两亲性嵌段共聚物的自组装及载药胶束的研究

采用可逆-加成-断裂链转移自由基聚合(RAFT)技术合成了两亲性嵌段共聚物聚苯乙烯-b-聚甲基丙烯酸聚乙二醇单甲醚-b-聚苯乙烯(PSt-b-POEOMA-b-PSt),通过FT-IR、1 HNMR、GPC确定共聚物的结构。将三个具有不同嵌段比的共聚物在水溶液中自组装,通过透射电子显微镜(TEM)观察得到的胶束的形貌,发现随着亲水性嵌段的比例减小,胶束的直径略微减小。通过透析方法,以共聚物作为载体,负载维生素E,TEM观察载药胶束的形貌,仍然为核-壳状的球形胶束。差示扫描量热仪(DSC)测试共聚物载药胶束前后的热性能,发现药物分子在载入内核的过程中,聚苯乙烯的玻璃化转变温度(Tg)有所降低。通过紫外(UV)分析计算得出共聚物的药物负载量(DLC)为70%～80%。     

嵌段-接枝共聚物SEPG与PS(OH)之间的氢键络合导致胶束化的研究

利用原子转移自由基聚合反应合成了以聚苯乙烯-b-聚(乙烯-co-丙烯)(SEP)为主链、无规分布且数目可控的聚甲基丙烯酸乙酯(PEMA)为支链的嵌段接枝共聚物SEPG. 发现在甲苯中因支链PEMA与聚(苯乙烯-co-对六氟羟丙基-α-甲基苯乙烯)[简称PS(OH]的氢键络合作用和EP嵌段的溶解作用导致了聚集体的胶束化. 研究了胶束的尺寸及其分布对PS(OH)中羟基含量和共混物组成的依赖性.     

聚苯乙烯-b-聚丙烯酸/聚苯乙烯在水中的自组装及胶束尺寸的研究

利用动态光散射、透射电镜研究了嵌段共聚物聚苯乙烯 b 聚丙烯酸(PS b PAA)与均聚物聚苯乙烯(PS)在选择性溶剂水中的自组装行为.由于均聚物PS与PS嵌段具有相同的结构单元,均聚物PS参与胶束的形成,和嵌段共聚物的PS链段一同组成胶束的核;在适当的均聚物分子量和含量条件下,PS b PAA PS可以自组装形成单分散的纳米胶束;通过改变体系中均聚物PS的分子量和含量可在较大范围内调变胶束的尺寸.     

ATRP法合成两亲性嵌段共聚物PSt-b-PAA及其在离子液体[BMIM][PF6]中的自组装行为研究

利用原子转移自由基聚合法(ATRP)合成了分子量可控、分子量分布窄的嵌段共聚物聚苯乙烯-b-聚丙烯酸叔丁酯(PSt-b-PtBA), 进而在酸性条件下由水解反应得到了两亲性嵌段共聚物聚苯乙烯-b-聚丙烯酸(PSt-b-PAA), 并通过凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)、傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、核磁共振(1H NMR)等测试手段对产物进行了表征. 使三种分子量不同的两亲性嵌段共聚物在离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐([BMIM][PF6])中进行自组装, 通过激光粒度分析仪(DLS)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)研究了聚合物在离子液体中自组装的胶束尺寸和结构形态. 当PSt的链段长度一定时, 胶束的形状主要依赖于PAA链的长度. 当PAA链段较长时, 胶束呈球形; 当PAA链段较短时, 则变成不规则的花生状胶束.     

聚苯乙烯-b-聚丙烯酸/聚苯乙烯-b-聚甲基丙烯酸氨基丙二醇酯二元胶束的杂化作用

用光散射技术和透射电镜研究了聚苯乙烯-b-聚甲基丙烯酸氨基丙二醇酯胶束和聚苯乙烯-b-聚丙烯酸胶束在水中的相互作用.结果表明,壳层带有氨基和羟基的聚苯乙烯-b-聚甲基丙烯酸氨基丙二醇酯胶束和壳层带有羧基的聚苯乙烯-b-聚丙烯酸胶束在水中可以通过胶束之间的链交换形成壳层结构致密的杂化胶束,温度的升高有助于胶束之间链交换的进行,并提出了形成杂化胶束的链交换机理.     

