伯胺N_(1923)从离子吸附型稀土浸出液中萃取分离稀土与铝

离子吸附型稀土浸出液中共存杂质铝的含量随矿床产地和浸取条件而变化,其浓度有时与稀土属于同一数量级,而铝对稀土的分离纯化过程影响严重。因此,稀土与铝的分离具有重要意义。本文研究了伯胺N_(1923)萃取分离稀土与铝的性能,结果表明:N_(1923)-煤油-异辛醇有机相可以从离子吸附型稀土浸出液中直接萃取稀土,而铝及其他低价金属离子留在水相;其分离系数可以达到10~5。少量进入有机相的铝继续用(NH_4)_2SO_4溶液反洗(O/A=1∶1),使负载有机相中稀土与铝的比值大大增加,其分离系数随(NH_4)_2SO_4浓度的升高和溶液pH的下降而增大。确定的最佳浓度和pH分别为2%和1。有机相中的稀土经3 mol·L~(-1) NH_4Cl溶液反萃(O/A=2∶1),可以得到浓度大纯度高的稀土溶液;采用c_(Al)/c_(RE)=8.443的含铝稀土浸出液,经萃取、洗涤和反萃,可以得到浓度为4.3～13.34 g·L~(-1)的c_(Al)/c_(RE)=0.0023～0.0027的稀土溶液,稀土回收率大于96%。     

酸性磷萃取剂在皂化过程中的结构变化与萃合物的组成

本文研究了酸性磷酸酯(D2EHPA等)皂化过程和萃取前后有机相结构的变化,证实了酸性磷酸酯萃取剂在皂化过程中生成微乳状液,进一步阐明萃取稀土离子时,在微乳状液的油水界面上发生离子交换反应,生成具有螫合型结构的萃合物,同时伴随着有机相中微乳状液的破乳过程。 在用完全皂化的D2EHPA-仲辛醇-煤油溶液萃取二价离子时,得到萃取有机相中苹合物的组成为MA~2,而不是通常认为的MA~2·2HA,从而可以提高萃取容量。     

萃取体系中钴与二(2-乙基己基)磷酸的络合物结构和聚集行为

采用Fourier变换红外光谱 (FT IR)、紫外 可见光谱 (UV VIS)、以及光子相关光谱 (PCS)等技术研究了钴 (Co)与二 ( 2 乙基己基 )磷酸 (HDEHP)在萃取体系中所形成的络合物的结构、聚集行为、以及助表面活性剂 ( 2 辛醇 )的影响 .结果表明 :在正庚烷中 ,Co与HDEHP形成四面体络合物 ,其聚集物尺寸很小 (半径约 1 0nm) ;2 辛醇的加入使无水的四面体配位转变为部分水化的八面体配位结构 ,同时其聚集物的尺寸有所增大 .水相中离子强度 (NaCl)可影响萃取有机相中Co HDEHP络合物的二种配位结构间的转变平衡 .红外吸收光谱结果还说明 ,Co与HDEHP在正庚烷中形成螯合型络合物 ,在 2 辛醇与正庚烷的混合溶剂中形成桥式配位的络合物     

十四烷基二甲基苄基氯化铵萃取Au(CN)-2的微观机理

通过萃取平衡、傅里叶变换红外光谱及分峰技术研究了季铵盐十四烷基二甲基苄基氯化铵 ( TDM-BAC) -磷酸三丁酯 ( TBP) -正庚烷体系萃取 Au( CN) - 2 的机理及过程 .提出了萃合物的结构模型是基于氢键的超分子体系 ,组成为 [R4N+]· [Au( CN) - 2 ]· 4 H2 O· 4 TBP.当有机相金浓度大于 3g·L- 1 时 ,有机相中存在聚集现象 .通过激光光散射技术测定了有机相中反向胶团的大小 ,表明萃取过程是分散在水相中的胶团在协萃剂 (或助表面活性剂 )作用下溶入有机相 ,转型为反向胶团或微乳液 ( W/O型 )聚集状态 .     

