反应NH~4ClO~4+Mg+K~2Cr~2O~7的非线性化学动力学1: 固相振 荡燃烧的实验现 象

在外界环境条件恒定的情况下,反应体系NH~4ClO~4+Mg+K~2Cr~2O~7的燃烧过程是不均匀的,燃烧和光强呈周期性的强弱变化,给出了典型的化学振荡现象。本文介绍了NH~4ClO~4+Mg+K~2Cr~2O~7体系的固相振荡燃烧配方,对新配方进行了实验,研究了这个体系的固相振荡燃烧现象的非线性特性,分析了固相化学振荡的非线性化学反应动力学机理。     

反应NH~4ClO~4+Mg+K~2Cr~2O~7的非线性化学动力学2: 固相 振荡燃烧的化学模 型

建立了NH~4ClO~4+Mg+K~2Cr~2O~7固相振荡燃烧体系的非吸热三变量立方自催化化学模型,应用非线性数学分析方法,研究了固相振荡燃烧的非线性化学动力学机理,并对此进行了数值模拟,结果反映了这一振荡燃烧体系所具有的非线性化学动力学特性。     

反应NH~4ClO~4+Mg+K~2Cr~2O~7的非线性化学动力学2: 固相 振荡燃烧的化学模 型

建立了NH~4ClO~4+Mg+K~2Cr~2O~7固相振荡燃烧体系的非吸热三变量立方自催化化学模型,应用非线性数学分析方法,研究了固相振荡燃烧的非线性化学动力学机理,并对此进行了数值模拟,结果反映了这一振荡燃烧体系所具有的非线性化学动力学特性。     

反应NH4ClO4+Mg+K2Cr2O7的非线性化学动力学Ⅰ.固相振荡燃烧的实验现象

在外界环境条件恒定的情况下,反应体系NH4ClO4+Mg+K2Cr2O7的燃烧过程是不均匀的,燃烧和光强呈周期性的强弱变化,给出了典型的化学振荡现象.本文介绍了NH4ClO4+Mg+K2Cr2O7体系的固相振荡燃烧配方,对新配方进行了实验,研究了这个体系的固相振荡燃烧现象的非线性特性,分析了固相化学振荡的非线性化学反应动力学机理.     

反应NH4ClO4+Mg+K2Cr2O7的非线性化学动力学Ⅱ.固相振荡燃烧的化学模型

建立了NH4ClO4+Mg+K2Cr2O7固相振荡燃烧体系的非吸热三变量立方自催化化学模型,应用非线性数学分析方法,研究了固相振荡燃烧的非线性化学动力学机理,并对此进行了数值模拟,结果反映了这一振荡燃烧体系所具有的非线性化学动力学特性.     

固相配位化学反应研究XXXIV. 室温下六氰合铁(II)及(III)酸钾 的固相酸碱反 应

本文研究了室温时K~3Fe(CN)~6,K~4Fe(CN)~6在酸碱条件下发生的固相配位化学反应。结果表明:K~3Fe(CN)~6与NaBH~4固相混合物室温下不反应,但加入固体氢氧化钠后,K~3Fe(CN)~6与NaBH~4的固相氧化还原反应在室温下很容易进行。K~4Fe(CN)~6与K~2S~2O~8的固相氧化还原反应在室温下能顺利进行,但当固体KOH存在时,反应明显受到抑制。K~3Fe(CN)~6与K~2C~2O~4.H~2O室温下无反应,但与H~2C~2O~4.2H~2O在室温时即发生固相取代反应。     

固相配位化学反应研究XXXIV. 室温下六氰合铁(II)及(III)酸钾 的固相酸碱反 应

本文研究了室温时K~3Fe(CN)~6,K~4Fe(CN)~6在酸碱条件下发生的固相配位化学反应。结果表明:K~3Fe(CN)~6与NaBH~4固相混合物室温下不反应,但加入固体氢氧化钠后,K~3Fe(CN)~6与NaBH~4的固相氧化还原反应在室温下很容易进行。K~4Fe(CN)~6与K~2S~2O~8的固相氧化还原反应在室温下能顺利进行,但当固体KOH存在时,反应明显受到抑制。K~3Fe(CN)~6与K~2C~2O~4.H~2O室温下无反应,但与H~2C~2O~4.2H~2O在室温时即发生固相取代反应。     

NH4+-Mg2+-pO3-4-H+-H2O体系的优势区相图

通过优势区相图的构建对NH4+-Mg2+-PO43-H+-H2O体系的热力学平衡关系进行了研究.在不同镁、磷物质的量比和离子强度的条件下绘制了lgCT,Mg-lgC,T,P和lgCT,p-pH相图,确定了MgNH4PO4·6H2O、Mg3(PO4)2· 8H2O、MgHPO4· 3H2O和Mg(OH)2的热力学稳定区.结果表明,在相当广的pH范围内,MgNH4PO4·6H2O和Mg3(PO4)2·8H2O都是主要存在的固相;在较低pH和较高磷浓度的条件下,MgNH4PO4·6H2O和MgHPO4· 3H2O可以共存;而MgNH4PO4·6H2O和Mg(OH)2在碱性条件下更为稳定.当MgNH4PO4·6H2O、Mg3(PO4)2· 8H2O与液相共存、pH=9.08～9.52时,溶液总氮浓度达到最低值.lgCT,Mg-lgCT,P和lgCT,P-pH相图可以用于指导磷酸铵镁的沉淀-溶解平衡过程,有利于废水中氨氮的脱除和回收.     

