负载金属助催化剂MgAl-LDO/TiO2的光催化还原CO2性能

通过原位光沉积将不同贵金属Cu、Ag、Au、Pt、Rh、Pd和Cu-Pt、Cu-Pd、Pt-Pd、Au-Ag作为助催化剂负载在MgAl层状双金属氧化物(MgAl-LDO)/TiO_2催化剂表面,研究了助催化剂种类对MgAl-LDO/TiO_2的光催化还原CO_2性能的影响.结果表明:沉积Cu、Ag、Au、Rh和Ag-Au时,还原反应倾向于生成CO,而沉积Pt、Pd、Cu-Pt、Cu-Pd和Pt-Pd时,反应倾向于生成CH_4.在所选择的助催化剂体系中,Au是最佳的单一金属助催化剂,Cu-Pt则是最佳的双金属助催化剂体系.     

TiO2纳米管半波脉冲直流电光电催化还原Cr（Ⅵ）

报道了在半波脉冲直流电(h-DC)作为电压驱动下,以阳极氧化法制备的TiO2纳米管(TNT)为工作电极,紫外光光电催化(PEC)还原Cr(VI)的研究.半波脉冲直流电相比稳压直流电(DC)和交流电(AC)具有更佳的载流子分离和光电催化作用.探讨了电压大小、频率及电解质NaCl浓度对Cr(VI)催化还原反应的影响.TNT光电催化和电催化还原Cr(VI)效率随外加电压和频率的增大而增大,但是频率过高对反应有一定的抑制作用.电解质NaCl对反应的影响不显著,这是因为在重金属还原体系中,NaCl作为活性氯物种的母体和增强溶液导电性的作用体现得不明显.     

氧还原2e-体系电催化剂的研究进展

氧还原(ORR)可分为4e~-体系和2e~-体系.在燃料电池中,O_2经过4e~-体系直接生成H_2O,经过2e~-过程直接产生H_2O_2,H_2O_2可以产生电能,是替代石油或氢气的理想能源载体,而且H_2O_2在实际生活生产中也具有广泛应用.但是,燃料电池中2e~-体系氧还原反应非常缓慢,故开发高效、低成本的氧还原催化剂已成为近年来的研究热点.本文主要综述了近些年氧还原2e~-体系电催化剂的研究进展,并对它们的选择性、活性和稳定性进行深入探讨.最后,对电化学制备H_2O_2的最新进展作了简要总结,并对今后的研究挑战作了展望.     

CO_2/H_2O混合绿色介质中的有机催化反应

绿色化学是化学发展的必然趋势。有效利用绿色溶剂是绿色化学的重要内容。CO2和H2O混合体系是具有很多特点的绿色反应介质,可以用于不同化学反应,特别是弱酸催化的反应,从而替代传统的有机酸和无机酸。本文讨论了CO2/H2O体系的酸性随温度和压力的变化,综述了在CO2/H2O混合绿色介质中有机化学反应研究进展,这些反应包括脱水反应、烷基化反应、香茅醛环化反应、重氮化反应、多元醇转化成环醚的反应、溴氧化反应、芳硝基化合物选择性还原、多糖水解反应、生物质转化反应、环氧丙烷水解反应、脱羧反应、醇氧化反应、对映选择氧化反应以及酮不对称还原;最后对CO2/H2O体系在化学反应中应用的发展趋势进行了探讨。     

铜对Mn/Al_2O_3氨还原SO_2到单质硫催化性能的影响

ＳＯ2 是危害最为严重的大气污染物之一 ,也是造成酸雨的元凶。将ＳＯ2 选择性还原为单质硫 ,既能消除ＳＯ2 对环境的污染 ,又能回收单质硫 ,具有特别重要的意义。根据所用的还原剂的不同 ,催化还原ＳＯ2 到单质硫可分为Ｈ2 、炭、烃类 (主要是ＣＨ4 )、ＣＯ和ＮＨ3还原法[1] 。氨还原法是基于氨的催化分解生成Ｎ2 和Ｈ2 混合气 ,其中的Ｈ2 再还原ＳＯ2 到硫和Ｈ2 Ｓ ,然后进行高温Ｃｌａｕｓ反应生成单质硫。Ｐａｉｋ[2 ] 等以第四周期过渡金属硫化物载于Ａｌ2 Ｏ3 作为催化剂 ,研究了Ｈ2 还原ＳＯ2 为单质硫的反应 ,认为过渡金属硫化物是…     