RAFT法合成两亲性嵌段共聚物PSt-b-PAA-b-PSt及其在离子液体[BMIM][PF_6]中的自组装

用三硫代碳酸二(α,α′-二甲基-α-乙酸)酯(BDATC)作为链转移剂,苯乙烯St作为第一单体,通过可逆加成-断裂链转移聚合(RAFT)方法合成出大分子链转移剂PSt-CTA,以丙烯酸AA作为第二共聚单体合成出3个不同嵌段比的两亲性嵌段共聚物聚苯乙烯-b-聚丙烯酸-b-聚苯乙烯(PSt-b-PAA-b-PSt).通过傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)和核磁共振氢谱(1H-NMR)确定了PSt-b-PAA-b-PSt结构,使用凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)测定了大分子引发剂PSt-CTA和嵌段共聚物PSt-b-PAA-b-PSt的分子量及分子量分布.将这3个不同嵌段比的两亲性嵌段共聚物在离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑六氟磷酸盐[BMIM][PF6]中进行自组装,用透射电子显微镜(TEM)观察聚合物在离子液体中自组装结构.研究发现,当PSt的链段长度固定时,胶束的自组装形态主要依赖于PAA链的长度.当PAA链段较长时,胶束呈球形;PAA链段变得较短时,胶束的形态则由球形转变为核壳结构,并且胶束形态在25℃至100℃之间不受温度影响.     

多嵌段共聚物(P4VP-b-PS-b-P4VP)_n的胶束化行为研究

研究了一系列具有不同链段长度和组成的聚4-乙烯基吡啶-聚苯乙烯-聚4-乙烯基吡啶多嵌段共聚物(P4VP-b-PS-b-P4VP)n在其选择性溶剂甲苯和pH<3的水中的胶束化过程,主要研究了多嵌段共聚物链段长度、溶液浓度和溶剂对其胶束形态的影响.透射电镜和原子力显微镜结果表明随着P4VP段链的相对增长,多嵌段共聚物在甲苯中的胶束形态由蠕虫链状向短棒状到球状胶束变化,而其在pH<3的水溶液中均形成球形胶束.由于特殊的链结构,聚合物的浓度对(P4VP-b-PS-b-P4VP)n多嵌段共聚物的胶束行为和胶束形态有着重要的影响.同时,(P4VP-b-PS-b-P4VP)n多嵌段共聚物分子量分布的多分散性对其在选择性溶剂中的胶束形态也有所影响.     

自组装制备聚(丙烯酸叔丁酯-b-甲基丙烯酸二甲胺基乙酯)壳交联胶束

以1-氯代乙苯为引发剂、氯化亚铜/N,N,N′,N″,N″-五甲基二乙撑三胺(PMDETA)为催化体系、丁酮-异丙醇为混合溶剂,通过原子转移自由基聚合法制备不同分子量的大分子引发剂聚丙烯酸叔丁酯(1-PECl)及不同嵌段比的两亲性嵌段共聚物聚(丙烯酸叔丁酯-b-甲基丙烯酸二甲胺基乙酯)(P(tBA-b-DMAEMA))。通过1H-NMR表征了P(tBA-b-DMAEMA)的结构,GPC测试了其分子量及分子量分布。P(tBA-b-DMAEMA)在选择性溶剂中自组装形成核-壳结构的胶束,引用了乙烯基乙二醇二碘醚(BIEE)为交联剂与链段PDMAEMA发生化学交联反应从而得到稳定的壳交联胶束结构,并通过马尔文粒径仪研究了自组装所得胶束的温度及pH敏感性。     

PS-PMMA嵌段共聚物/PMMA在选择性溶剂中的自组装行为

用动态光散射和透射电镜研究了嵌段共聚物聚苯乙烯-聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PS-b-PMMA)和其对应的均聚物聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)在选择性溶剂四氢呋喃/环己烷(THF/CYH)中的自组装行为.选择性溶剂对PS嵌段是良溶剂,对PMMA嵌段和均聚物PMMA是非良溶剂,实验结果表明,在适当的分子量及组成条件下,PS-PMMA/PMMA在选择性溶剂中形成了单分散的纳米胶束,均聚物PMMA与PMMA嵌段一同形成了胶束的核,通过控制均聚物PMMA的量可以在较大的范围内调整胶束的尺寸.     

核中含有羧基官能团的聚合物胶束的高效制备

通过化学交联反应诱导胶束化以较高的效率制备了PMCC(聚合物的质量浓度高达50 g/L). 首先制备嵌段共聚物聚苯乙烯-b-聚丙烯酸(PS-b-PAA), 然后对PAA嵌段中的羧基实行酰氯化, 在酰氯化产物聚苯乙烯-b-聚丙烯酰氯(PS-b-PACl)的共同溶剂二氯甲烷中加入交联剂乙二醇交联PACl嵌段. 交联反应使得PACl嵌段聚集, 同时, PS嵌段的保护作用使得PACl嵌段的聚集在有限个分子链间发生, 从而生成以PS为壳, 以含有羧基官能团的聚丙烯酸酯交联网络为核的PMCC.     

