Influence of Cycle Temperatures on the Thermochemical Heat Storage Densities in the Systems Water/Microporous and Water/Mesoporous Adsorbents

The adsorption equilibrium of water on microporous adsorbents (zeolites of NaA-, NaY- and NaX-type as well as their ion exchanged forms) and on mesoporous adsorbents (different silica gels and composite material i.e. silica gel + salt hydrate) has been studied experimentally and theoretically. Using the Dubinin theory of pore filling the characteristic curves of the adsorption systems and other relevant dependences such as isotherms, isobars, isosteres and the curve of the differential heat of adsorption were calculated. For all systems investigated the adsorption were calculated. A_ads and the desorption potential A_des of the closed heat storage system were estimated. These values define the working range of the adsorption/desorption cycle and allow to calculate the specific heat storage density Δ h_sp. On the basis of Δ h_sp the different adsorbents were compared in order to select the optimal porous storage material for a given application. The presented experimental and theoretical investigations show that the adsorption systems water-zeolite and water-composites are promising working pairs for thermochemical heat storage processes for hot tap water supply and space heating of single family dwellings. The advantage of the water-composite system is the low desorption temperature (solar energy) the main shortcoming the low temperature lift. The advantage of the water zeolite system is the high temperature lift, the shortcoming are the relative high desorption temperatures.     

Characterization of Microporous Aluminas by Inverse Gas Chromatography

Inverse gas chromatography (IGC) is a versatile tool for the characterization of porous solids. IGC at finite dilution has historically been used for isotherm measurements because of fast equilibration times. A combination of IGC with a flash thermodesorption method allows the separation of micropores and outer surface contributions due to different adsorption mechanisms. Whereas the outer surface and the mesopores have a mono-/multilayer sorption mechanism, the micropores are filled according to the "theory of volume filling of micropores" model. Therefore, a higher energy is required for desorption out of micropores than for desorption out of mesopores and from the surface. This difference is used to calculate two separate isotherms respective to each contribution. Four aluminas with different microporosities are investigated to show the benefit of this approach. Copyright 2000 Academic Press.     

Dibenzodioxin adsorption on inorganic materials

Dibenzodioxin adsorption/desorption on solid surfaces is an important issue associated with the formation, adsorption, and emission of dioxins. Dibenzodioxin adsorption/desorption behaviors on inorganic materials (amorphous/mesoporous silica, metal oxides, and zeolites) were investigated using in situ FT-IR spectroscopy and thermogravimetric (TG) analysis. Desorption temperatures of adsorbed dibenzodioxin are very different for different kinds of inorganic materials: approximately 200 degrees C for amorphous/mesoporous silica, approximately 230 degrees C for metal oxides, and approximately 450 degrees C for NaY and mordenite zeolites. The adsorption of dibenzodioxin can be grouped into three categories according to the red shifts of the IR band at 1496 cm(-1) of the aromatic ring for the adsorbed dibenzodioxin: a shift of 6 cm(-1) for amorphous/mesoporous silica, a shift of 10 cm(-1) for metal oxides, and a shift of 14 cm(-1) for NaY and mordenite, suggesting that the IR shifts are proposed to associated with the strength of the interaction between adsorbed dibenzodioxin and the inorganic materials. It is proposed that the dibenzodioxin adsorption is mainly via the following three interactions: hydrogen bonding with the surface hydroxyl groups on amorphous/mesoporous silica, complexation with Lewis acid sites on metal oxides, and confinement effect of pores of mordenite and NaY with pore size close to the molecular size of dibenzodioxin.     

Calorimetric determination of the acidic character of amorphous and crystalline aluminosilicates

Aluminosilicates can present different structures such as crystalline true zeolite molecular sieves or amorphous silica–aluminas. With a large surface area available, both can be involved as catalysts, adsorbents or catalyst supports, and the determination of their surface acidic properties is an important parameter in the study of such materials.

The number, strength and strength distribution of the acidic sites were determined using microcalorimetry linked to a volumetric line. Ammonia was used as a basic probe molecule. The adsorption temperatures ranged from 353 K up to 473 K. The samples consisted of two amorphous silica–aluminas (Si/Al ≈ 6.5) and three microporous zeolites H-β, H-ZSM-5 and H-MCM-22 with similar Si/Al ratios (Si/Al ≈ 13).