TiO2光催化还原CO2

光催化还原CO₂技术在CO₂的治理与利用方面有着潜在的应用价值和良好的开发前景。该文简要综述了近年来用于光催化还原CO₂反应的TiO₂光催化剂材料,包括纯TiO₂催化剂、负载型TiO₂催化剂、金属改性TiO₂催化剂、半导体复合TiO₂催化剂和有机光敏化TiO₂催化剂等,并介绍了各类催化剂光催化还原CO₂的反应性能。     

铜锌超氧化物歧化酶(Cu2Zn2SOD)在汞电极上的吸附研究

金属氧化还原蛋白质的电化学行为作为生物电化学领域中一个重要的研究内容,受到了广泛的关注犤1～3犦,生物体系一些重要的反应均与基本电荷运动有关,如生物催化、神经传导、光合作用以及呼吸作用等均涉及到一些重要氧化还原蛋白质的氧化还原过程。利用电化学的基本原理和实验方法,不但能在生命体系和有机组织的整体水平上,更主要是能在分子和细胞水平上研究氧化还原蛋白质体系中的电子转移以及氧化态转化的化学本质和规律。铜锌超氧化物歧化酶(Cu2Zn2SOD)是一个二聚体,由两个等同的亚单位组成,每一个亚单位含有咪唑桥联的铜?和锌?离子,催…     

Ca-Tb4O7-Fe体系中生成TbFe2的动力学研究

高纯TbFe2 可以作为生产 (TbDy)Fe2 的一种中间合金原料。开发低成本、无污染、直接从氧化铽还原制备高纯TbFe2 的方法具有非常重要的实际意义。本文在已有关于Ca Tb4O7 Fe体系 ,还原扩散法制备TbFe2 合金在热力学上可能的基础上 ,进一步研究了其动力学可行性。XRD物相鉴定证明生成物是TbFe2 ;应用收缩核模型得知 :扩散是反应的控制步骤 ,表观活化能Ea=39kJ·mol- 1 。     

硒催化2-氨基苄醇氧化羰基化合成1,4-二氢-2H-3,1-苯并噁嗪-2-酮

1,4-二氢-2H-3,1-苯并噁嗪-2-酮作为一种重要的母体骨架广泛存在于生物活性化合物中。此外,在有机合成中它可作为经受热脱羧生成氮杂-邻二亚甲基苯的有效工具。文献报道的合成1,4-二氢-2H-3,1-苯并噁嗪-2-酮的方法有：2-氨基苄醇与光气或其替代物反应,钯或硫催化的2-氨基苄醇与 CO的羰基化反应,钯或硒催化的2-硝基苄醇与 CO的羰基化反应,钯催化的2-叠氮基苄醇直接羰基化反应或2-叠氮基苄醇的氮杂-维悌希(aza-Wittig)/杂累积多烯调节的环合反应,苯并呋喃酮的胺解-霍夫曼重排反应,硼氢化锂还原1,2-二氢-3,1-苯并噁嗪-2,4-二酮,以及2-羟甲基苯基氨基甲酸酯的分子内亲核取代反应。上述合成方法存在原料毒性高或成本高且来源不便、原子经济性低、有腐蚀性废物或 CO2排放、CO利用率低、催化剂昂贵且难以循环使用、反应步骤较多等缺陷,因此发展绿色、高效、经济的合成新途径具有重要意义。本文采用廉价易得的非金属硒作催化剂,用 CO作羰基化试剂, O2作氧化剂,通过硒催化2-氨基苄醇的氧化羰基化反应直接合成了目标产物1,4-二氢-2H-3,1-苯并噁嗪-2-酮。通过考察反应时间、反应温度、催化剂硒的用量、助催化剂种类及用量、CO和 O2的比例及溶剂种类等影响因素,得到了优化的反应条件,目标产物收率最高可达87%。实验证实,该 Se/CO催化体系具有相转移催化功能。反应前硒以粉末形式存在于反应体系中,为多相体系;反应开始后,硒粉参与羰基化反应形成可溶活性化合物,从而成为均相体系;反应完成后硒粉经氧化可重新从反应介质中沉淀析出,又变为多相体系。因此,该体系既实现了高效的均相催化反应,又便于催化剂分离回收,且回收的硒可重复使用,其催化活性基本保持不变。结合相关文献,我们提出了该反应的机理：在助催化剂三乙胺存在下,硒首先与 CO反应原位生成羰基硒,然后羰基硒先后接受2-氨基苄醇中氨基和羟基的亲核进攻生成目标产物,同时释放出硒化氢,硒化氢再被 O2氧化为硒,从而进入下一轮催化循环反应。总之,我们成功开发出一条绿色、高效、经济的1,4-二氢-2H-3,1-苯并噁嗪-2-酮合成新途径。用廉价易得且能循环使用的硒替代贵金属钯作催化剂,用 CO替代剧毒光气或其衍生物作羰基化试剂, O2作氧化剂,硒催化的2-氨基苄醇氧化羰基化反应可顺利进行,以87%的良好收率得到目标产物,具有成本低、原子经济性高、CO利用率高、步骤简短、无腐蚀性废物或温室气体 CO2排放、无光气使用及环境相对友好等优点。     