Synthesis,characterization, and self‐assembly of comb‐dendronized amphiphilic block copolymers

Novel amphiphilic comb‐dendronized diblock copolymers composed of hydrophobic Percec‐type dendronized polystyrene block and hydrophilic comb‐like poly(ethylene oxide) grafted polymethacrylate P(PEOMA) block were designed and synthesized via two steps of atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). The comb‐like P(PEOMA) prepared by ATRP of macromonomers (PEOMA) with two different molecular weights (M_n = 300 and 475) were used to initiate the sequent ATRP of dendritic styrene macromonomer (DS). The molecular weights and compositions of the obtained block copolymers were determined by ¹H NMR analysis. The copolymers with relatively narrow polydispersities (1.27–1.38) were thus obtained. The bulk properties of comb‐dendronized block copolymers were studied by using differential scanning calorimetry, polarized optical microscopy and wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD). Similar to dendronized homopolymers, the block copolymers exhibited hexagonal columnar liquid‐crystalline phase structure. By using such amphiphilic comb‐dendronized block copolymers as building blocks, the rich self‐assembly morphologies, such as twisted string, vesicle, and large compound micelle (LCM), were obtained in a mixture of CH₃OH and THF. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 4205–4217, 2008     

Direct synthesis of amphiphilic block copolymers, consisting of poly(methyl methacrylate) and poly(sodium styrene sulfonate) blocks through atom transfer radical polymerization

Amphiphilic block copolymers of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and sodium styrene sulfonate (SSNa) were successfully synthesized via direct atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of SSNa. First, poly(sodium styrene sulfonate) (PSSNa) or poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) macroinitiators were prepared using proper ATRP systems for each case. In some cases, functional initiators, which allow further reactions, were used. The macroinitiators were characterized and further used to synthesize PSSNa/PMMA block copolymers, by using proper solvent combinations, such as N,N-dimethylformamide/water or methanol/water at appropriate volume ratios, in order to ensure solubility of the synthesized amphiphilic copolymers. The molecular weight of the copolymers was determined by gel permeation chromatography, using water as eluent. By using a combination of analytical techniques like ¹H NMR, FTIR and thermogravimetry, the chemical structure and the actual copolymer composition were determined. Since, the block copolymers were soluble in water, forming hydrophilic/hydrophobic domains in aqueous solution, their micellization behavior was further studied by pyrene fluorescence probing.     

ABA型两亲嵌段共聚物的合成及表征

以α ,α′ 二溴代二甲苯为引发剂 ,CuBr/2 ,2′ 联吡啶为催化体系 ,制备了双溴端基的分子量分布窄的聚苯乙烯 (MWD =1 18) .再以此作为大分子引发剂 ,实现了甲基丙烯酸对硝基苯酯的原子转移自由基聚合 ,制得了分子量可控且分子量分布窄的ABA型嵌段共聚物 ,再经水解、酸化 ,得到了聚甲基丙烯酸 b 聚苯乙烯 b 聚甲基丙烯酸ABA型两亲嵌段共聚物     

Synthesis and characterization of particles consisting of a biodegradable poly(l-lactide) core and a functional hydrophilic shell

Block copolymers consisting of poly(solketal acrylate) and poly(l-lactide) were synthesized by combination of atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) and ring opening polymerization (ROP) technique. Block copolymerization has been done by two different pathways, simultaneously and sequentially by using a dual functional initiator. Well defined block copolymers were obtained by sequential block copolymerization first implementing ROP of l-lactide followed by ATRP of solketal acrylate. After hydrolysis of the solketal acrylate segments hydrophilic poly(2,3-dihydroxypropyl acrylate) blocks were obtained. The amphiphilic block copolymers were able to self-organize in aqueous solution. Aggregation behavior was studied by means of dynamic and static light scattering. Time dependent enzymatic and hydrolytic degradation of the poly(l-lactide) cores was detected by dynamic light scattering. If enzymatic solutions were used the degradation process proceeded faster and was completed within 4000 min.     

Synthesis of block and graft copolymers of β-pinene and styrene by transformation of living cationic polymerization to atom transfer radical polymerization

The transformations of living cationic polymerization to ATRP to form the block and graft copolymers of β-pinene with styrene were performed. Poly(β-pinene) carrying benzyl chloride terminal [poly(β-p)StCl] was prepared by capping the living poly(β-pinene), which was obtained with 1-phenylethyl chloride/TiCl₄/Ti(OiPr)₄/nBu₄NCl initiating system, with a few units of styrene. Poly(β-p)StCl, in conjunction with CuCl and bpy, could initiate the ATRP of styrene and gave well-defined block copolymer of β-pinene and styrene. In contrast, tert-alkyl-chlorine-capped poly(β-pinene) [poly(β-p)Cl] obtained by living cationic polymerization of β-pinene per se without capping of styrene gave a mixture of desired block copolymers and unreacted poly(β-p)Cl due to the low initiating reactivity of poly(β-p)Cl. Brominated poly(β-pinene) synthesized by the quantitative bromination of poly(β-pinene) using NBS was also used to initiate the ATRP of styrene in the presence of CuBr and bpy to prepare the graft copolymer of β-pinene and styrene. The first-order kinetic characteristic and linear increment of molecule weight with the increasing of monomer conversion indicated the living nature of this ATRP grafting.     