不同稀释剂中HDEHP的界面性质研究

用滴体积法研究了HDEHP在不同稀释剂-0.05mol.dm^-^3(N2, Na2)SO4(pH=2.40)体系中的界面性质, 认为吸附于液-液界面的是单体HDEHP分子, 得到了各体系中HDEHP的Cmin, Tmax, Ai以及△Gad等界面吸附参数。HDEHP在不同稀释剂体系中的界面活性顺序为: 脂肪烃>芳香烃>氯仿>甲基异丁基酮, 这种变化主要是在体相中和界面上稀释剂与萃取剂、界面上的萃取剂及稀释剂与界面层水之间分子间相互作用的结果。同时讨论了HDEHP在不同稀释剂中的萃取动力学机理。     

2-乙基己基膦酸单2-乙基己基酯和二(2-乙基己基)磷酸从硫酸介质中协同萃取Ce(Ⅳ)的研究

研究了用2-乙基己基膦酸单-2-乙基己基酯(HEH/EHP,P507)和二(2-乙基己基)磷酸(HDEHP,P204)从硫酸介质中协同萃取Ce(Ⅳ)的机制.结果表明:在HEH/EHP的摩尔分散在0.6时,体系的协萃系数最大.Ce(Ⅳ)以Ce(SO4)0.5HL2A2的形式被萃人有机相,协萃反应为阳离子交换机制.同时还得到了HEH/EHP和HDEHP从硫酸介质中协同萃取Ce(Ⅳ)时,体系的平衡常数及热力学函数如△G,△H和△S等.     

2-乙基己基膦酸单(2-乙基己基)酯萃取稀土元素机理的研究 III.高浓度稀土元素(III)在H~+(HNO_3,HCl)-H_2O-HEH(EHP)-煤油体系中的分配及萃取反应

2-乙基己基膦酸单(2-乙基己基)酯[HEH(EHP),HL]是萃取分离稀土元素的有效萃取剂.作者及马恩新等研究了HEH(EHP)萃取低浓度稀土元素的平衡反应.Lenz等认为二(2-乙基己基)磷酸(HDEHP)萃取高浓度Nd(Ⅲ)和Sm(Ⅲ)时,ClO_4~-及NO_3~-参与萃取反应.定量研究HEH(EHP)从矿物酸溶液中萃取高浓度稀土元素(Ⅲ)的平衡规律及萃取反应具有实际意义,有关这方面的研究尚未见报道. 本文结合分离工艺,系统地研究了高浓度稀土元素在H~+(HNO_3,HCl)-H_2O-1.50FHEH(EHP)-煤油体系中的分配平衡,通过IR、NMR及平衡有机相中NO_3~-和Cl~-浓度的定量测定,提出了低酸度下不同稀土浓度的萃取反应.     

基于巯基化衍生的气相色谱-质谱法测定有机相及水相中氯化氰

氯化氰(ClCN)是常用的化工中间体,也是《禁止化学武器公约》附表颁布的化学毒剂之一。采用传统的比色法或气相色谱法对ClCN进行分析时,稳定性差且检出限高。研究建立了有机相及水相中ClCN的巯基化衍生过程及气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)的检测方法。经比较后选择1-丁基硫醇作为衍生试剂,有机相中ClCN的衍生条件为衍生温度40 ℃,体系pH=9,反应时间10 min,反应结束后直接进行GC-MS分析。水相中ClCN的衍生条件与有机相相同,衍生完毕后进行顶空-固相微萃取(HS-SPME)。实验考察了萃取温度对萃取吸附效果的影响,确定最佳萃取温度为55 ℃。通过GC-EI/MS确认ClCN的巯基化衍生产物为硫氰酸丁酯,并对质谱图中主要的离子碎片进行结构确认。采用气相色谱-串联质谱法(GC-MS/MS)对硫氰酸丁酯裂解规律进行了分析。采用GC-MS/SIM对有机相及水相中的ClCN进行分析。方法学考察结果表明,ClCN在有机相(20~2000 μg/L)及水相(20~1200 μg/L)中相应的范围内线性关系良好(相关系数(R ²)>0.99);在3个添加水平下有机相中CICN的回收率为87.3%~98.8%,不同的水相基质中CICN的回收率为97.6%~102.2%, RSD分别为2.1%~4.7%和2.8%~4.2%,衍生过程具有良好的专属性。采用禁止化学武器公约组织(OPCW)的水平考试空白有机样品(样品基质为正己烷)对研究方法进行验证,该方法能够成功检出目标物。该研究建立的巯基化衍生-气相色谱-质谱法灵敏度高,精密度好,能够为环境中ClCN的定性定量分析提供技术支持。     