The differential heats of ammonia adsorption versus coverage and the corresponding isotherms are given. The H-ZSM-5, H-MCM-22, H-β samples display a plateau of constant adsorption heats near 150 kJ mol⁻¹, while the silica–alumina samples present continuously decreasing heats from 150 kJ mol⁻¹ at zero coverage to 40 kJ mol⁻¹ at high coverage, due to their surface heterogeneity. For amorphous silica–aluminas, the number of acid sites is dependent of the aluminum distribution at the surface.

The differences observed in the adsorption behavior of ammonia over the three zeolites arise from differences in their morphology, i.e. the total free volumes, pore geometries and electric field gradients at the adsorption sites. The adsorption isosteres have also been calculated from the adsorption isotherms, and the isosteric heats of adsorption have been compared with the heats measured by calorimetry.     

不同吸附剂上动态吸附-脱附挥发性有机气体性能研究

采用气相色谱法和热重分析(TG)研究了活性炭以及5A、NaY、13X、ZSM-5(Si0_2/Al_2O_3=27、300)、Hβ和MCM-41分子筛对正己烷、甲苯和乙酸乙酯的动态吸附-脱附性能,系统考察了挥发性有机气体(VOCs)浓度与种类及体积空速对吸附容量的影响。结果表明,增加体积空速和VOCs浓度,一定程度上能够提升吸附容量;活性炭吸附剂对三种VOCs具有较高的单位质量吸附量,而13X与NaY对三种VOCs具有更大的单位体积吸附量。     

环已胺在沸石分子筛上的吸脱附行为研究

本文以程序升温脱附(TPD)为主要实验手段,对环己胺在5种不同沸石分子筛上的吸脱附行为进行了研究。结果表明,沸石分子筛对环己胺有着较强的吸附作用,不同的沸石分子筛对环己胺的吸附能力受其结构和表面酸性特征的影响而异。有效吸附部位为与沸石分子筛表面酸性有关的弱化学吸附位;环己胺从不同沸石分子筛表面脱附的动力学与晶内扩散有关,其表观脱附活化能分别为:63.6kJ/mol(5A),68.6kJ/mol(13X),20.1kJ/mol(菱沸石),46.9kJ/mol(NaY)和47.3KJ/mol(ZSM-5)。     

Prediction of single component adsorption isotherms on microporous adsorbents

The adsorption of gases on microporous solids is a fundamental physical interaction which occurs in many technical processes, e.g. the heterogeneous catalysis or the purification of gases. In this context the adsorption equilibrium can determine the velocity and/or the capacity of the process. Therefore, it has to be known for designing purposes. The aim of this work has been the a priori prediction of the adsorption equilibria of arbitrary gases on microporous solids like zeolites and active carbon based only on the molecular properties of the adsorptive and the adsorbent. The adsorption isotherm is described completely from the Henry region over the transition zone to the saturation region. The quality of the model permits a first approximation of the planned process without further experimental effort.     

Adsorption and solvent desorption behavior of ion-exchanged modified Y zeolites for sulfur removal and for fuel cell applications

Typical ion-exchanged modified Y zeolites (AgY and CeY) were prepared for sulfur removal. The adsorption and desorption behavior of typical sulfur and hydrocarbon molecules in various Y zeolites has been investigated by the adsorption breakthrough and on site solvent washing experiments, as well as computer simulation. Breakthrough experiments showed that the adsorption capacity for thiophenic sulfur increased for the studied adsorbents as follows: CeY > AgY > NaY. The higher initial sulfur concentration accelerated the appearance of breakthrough, and the outlet sulfur concentration, in all cases, cannot reach the corresponding initial sulfur level. The concentration profile of washing solvent during desorption process showed that most of the sulfur compounds could be recovered at initial desorption stage. The desorption rates of typical Y zeolites follow the order: NaY > AgY > CeY, which is the reverse as that found in adsorption capacity. The distinct adsorption and desorption behavior of CeY, AgY, and NaY zeolites was markedly related with their various binding force (S-M coordination, π-complexation, and Van der Waals force) with sulfur compounds. The adsorption isotherms and density distribution snapshots study by computer simulation confirmed the preferential adsorption of thiophenic sulfur.     