Block copolymer preparation by atom transfer radical polymerization under emulsion conditions using a nanoprecipitation technique

Living‐radical polymerization of acrylates were performed under emulsion atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) conditions using latexes prepared by a nanoprecipitation technique previously employed and optimized for the polymerization of styrene. A macroinitiator of poly(n‐butyl acrylate) prepared under bulk ATRP was dissolved in acetone and precipitated in an aqueous solution of Brij 98 to preform latex particles, which were then swollen with monomer and heated. Various monomers (i.e. n‐butyl acrylate, styrene, and tert‐butyl acrylate) were used to swell the particles to prepare homo‐ and block copolymers from the poly(n‐butyl acrylate) macroinitiator. Under these conditions latexes with a relatively good colloidal stability were obtained. Furthermore, amphiphilic block copolymers were prepared by hydrolysis of the tert‐butyl groups and the resulting block copolymers were characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The bulk morphologies of the polystyrene‐b‐poly(n‐butyl acrylate) and poly(n‐butyl acrylate)‐b‐poly(acrylic acid) copolymers were investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and small angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS). © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 625–635, 2008     

分子量规整聚p-乙烯基苯甲酸及苯乙烯p-乙烯基苯甲酸两嵌段共聚物的合成

当两嵌段共聚物为由性质不同的规制 (Ｗｅｌｌ ｄｅｆｉｎｅｄ)分子量两链段所构成时 ,在只对其中一链段为良溶剂的选择性溶剂中 ,它能够自组装形成尺寸均一的胶束 .胶束的形态与共聚物的组成、浓度、溶剂的性质等关系密切[1] .因此 ,两嵌段共聚物的合成颇被关注[2 ] .这一性质使得嵌段共聚物在分子识别、药物和其他物质的输送、基因疗法、水系涂料、污染物的除去、催化剂以及传感器等方面展示着潜在的应用前景 .规制分子量的两嵌段共聚合物的合成主要通过阴离子、阳离子、开环易位、基团转移等活性或可控聚合来实现 .但是这些方法受到单体…     

Synthesis of poly(styrene‐block‐tert‐butyl acrylate) star polymers by atom transfer radical polymerization and micellization of their hydrolyzed polymers

A series of poly(styrene‐block‐tert‐butyl acrylate) heteroatom star block copolymers having various block lengths were prepared by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), using an “as synthesized” cynurate modified trifunctional initiator. The structure of the star polymers was confirmed by the characterization of the individual arms resulting from hydrolysis. Amphiphilic poly(styrene‐block‐acrylic acid) star copolymers were further synthesized by hydrolyzing PtBA blocks using anhydrous trifluoroacetic acid. The characterization data are reported from analyses using gel permeation chromatography, infrared, ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectroscopies. The stable micelle solution was prepared by dialyzing the solution of these polymers in N,N‐dimethylformamide against deionized water. The temperature‐induced associating behavior of these amphiphilic star polymers were studied using dynamic laser light scattering spectroscopy. The hydrodynamic diameter of both micelles and unassociated chains were obtained in the same solution using light scattering cumulant's calculation method. The homogeneity and the size distribution of the micelle population in the solution were determined using centrifuge/sedimentation particle size distribution analyzer. Field emission scanning electron microscope was used to visualize the size of the micelles formed and the micellar aggregates. The influence of the temperature on the viscosity of the micelle solution was studied using an Ubbelohde viscometer. Thermodynamics of micellization of these block copolymers were also investigated. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 6367–6378, 2005     

原子转移自由基聚合制备聚(甲基丙烯酸甲酯-b-苯乙烯)时单体聚合顺序对嵌段效率的影响

采用原子转移自由基聚合研究了聚（ 甲基丙烯酸甲酯 ｂ 苯乙烯） 嵌段共聚物的合成,实验结果表明,当先进行甲基丙烯酸甲酯的聚合,然后再进行苯乙烯的聚合时,得到了完全的嵌段共聚物;反之,如果改变单体的聚合顺序,则嵌段效率很低．用聚合物末端Ｃ—Ｘ（Ｘ＝ Ｃｌ,Ｂｒ） 键的断裂能对实验结果进行了解释．