WO3改性CeO2-TiO2催化剂的低温NH3-NO/NO2 SCR活性和机理研究

在铈钛基NH3-SCR催化材料中,改性元素对催化材料的酸性位和氧化还原性能的影响较大.本文采用过量浸渍法分别制备了CeO2-TiO2(CeTi)和CeO2/WO3-TiO2(CeWTi)催化剂,研究了CeWTi催化材料结构、酸性位及氧化还原性能对NH3-NO/NO2 SCR反应性能的影响.结果发现,CeTi和CeWTi样品均有较优异的NH3-NO/NO2 SCR催化性能,后者略高.WO3的加入增加了催化材料的表面酸性,对其氧化还原性能影响不大.通过对反应中间物种NH4NO3的研究,发现NH4NO3的分解主要与氧化还原性能相关,而NO还原NH4NO3的反应需要氧化还原能力和酸性位共同作用,即在氧化还原性能差异不大的条件下,酸性对该反应起到重要作用.而该反应也是NH3-NO/NO2 SCR的限速步骤,这是CeWTi催化材料活性高于CeTi催化材料的原因.同时,为了获得NH3-NO/NO2 SCR反应的高活性,NO2:NO比例宜为1:1.然而现实情况中,预氧化催化材料的氧化活性、NOx浓度、温度等变量使得准确控制NO2的比例较难,因此,深入了解NO2浓度对NH3–NO/NO2 SCR反应的影响至关重要.本文探讨NO2:NO的比例、O2浓度等对NH3-NO/NO2 SCR反应性能的影响;并研究了不同NO2含量条件下NH3-NO/NO2 SCR反应网络.通过分析CeWTi材料上NH3-NO/NO2 SCR反应网络可知,当NO与NO2比例为1:1时,NH3-SCR催化活性最高,并以快速SCR形式进行;当NO与NO2比例为1:1消耗完全之后,剩余的NO或NO2各自独立以标准或慢速SCR进行,不影响其本来的反应活性.催化材料的标准SCR、快速SCR和慢速SCR均取决于材料表面酸度和氧化还原性能,但快速SCR和慢速SCR对材料这两方面性能的要求相对较低.同时O2并不参与快速和慢速SCR,而NO2可以取代O2作为SCR反应中主要的氧化剂,氧化Ce4+为Ce3+,甚至比O2和NO再氧化活性位的能力更强,保持催化材料的高催化活性.低温条件时,慢速SCR和快速SCR反应均在材料表面生成硝酸铵中间物种,但由于慢速SCR气氛中缺乏NO将硝酸铵还原,进而引发快速SCR反应,因此材料表面快速SCR的NOx转化率要高于慢速SCR反应;高温条件下,由于硝酸铵容易热分解,导致硝酸铵的抑制效应不太明显.NH4NO3分解是NO2含量升高后N2O的形成的主要途径.     