Ce离子对苯在Y分子筛上吸附扩散行为的影响

采用液相离子交换法制备了不同稀土含量的Y型分子筛(HY、USY和NaY),研究了稀土铈(Ce)阳离子在Y型分子筛上吸附-脱附烃类分子(苯)过程中的作用机理与影响。通过X射线荧光光谱仪(XRF)、智能质量分析仪(IGA)、脱附指数的计算和巨正则蒙特卡罗模拟计算等多种表征计算方法,对引入稀土物种后,Y型分子筛对苯的饱和吸附量、吸附作用力、脱附热力学参数、苯在Y分子筛上的吸附势能分布及扩散行为等方面进行了研究。结果表明,Ce离子对苯在Y分子筛上脱附活化能的降低、吸附作用力的减弱以及吸附态由团聚态向分散态转变等方面具有显著影响,该作用构成了CeY分子筛催化剂在流化催化裂化(FCC)过程中能够优化轻质产品选择性的重要因素。     

13X分子筛上硫化促进剂的动态行为研究

采用TPD技术对13X分子筛的表面酸性及3种硫化促进剂在其表面上的动态行为进行了研究。结果表明,13X分子筛具有吸附能量高低不等的多种表面酸性吸附部位。对于吸附型缓释交联剂,有效的表面吸附部位为弱化学吸附位.表观脱附动力学计算结果表明,不同的硫化促进剂从13X分子筛表面有效部位脱出时,其动力学特征亦不同,但均与晶内扩散有关,表观脱附活化能(kJ/mol)分别为51.5(二乙胺)、68.6(环己胺)和78.3(乙二胺)。     

Adsorption of water vapor by poly(styrenesulfonic acid), sodium salt: isothermal and isobaric adsorption equilibria

Air conditioning and dehumidifying systems based on sorption on solids are of great interest, especially in humid climates, because they allow reduction of thermal loads and use of chlorofluorocarbons. Previous studies have shown that hydrophilic polymers such as sulfonic polymers can have very high performance in water adsorption from air. The aim of this study was to characterize the water vapor adsorption properties of fully sulfonated and monosulfonated poly(styrenesulfonic acid), sodium salt, and to elucidate the mechanism of adsorption on these materials. Adsorption isotherms have been determined by TGA between 298 and 317 K for pressures ranging from 0.1 to 45 hPa. They have type II of the IUPAC classification and a small hysteresis loop between adsorption and desorption processes was observed only for the monosulfonated sample. Water content is up to 80% weight at 80% relative humidity. Adsorption isotherms have been well fitted with the FHH model. Adsorption–desorption isobars have been determined by TGA under 37 hPa in the temperature range 298–373 K. They show that these polymers can be completely regenerated by heating at 313 K under humidified air. No degradation of the adsorption properties has been observed after several regenerations. Adsorption enthalpies and entropies have been deduced from the Clapeyron equation and from DSC measurements. A good agreement was found. A mechanism of adsorption is proposed considering two kinds of adsorbate: bounded water in electrostatic interaction with functional groups and free water resulting from condensation.     

Modeling of adsorption and ultrasonic desorption of cadmium(II) and zinc(II) on local bentonite

The adsorption and ultrasonic desorption of toxic heavy metal cations (i.e., Cd(II) and Zn(II)) on natural bentonite have been modeled with the aid of a factorial design approach. The ability of untreated bentonite to remove Cd(II) and Zn(II) from aqueous and acidic solutions at different pH values has been studied for different metal concentrations by varying the amount of adsorbent, temperature, stirring speed, and contact time. The same factors, except stirring speed and metal concentration, were applied in desorption study. Ultrasound power was used for desorption instead of stirring speed. A flame atomic absorption spectrometer was used to measure the cadmium and zinc concentration before and after both experimental study. The highest adsorption for Zn and Cd was 99.85 and 96.84%, respectively, and the highest desorption for Zn and Cd obtained was 66.57 and 51.37%, respectively. It is believed that the models obtained for adsorption and desorption may provide a background for detailed mechanism searches and pilot and industrial scale applications.     