酸性磷类萃取剂在硫酸介质中对Y(Ⅲ)的协萃机制研究

对HDEHP(H2A2),HEH/EHP(H2B2),Cyanex272(H2L2)萃取剂在硫酸介质中单独以及HDEHP-HEH/EHP和HDEHP-Cyanex272混合萃取剂萃取稀土元素Y(Ⅲ)的机制进行了研究. 研究发现,单独采用HDEHP和HEH/EHP萃取Y(Ⅲ)时,SO2-4参与了反应,造成反应过程中放出的H 个数随萃取剂浓度的变化而变化,对于单独采用Cyanex272萃取Y(Ⅲ)的过程中则是OH-参与了反应. 计算了混合萃取剂萃取Y(Ⅲ)的协萃系数(R),当水相平衡pH=1.2时,HDEHP和HEH/EHP混合萃取体系与HDEHP和Cyanex272混合萃取体系萃取Y(Ⅲ)的R分别为27.68和48.99,并且协萃系数随水相平衡pH的升高而增加. 确定了在HDEHP和HEH/EHP混合萃取体系中的协萃反应并计算了反应的平衡常数及萃合物形成反应的稳定常数,反应机制为阳离子交换反应.     

两相pH滴定法对二-(2-乙基己基)磷酸萃取Cu~( )、Co~( )、Ni~( )机理的研究

本文提出一种十分快速简便的两相pH滴定法,研究HDEHP萃取Cu~( )、Co~( )、Ni~( )机理。此法在两相平衡时,只要测定水相的pH,通过预先假定的有机相萃合物的形式及种类,确定数学计算式,用实验数据验算萃合常数,来证实设想的反应机理的合理性。它比常用的研究络合物的溶剂萃取法省略了测定两相金属离子浓度这一步骤,但也带来了本法的局限性。本文提出在金属离子Cu~( )、Co~( )、Ni~( )不发生水解、聚合、有机相只存在一种萃合物MA_2·2HA情况下,研究萃取机理的数学假定及实验方法。实验确定HDEHP萃取Cu~( )、Co~( )、Ni~( )时,萃合常数1gβ_(Gu)=11.58;1gβ_c。=10.63:1gβ_(Ni)=8.97。     

Optical spectroscopy study of organic-phase lanthanide complexes in the TALSPEAK separations process

Time-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy and Fourier transform IR spectroscopy have been applied to characterize the coordination environment of lipophilic complexes of Eu(3+) with bis(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid (HDEHP) and (2-ethylhexyl)phosphonic acid mono(2-ethylhexyl) ester (HEH[EHP]) in 1,4-diisopropylbenzene (DIPB). The primary focus is on understanding the role of lactate (HL) in lanthanide partitioning into DIPB solutions of HDEHP or HEH[EHP] as it is employed in the TALSPEAK solvent extraction process for lanthanide separations from trivalent actinides. The broader purpose of this study is to characterize the changes that can occur in the coordination environment of lanthanide ions as metal-ion concentrations increase in nonpolar media. The optical spectroscopy studies reported here complement an earlier investigation of similar solutions using NMR spectroscopy and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Emission spectra of Eu(3+) complexes with HDEHP/HEH[EHP] demonstrate that, as long as the Eu(3+) concentration is maintained well below saturation of the organic extractant solution, the Eu(3+) coordination environment remains constant as both [HL](org) and [H(2)O](org) are increased. If the total organic-phase lanthanide concentration is increased (by extraction of moderate amounts of La(3+)), the (5)D(0) → (7)F(1) transition singlet splits into a doublet with a notable increase in the intensity of both (5)D(0) → (7)F(1) and (5)D(0) → (7)F(2) electronic transitions. The increased multiplicity in the emission spectra indicates that Eu(3+) ions are present in multiple coordination environments. The increased emission intensity of the 614 nm band implies an overall reduction in symmetry of the extracted Eu(3+) complex in the presence of macroscopic La(3+). Although [H(2)O](org) increases to above 1 M at high [HL](tot), this water is not associated with the Eu(3+) metal center. IR spectroscopy results confirm a direct Ln(3+)-lactate interaction at high concentrations of lanthanide and lactate in the extractant phase. At low organic-phase lanthanide concentrations, the predominant complex is almost certainly the well-known Ln(DEHP·HDEHP)(3). As lanthanide concentrations in the organic phase increase, mixed-ligand complexes with the general stoichiometry Ln(L)(n)(DEHP)(3-n) or Ln(L)(n)(DEHP·HDEHP)(3-n) become the dominant species.     