CO2‐Speicherung. Chancen und Risiken

Anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide (CO₂) into the atmosphere have had a significant impact on the Earth's carbon cycle. As part of the global effort to reduce climate change, the geological storage of CO₂ has been accepted as a method that may provide up to 25 % of the total reduction of emissions, although this figure is still subject to change. In Germany and worldwide, geological storage capacities are expected to be sufficient for several decades. Carbon dioxide can be captured from sources such as large‐scale industrial (energy, steel, cement or chemical) facilities and transported to long‐term storage sites in deep saltwater‐bearing aquifers. Above the porous sandstone reservoirs in which the CO₂ is to be stored, an impermeable cap rock is required to provide a barrier for the upward‐migrating gas. In time, a significant quantity of the CO₂ can be retained within the reservoir pore space by capillary forces, dissolved in water to form carbonic acid, or deposited as carbonate minerals. The storage site must be free of potential leakage pathways. To this end, extensive monitoring programs need to be carried out. The Ketzin pilot site, an example of such a program, has shown CO₂ storage on a research scale to be safe and reliable.     

Facile Synthesis of Substituted Ethyl 2‐(Chloromethyl)‐2‐hydroxy‐2H‐1‐benzopyran‐3‐carboxylates

Ethyl 2‐(chloromethyl)‐2‐hydroxy‐2H‐chromene‐3‐carboxylates 2a – 2j have been synthesized by reaction of substituted salicylaldehydes with ethyl 4‐chloro‐3‐oxobutanoate, in the presence of piperidine in CH₂Cl₂ at room temperature, in good yields.     

Electrocatalytic Production of C3‐C4 Compounds by Conversion of CO2 on a Chloride‐Induced Bi‐Phasic Cu2O‐Cu Catalyst

Electrocatalytic conversion of carbon dioxide (CO₂) has recently received considerable attention as one of the most feasible CO₂ utilization techniques. In particular, copper and copper‐derived catalysts have exhibited the ability to produce a number of organic molecules from CO₂. Herein, we report a chloride (Cl)‐induced bi‐phasic cuprous oxide (Cu₂O) and metallic copper (Cu) electrode (Cu₂O_Cl) as an efficient catalyst for the formation of high‐carbon organic molecules by CO₂ conversion, and identify the origin of electroselectivity toward the formation of high‐carbon organic compounds. The Cu₂O_Cl electrocatalyst results in the preferential formation of multi‐carbon fuels, including n‐propanol and n‐butane C3–C4 compounds. We propose that the remarkable electrocatalytic conversion behavior is due to the favorable affinity between the reaction intermediates and the catalytic surface.     

Me‐BIPAM for the Synthesis of Optically Active 3‐Aryl‐3‐hydroxy‐2‐oxindoles by Ruthenium‐catalyzed Addition of Arylboronic Acids to Isatins

A chiral O‐linked C₂‐symmetric bidentate phosphoramidite (Me‐BIPAM) was found to be efficient for the ruthenium‐catalyzed addition of arylboronic acids to isatins. Asymmetric synthesis of 3‐aryl‐3‐hydroxy‐2‐oxindoles by 1,2‐addition of arylboronic acids to isatins was carried out in the presence of [RuCl₂(PPh₃)₃]/(R,R)‐Me‐BIPAM and KF, resulting in an enantioselectivity as high as 90 % ee. It was found that the reaction with N‐protected isatins proceeds with high yields and good enantioselectivities. The best protective groups on the nitrogen atom were different depending on the substituents on the aromatic ring. The use of a N‐benzyl group resulted in excellent enantioselectivities in many substrates compared with other groups.     

Palladium‐catalyzed carbonylative cyclization of 3‐bromoallyl alcohols leading to furan‐2(5H)‐ones

3‐Bromoallyl alcohols are carbonylatively cyclized under carbon monoxide pressure in toluene in the presence of a catalytic amount of Pd(OAc)₂ and PPh₃ along with Na₂CO₃ to give furan‐2(5H)‐ones in good yields. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Asymmetric Reduction of 2‐Chloro‐3‐oxo Esters by Transfer Hydrogenation

Asymmetric reduction of 2‐chloro‐3‐oxo esters was achieved by catalytic transfer hydrogenation using [RuCl₂(p‐cymene)](S,S)‐TsDPEN as the chiral catalyst and HCOOH‐Et₃N as the hydrogen source. Moderate to good yields (up to 85%) and good enantioselectivities (up to 98% ee) were obtained.     