模板剂种类对ZSM-22分子筛的酸性和正癸烷加氢异构化催化反应性能的影响

分别以1,6-己二胺和1-乙基溴化吡啶为模板剂,采用静态晶化法合成了不同硅铝比的ZSM-22分子筛;采用XRD、XRF、N₂物理吸附、SEM、NH₃-TPD和Py-IR等手段对分子筛的结构和酸性进行了表征;采用浸渍法制备了0.5%Pd/ZSM-22双功能催化剂,对金属Pd的分散度用H₂化学吸附进行表征,并在微型固定床反应器上考察了该催化剂对正癸烷加氢异构化反应的催化性能。结果表明,模板剂种类显著影响ZSM-22分子筛的结构和酸性,以DAH为模板剂合成的ZSM-22分子筛晶粒粒径小,异构化产物从分子筛孔道内扩散的程距更短,而且具有更高的B/L值和相对温和的酸性,在正癸烷加氢异构化反应中,金属位与分子筛的酸性位实现协同催化作用,具有更高的催化活性和异构化选择性。     

Study of Fourier transform infrared-temperature-programmed desorption of benzene, toluene and ethylbenzene from H-ZSM-5 and H-Beta zeolites

In the present study, an infrared (IR) high temperature cell was used, in combination with a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer for the development of an alternative temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) procedure. Three different adsorbates, i.e., benzene, toluene and ethylbenzene were non-isothermally desorbed from two zeolites H-ZSM-5 and H-Beta. The FTIR-TPD profiles were fitted with the help of the complementary error function. The fitting process was carried out with the help of a computer program which allows us to calculate two parameters, the temperature, T₀ (K) and the temperature range ΔT (K), which, in conjunction with the complementary error function, characterizes the FTIR-TPD profile. Was found that the parameter T₀ is linked with the adsorption energy of the adsorbate in the zeolite and the parameter ΔT was correlated with the transport process of the desorbed molecules inside the zeolites during the desorption process and with the presence of more than one type of adsorption sites. In conclusion, was confirmed that the FTIR-TPD methodology is appropriate for in situ observation of adsorbed molecules on zeolites, and that this technique makes available information concerning the adsorbed state of guest molecules in non-isothermal desorption.     

Application of quasi-equilibrated thermodesorption of hexane and cyclohexane for characterization of porosity of zeolites and ordered mesoporous silicas

Quasi equilibrated temperature programmed desorption and adsorption (QE-TPDA) of hexane and cyclohexane was applied for characterization of zeolites 5A, ZSM-5, 13X, Y, NaMOR and ordered mesoporous silicas MCM-41, MCM-41/TMB, SBA-15 and HMS. Similar QE-TPDA profiles of hexane and cyclohexane with a single desorption maximum were observed for the wide pore zeolites. No adsorption of cyclohexane for zeolite 5A and a single desorption maximum for ZSM-5 were found, while two-step desorption profiles of hexane were observed for these zeolites. Similar values of the adsorption enthalpy and entropy of hexane and cyclohexane were obtained by fitting the Langmuir model functions for the zeolites X and Y. For NaMOR and ZSM-5 larger differences in these parameters were found. A single desorption peak found at low temperatures in the QE-TPDA profiles of hexane and cyclohexane for the studied silicas was attributed to the multilayered adsorption on their mesopore surface. The adsorption isobars calculated from the thermodesorption profiles were fitted with the BET function. This way values of the specific surface area and the adsorption heat were calculated. Additionally values of the initial heat of adsorption were found by fitting the Henry’s law to the high-temperature sections of the linearized isobars. The largest deviations from the BET and Henry functions and the largest values of the adsorption heats found for SBA-15 indicated the greatest heterogeneity of the adsorption sites on its surface.     

