher and more durable electrocatalytic activity to methanol oxidation than catalyst 2 with low Ru content (10 wt %). The CV results for catalysts 1 and 2 strongly support the bifunctional mechanism of PtRu/C catalysts for methanol oxidation. The data from direct methanol single cells using these two PtRu/C as anode catalysts show the cell with catalyst 1 has higher open circuit voltage (OCV = 0.75 V) and maximal power density (78 mW/cm(2)) than that with catalyst 2 (OCV = 0.70 V, P(max) = 56 mW/cm(2)) at 80 degrees C.