盐卤硼酸盐化学XVII.MgO-B~2O~3-28%MgCl~2-H~2O体系20℃热力学非平衡态液固相关系研究

用动力学方法对MgO.nB~2O~3在28%MgCl~2-H~2O浓盐溶液中形成的过饱和溶液的结晶过程进行研究, 首次得到MgO-B~2O~3-MgCl~2-H~2O体系过饱和区内的液固相关系图, 即热力学非平衡态液固相关系图。该相图有六个相区: H~3BO~3,MgO.3B~2O~3.7.5H~2O, MgO.3B~2O~3.7H~2O, 2MgO.2B~2O~3.MgCl~2.14H~2O,3Mg(OH)~2.MgCl~2.8H~2O和5Mg(OH)~2.MgCl~2.8H~2O。拟合得到各结晶过程的动力学方程, 同时对结晶机制进行了探讨。     

盐卤硼酸盐化学XVII.MgO-B~2O~3-28%MgCl~2-H~2O体系20℃热力学非平衡态液固相关系研究

用动力学方法对MgO.nB~2O~3在28%MgCl~2-H~2O浓盐溶液中形成的过饱和溶液的结晶过程进行研究, 首次得到MgO-B~2O~3-MgCl~2-H~2O体系过饱和区内的液固相关系图, 即热力学非平衡态液固相关系图。该相图有六个相区: H~3BO~3,MgO.3B~2O~3.7.5H~2O, MgO.3B~2O~3.7H~2O, 2MgO.2B~2O~3.MgCl~2.14H~2O,3Mg(OH)~2.MgCl~2.8H~2O和5Mg(OH)~2.MgCl~2.8H~2O。拟合得到各结晶过程的动力学方程, 同时对结晶机制进行了探讨。     

稀土脯氨酸配合物[RE2(L-Pro)6(H2O)4](ClO4)6的标准生成焓测定

合成了两种稀土高氯酸盐与L 脯氨酸配合物的晶体.经热重、差热、化学分析及对比有关文献,知其组成是[Pr2(L Pro)6(H2O)4](ClO4)6和[Er2(L Pro)6(H2O)4](ClO4)6,质量分数为99.24％和98.20％.选用RE(NO3)3•6H2O(RE=Pr,Er)、L Pro、NaClO4•H2O和NaNO3作辅助物,使用具有恒温环境的反应热量计,以2 mol•L－1 HCl作溶剂,分别测定了[2RE(NO3)3•6H2O＋6L Pro＋6NaClO4•H2O]和{[RE2(L PrO)6(H2O)4](ClO4)6＋6NaNO3}在298.15 K时的溶解热.设计一热化学循环求得化学反应的反应焓ΔrHm分别是：63.904 kJ•mol－1和91.017 kJ•mol－1,经计算得配合物[RE2(L Pro)6(H2O)4](ClO4)6(s)在298.15 K时的标准生成焓ΔfHm(298.15 K)分别是－6 594.78 kJ•mol－1和－6 532.87 kJ•mol－1.     

Ab initio chemical kinetic study on the reactions of ClO with C2H2 and C2H4

The mechanisms for the reactions of ClO with C(2)H(2) and C(2)H(4) have been investigated at the CCSD(T)/CBS level of theory. The results show that in both systems, the interaction between the Cl atom of the ClO radical and the triple and double bonds of C(2)H(2) and C(2)H(4) forms prereaction van der Waals complexes with the O-Cl bond pointing perpendicularly toward the π-bonds, both with 2.1 kcal/mol binding energies. The mechanism is similar to those of the HO-C(2)H(2)/C(2)H(4) systems. The rate constants for the low energy channels have been predicted by statistical theory. For the reaction of ClO and C(2)H(2), the main channels are the production of CH(2)CO + Cl (k(1a)) and CHCO + HCl (k(1b)), with k(1a) = 1.19 × 10(-15)T(1.18) exp(-5814/T) and k(1b) = 6.94 × 10(-21) × T(2.60) exp(-6587/T) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1). For the ClO + C(2)H(4) reaction, the main pathway leads to C(2)H(4)O + Cl (k(2a)) with the predicted rate constant k(2a) = 2.13 × 10(-17)T(1.52) exp(-3849/T) in the temperature range of 300-3000 K. These rate constants are pressure-independent below 100 atm.     