Synthesis of 1,3‐Dihydro‐3‐oxo‐2‐benzofuran‐1‐carboxylates via Intramolecular Cyclization of 2‐[2‐(Dimethoxymethyl)phenyl]‐ 2‐hydroxyalkanoates Followed by Oxidation

A novel and efficient method for the preparation of 1,3‐dihydro‐3‐oxo‐2‐benzofuran‐1‐carboxylates 4 under mild conditions has been developed. Thus, the reaction of [2‐(dimethoxymethyl)phenyl]lithiums, generated easily from 1‐bromo‐2‐(dimethoxymethyl)benzenes 1 , with α‐keto esters gives the corresponding 2‐[2‐(dimethoxymethyl)phenyl]‐2‐hydroxyalkanoates 2 . The TsOH‐catalyzed cyclization of these hydroxy acetals is followed by the oxidation of the resulting cyclic acetals 3 with PCC to give the desired products in satisfactory yields. The reaction of [2‐(dimethoxymethyl)‐4,5‐dimethoxyphenyl]lithium with (MeOC?O)₂, followed by treatment with NaBH₄ or organolithiums, affords 2‐[2‐(dimethoxymethyl)‐4,5‐dimethoxyphenyl]‐2‐hydroxyalkanoates 6 , which can similarly be transformed into the corresponding 1,3‐dihydro‐3‐oxo‐2‐benzofuran‐1‐carboxylates 7 in reasonable yields.     

A One‐Pot Synthesis of N‐Aryl‐2‐Oxazolidinones and Cyclic Urethanes by the Lewis Base Catalyzed Fixation of Carbon Dioxide into Anilines and Bromoalkanes

The multicomponent assembly of pharmaceutically relevant N‐aryl‐oxazolidinones through the direct insertion of carbon dioxide into readily available anilines and dibromoalkanes is described. The addition of catalytic amounts of an organosuperbase such as Barton's base enables this transformation to proceed with high yields and exquisite substrate functional‐group tolerance under ambient CO₂ pressure and mild temperature. This report also provides the first proof‐of‐principle for the single‐operation synthesis of elusive seven‐membered ring cyclic urethanes.     

Synthesis,Anticancer Evaluation,and Molecular Docking Studies of Novel (4‐Hydroxy‐2‐Thioxo‐3,4‐Dihydro‐2H‐[1,3]Thiazin‐6‐Yl)‐Chromen‐2‐Ones via a Multicomponent Approach

A series of coumarin‐substituted 1,3‐thiazine‐2‐thione derivatives ( 4a–m ) were synthesized via the multicomponent reaction of 3‐chloro‐3‐(2‐oxo‐2H‐chromen‐3‐yl)acrylaldehyde ( 1 ) carbon disulfide ( 2 ), and various primary amines ( 3 ), in presence of triethylamine and acetonitrile under stirring with good yields. The structures of all the synthesized compounds were characterized by analytical and spectral studies. Further, the synthesized compounds were screened for their in vitro antiproliferative activities against different cancer cell lines (A549, MDA‐MB‐231, MCF7, HeLa, and B16F10). Studies on the molecular interactions to recognize the hypothetical binding motif of the title compounds with the target Hsp 100 were carried out employing the Schrodinger software. Compounds 4a , 4c and 4m showed activity against all the five cell lines compared with the reference drug, and 4a exhibited the least IC₅₀ concentration of 7.56 ± 1.07 μg/mL against MCF7. This in vitro anticancer result was supported by in silico docking and in silico ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion) studies as well.     

Asymmetric Synthesis of All Four Isomers of an Unusual Heterocycle‐Containing Amino Acid: 2‐Amino‐3‐furan‐2‐yl‐pentanoic Acid

All four isomers of a novel β‐branched unusual amino acid were designed and synthesized with high stereoselectivity (>90% de) and in 33% –44% overall yields by the use of 4(R/S)‐5,5‐dimethyl‐4‐phenyl‐oxazolidin‐2‐one as the chiral auxiliary via asymmetric 1,4‐Michael addition, direct or indirect azidation, hydrolysis and hydrogenation reactions.