Liquid-liquid extraction of some lanthanide metal ions by polyoxyalkylene systems

Polyoxyalkylene systems, namely, polypropylene glycol (PPG-1025), polyethylene glycol (PEG-600) and polybutadieneoxide (PBDO-700) dissolved in either nitrobenzene or 1,2-dichloroethane have been tested as prospective extractants for some lanthanide metal ions (Eu(3+), Pr(3+) and Er(3+)) from their aqueous solutions in the presence of picrate anions. The metal ions were quantified before and after extraction using the inductively coupled plasma emission spectrophotometry technique. The percent extraction and the distribution coefficients have indicated that pH of the aqueous phase, picrate concentration and the organic solvent are the major parameters that affect the extraction efficiency of the metal ions. The optimum pH range was found to be 3.5-5.5 and the picrate concentration should be as high as possible; however, a picrate concentration of about 0.05 M proved to be adequate for a near quantitative extraction. In all cases, nitrobenzene enhanced a higher percent extraction compared to 1,2-dichloroethane. The efficiency of the polyoxyalkylene systems to extract certain lanthanide metal ions was in the order PBDO-700>PPG-1025>PEG-600 when nitrobenzene was the organic solvent and in the order PPG-1025>PBDO-700 approximately PEG-600 when 1,2-dichloroethane used as the solvent in the organic phase. The extractability of PPG-1025 towards the lanthanide metal ions was in the order Pr(3+)>Eu(3+)>Er(3+) irrespective of the organic solvent used. The stoichiometry of the extracted polyoxyalkylene ion-pairs with the lanthanide metal ions has been estimated. Each mole of metal ions is associated with three moles of picrate anions and 13 to 14 moles of propyleneoxide units in the case of PPG-1025, and about 9 to 10 moles of ethyleneoxide units in the case of PEG-600 and 10 moles of butadieneoxide units in the case of PBDO-700.     

Mechanism for Solvent Extraction of Lanthanides from Chloride Media by Basic Extractants

The solvent extraction of lanthanides from chloride media to an organic phase containing an anion exchanger in the chloride form is known to show low extraction percentages and small separation factors. The coordination chemistry of the lanthanides in combination with this kind of extractant is poorly understood. Previous work has mainly used solvent extraction based techniques (slope analysis, fittings of the extraction curves) to derive the extraction mechanism of lanthanides from chloride media. In this paper, EXAFS spectra, luminescence lifetimes, excitation and emission spectra, and organic phase loadings of lanthanides in dry, water-saturated and diluted Aliquat 336 chloride or Cyphos IL 101 have been measured. The data show the formation of the hydrated lanthanide ion [Ln(H₂O)_8–9]³⁺ in undiluted and diluted Aliquat 336 and the complex [LnCl₆]^3? in dry Aliquat 336. The presence of the same species [Ln(H₂O)_8–9]³⁺ in the aqueous and in the organic phase explains the small separation factors and the poor selectivities for the separation of mixtures of lanthanides. Changes in separation factors with increasing chloride concentrations can be explained by changes in stability of the lanthanide chloro complexes in the aqueous phase, in combination with the extraction of the hydrated lanthanide ion to the organic phase. Finally, it is shown that the organic phase can be loaded with 107 g·L^?1 of Nd(III) under the optimal conditions.     

Extraction of rare-earth elements by diphenylphosphinylmethyl-2-phenylethylphosphinic acid from nitrate solutions

The extraction of trace amounts of La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, and Y from HNO₃ solutions to organic solvents was studied using diphenylphosphinylmethyl-2-phenylethylphosphinic acid and its structural analogues containing two or three methylene groups between phosphorus atoms. The stoichiometry of extracted complexes was determined. The efficiency of lanthanide extraction into the organic phase was considered as dependent on the structure of the extractant, the nature of the organic solvent, and the composition of the aqueous phase. Original Russian Text ? A.N. Turanov, V.K. Karandashev, V.V. Ragulin, 2009, published in Zhurnal Neorganicheskoi Khimii, 2009, Vol. 54, No. 3, pp. 535–542.     

Effect of external factors on the increase in the extraction rate in a vibration treatment on the dynamic interfacial layer

Vibration treatment of a dynamic interfacial layer in the extraction system constituted by an aqueous solution of a salt of a rare-earth element and a solution of di-(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid in heptane (toluene) results in an increase in the process rate. This increase is characterized by an acceleration coefficient defined as the ratio between the lanthanide concentrations in the organic phase after equal intervals of time in systems with and without vibrations. It is shown that the acceleration coefficient depends on the concentration of the extractive agent, initial concentration of an element being extracted, solution pH, and phase contact duration. The observed behavior is explained in terms of the process model suggested by the authors. According to this model, the effect depends on the relative contributions made by a number of interfacial phenomena accompanying the extraction of a lanthanide with solutions of di-(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid in diluents and, in particular, by the spontaneous surface convection and structuring in the interfacial layer.     