Sensing the physicochemical nature of he and ne in micropores by adsorption measurements

He and Ne in contact with molecular sieves in the form of crystalline A zeolites and amorphous carbon molecular sieves fibers (CMSF) were studied by adsorption measurements. Classification of the effective enclosure of zeolitic apertures and of graphitic constrictions, as determined by recent temperature-programmed desorption mass spectrometry (TPD-MS) studies of adsorption of He and Ne onto these materials, was utilized in making a prudent choice of samples and experimental conditions. In view of the former TPD information, the behaviors of adsorption and volumetric measurements reported herein are straightforwardly interpreted. The combined TPD, adsorption isotherms, and dead volume data deepen the understanding of the physicochemical nature of adsorbed gas, where gas adsorption in the vicinity of pore constrictions and/or apertures as well as on the inner surface areas of pores and/or cages could be resolved. Previous conclusions that the huge activation energies measured for Ne/CMSF at high temperatures are unlikely to characterize chemical desorption but reflect those required for overcoming the barrier of effectively constricted apertures were confirmed by the volumetric data presented here. At 77 K, considerable He adsorption was observed in the porous solids and found to be responsible for abnormal deduced values of dead volumes. The occurrence of significant adsorption of He onto A zeolites and CMSF at 77 K warrants the realization that in cases concerning porous materials, volumetrically deduced quantities should not be taken for granted, but should be carefully considered and uniquely interpreted in relation to the specific experimental conditions under which they are taken.     

Water adsorption and desorption on microporous solids at elevated temperature

Summary An accurate gravimetric method was used to explore water adsorption/desorption isotherms between 105 and to 250°C for a number of synthetic and natural porous solids including controlled pore glass, activated carbon fiber monoliths, natural zeolites, pillared clay, and geothermal reservoir rocks. The main goal of this work was to evaluate water adsorption results, in particular temperature dependence of hysteresis, for relatively uniform, nano-structured solids, in the context of other state-of-the-art experimental and modeling methods including nitrogen adsorption, spectroscopy, neutron scattering, and molecular simulation. Since no single method is able to provide a complete characterization of porous materials, a combination of approaches is needed to achieve progress in understanding the fluid-solid interactions on the way to developing a predictive capability.     

Effect of chemical modification on the adsorption and chromatographic properties of aluminas

The effect of chemical modification by sodium hydrogen carbonate on the adsorption and chromatographic properties of aluminas was studied by low-temperature nitrogen adsorption followed by thermal desorption, IR spectrometry, and gas chromatography. It was found that, at a decrease in the volume of micropores, adsorption and desorption proceed in mesopores. It was shown that, at the higher chemical homogeneity of the alumina surface, the symmetry of the chromatographic peaks and the efficiency of the column are considerably improved.     

Effect of the Nature of Organic Templates and Alkali Metal Cations on the Phase Composition and Adsorption Properties of Novel High-Silica Zeolites IPC-1 And IPC-2

We have obtained novel high-silica zeolites IPC-1 and IPC-2 and we have determined the effect of the nature and concentration of organic templates, including specially synthesized templates, and alkali metal cations as well as other factors on their phase composition and adsorption properties. We have noted that a decisive role is played by the balance between the structure-directing effects of the templates and the cations. Using temperature programmed desorption of ammonia (TPDA) and temperature- programmed cumene cracking, we have determined that strong acid sites are present in IPC-1 and IPC-2 zeolites. __________ Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Eksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 41, No. 4, pp. 236–241, July–August, 2005.     

Interaction of acetonitrile with Na-zeolites: adsorption modes and vibrational dynamics in the zeolite channels and cavities

The interaction of acetonitrile with the extra-framework Na(+) cations in zeolites, namely Na-LTA and Na-FER, was investigated. The relative stabilities of possible types of adsorption complexes were calculated at the periodic DFT level. Individual effects on the complex stability and on the vibrational dynamics of adsorbed acetonitrile were qualitatively analysed on various cluster models. The acetonitrile primarily interacts with the Na(+) cation (via the N end), and the complex stability is modulated by the interaction of the methyl group with the framework oxygen atoms, which has a partial hydrogen-bond character. In line with the results of recent analyses of CO interactions with metal-exchanged zeolites [D. Nachtigallová, O. Bludsky, C. O. Areán, R. Bulanek and P. Nachtigall, Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2006, 8, 4849], two types of effects should be taken into consideration for acetonitrile complexes in Na-zeolites: (i) the effects from the bottom, reflecting the accessibility and coordination of the primary metal cation, to which the acetonitrile molecule is bonded via the N atom; and (ii) the effects from the top, including H-bond formation (stabilising effect) or repulsion due to the secondary metal cation. The effect from the bottom results in a blue shift of nu(CN) while the effect from the top (H-bond formation) results in a red shift in both nu(CN) and nu(CH).