Hybridization Assay by Time-Resolved Capillary Gel Electrophoresis with a Lanthanide Chelate

Capillary electrophoresis of crude biological samples with time-resolved fluorescence (TRF) detection enables elimination of interference from organic fluorophores and from light scattering. Because the fluorescence lifetime of biological substances and impurities overlaps the fluorescence lifetime of conventional labeling dyes, TRF detection with conventional organic labeling dyes suffers from background fluorescence. In this work, we synthesized a luminescent lanthanide chelating reagent to covalently bind the 5′-end of DNA through its dichroic functional group while retaining the unique luminescent properties of the lanthanide chelate, i.e. large Stokes shift, sharp emission, and a long luminescence lifetime in the microsecond to millisecond range. The luminescence of lanthanide chelates is inherently quenched by dissociation of the central metals in typical biological buffers containing a strong chelator, for example EDTA or phosphate; the synthesized Eu³⁺ chelate reagent, however, was stable even in EDTA solutions. In addition to stability in biological buffer solution, the synthesized Eu³⁺ chelate reagent enabled direct labeling of single-stranded oligonucleotides, and was used for DNA hybridization assay by time-resolved capillary gel electrophoresis. DNA hybridization assay in fetal bovine serum was also demonstrated.     

Lanthanide reagents in solid phase synthesis

From solid-supported ytterbium(III) catalysts to linkers cleaved by electron transfer from samarium(II) species, lanthanide reagents are beginning to find widespread application in solid phase organic synthesis. This tutorial review introduces the use of lanthanide(III) Lewis acids and lanthanide(IV) oxidants in solid phase chemistry before concentrating on the growing use of lanthanide(II) reagents in the area.     

Synergic liquid-liquid extraction studies of neodymium and praseodymium with mixtures of tributyl phosphate and Aliquat-336 in nitrate media

Extraction studies of neodymium and praseodymium with mixtures of tributyl phosphate and Aliquat-336 in xylene have been carried out. From 3.0M aqueous ammonium nitrate solutions, negatively charged complexes of neodymium and praseodymium were extracted with Aliquat-336 in the presence of tributyl phosphate into the organic phase. The synergic extracted species observed was M(NO₃) ₄ ^– L⁺·TBP. The synergic extraction of lanthanide elements in nitrate media increases from lanthanum to lutetium.     

Specific recognition of chiral amino alcohols via lanthanide coordination chemistry: structural optimization of lanthanide tris(beta-diketonates) toward effective circular dichroism/fluorescence probing

Lanthanide tris(beta-diketonates) formed stable, 1:1 highly coordinated complexes with amino alcohols, and the resulting complexes exhibited large enhanced fluorescence and intense induced circular dichroism (CD) signals. The stability constants of the highly coordinated complexes were determined for various combinations of lanthanide centers, beta-diketonate ligands, and organic substrates. These revealed that amino alcohol coordinated with the lanthanide center much more strongly than monoamine, monoalcohol, or diol derivative. On the basis of the highly coordinated complexation, several lanthanide tris(beta-diketonates) acted as CD/fluorescence probes specific for amino alcohols. Tris(6,6,7,7,8,8,8-heptafluoro-2,2-dimethyl-3,5-octadionato)europium(III) showed enhanced fluorescence in the presence of amino alcohols, while the corresponding ytterbium complex exhibited chirality-dependent CD signals for amino alcohols. In particular, the observed CD spectral profiles related well with the absolute configuration and optical purity of the bound amino alcohol, indicating that the structural optimization of lanthanide tris(beta-diketonates) offered specific sensing of amino alcohols and precise determination of their enantiomer excess percentages.     

原位复合法制备含铽(Ⅲ)配合物光学树脂及其荧光性质的研究

稀土元素因其独特的电子结构而具有光、电、磁、激光等特性,被誉为新材料的宝库,尤其是稀土配合物具有的Antenna效应,使发光强度明显增强.含稀土的高分子材料既具有稀土离子的发光性能,又具有高分子材料质量轻、抗冲击力强和易加工成型等优点,从而引起广泛的关注.我们曾用直接掺杂法制备含稀土配合物的光学树脂,但因稀土配合物与树脂的亲和性较小,难以均匀地.