Temperature dependence of the HO2 + ClO reaction. 2. Reaction kinetics using the discharge-flow resonance-fluorescence technique

The total rate coefficient, k3, for the reaction HO2 + ClO --> products has been determined over the temperature range of 220-336 K at a total pressure of approximately 1.5 Torr of helium using the discharge-flow resonance-fluorescence technique. Pseudo-first-order conditions were used with both ClO and HO2 as excess reagents using four different combinations of precursor molecules. HO2 molecules were formed by using either the termolecular association of H atoms in an excess of O2 or via the reaction of F atoms with an excess of H(2)O(2). ClO molecules were formed by using the reaction of Cl atoms with an excess of O3 or via the reaction of Cl atoms with Cl(2)O. Neither HO2 nor ClO were directly observed during the course of the experiments, but these species were converted to OH or Cl radicals, respectively, via reaction with NO prior to their observation. OH fluorescence was observed at 308 nm, whereas Cl fluorescence was observed at approximately 138 nm. Numerical simulations show that under the experimental conditions used secondary reactions did not interfere with the measurements; however, some HO2 was lost on conversion to OH for experiments in excess HO2. These results were corrected to compensate for the simulated loss. At 296 K, the rate coefficient was determined to be (6.4 +/- 1.6) x 10(-12) cm3 molecule(-1) s(-1). The temperature dependence expressed in Arrhenius form is (1.75 +/- 0.52) x 10-12 exp[(368 +/- 78)/T] cm3 molecule(-1) s(-1). The Arrhenius expression is derived from a fit weighted by the reciprocal of the measurement errors of the individual data points. The uncertainties are cited at the level of two standard deviations and contain contributions from statistical errors from the data analysis in addition to estimates of the systematic experimental errors and possible errors from the applied model correction.     

Linear stability analysis of a reaction–diffusion model of solid-phase combustion

 The dynamic behavior of a reaction–diffusion model of solid-phase combustion is investigated by using the linear stability analysis method. The diffusion coefficients of the oxygen gas and the vapor of the combustible solid (Mg) are taken as two controlling parameters in the analysis. The bifurcation map obtained shows three dynamic regions. Region I only shows stable combustion. Regions II and III both show stable combustion and oscillatory combustion depending on the ratio of the two diffusion coefficients. Interestingly region II also shows a small range of a bistable state consisting of a stable focus and an oscillating state, which is like the critical phenomena in phase transitions. The results indicate that the occurrence of oscillating combustion requires that the value of the diffusion coefficient of the Mg vapor should be comparable to or less than that of the oxygen gas at the same temperature. Received: 6 November 2001 / Accepted: 25 March 2002 / Published online: 13 June 2002     

Temperature and dose effect in the oscillatory transfer annealing of51Cr3+ in K2CrO4

Radiochromium doped potassium chromate exhibits partly an oscillatory exchange between trivalent and hexavalent states of the⁵¹Cr during isothermal treatment. Thermodynamically dissipative structures created by⁵¹Cr/III/ interstitials give rise to rythmic increase and decrease of the transferred yield to the parent lattice. A temperature effect has been noticed on the oscillations by increasing mainly the frequency while a dose effect increases the frequency for the same temperature and decreases the amplitudes. The last is due probably to the elimination of available⁵¹Cr/III/ interstitials after radiation annealing. The Volterra-Lotka model is used to explain the oscillatory exchange of⁵¹Cr.     

Ab initio chemical kinetics for reactions of ClO with Cl2O2 isomers

The mechanisms for the reactions of ClO with ClOClO, ClOOCl, and ClClO(2) have been investigated at the CCSD(T)/6-311+G(3df)//PW91PW91∕6-311+G(3df) level of theory. The rate constants for their low energy channels have been calculated by statistical theory. The results show that the main products for the reaction of ClO with ClOClO are ClOCl + ClOO, which can be produced readily by ClO abstracting the terminal O atom from ClOClO. This process occurs without an intrinsic barrier, with the predicted rate constant: k (ClO + ClOClO) = 7.26 × 10(-10) T(-0.15) × exp (-40/T) cm(3)molecule(-1)s(-1) for 200-1500 K. For the reactions of ClO + ClOOCl and ClClO(2), the lowest abstraction barriers are 7.2 and 7.3 kcal/mol, respectively, suggesting that these two reactions are kinetically unimportant in the Earth's stratosphere as their rate constants are less than 10(-14) cm(3)molecule(-1)s(-1) below 700 K. At T = 200-1500 K, the computed rate constants can be represented by k (ClO+ ClOOCl) = 1.11 × 10 (-14) T (0.87) exp (-3576/T) and k (ClO+ ClClO(2)) = 4.61 × 10(-14) T(0.53) exp (-3588/T) cm(3)molecule(-1)s(-1). For these systems, no experimental or theoretical kinetic data are available for comparison.     

A facile and highly efficient route to alpha-amino phosphonates via three-component reactions catalyzed by Mg(ClO4)2 or molecular iodine

Three-component reactions of aldehydes, amines, and diethyl phosphite catalyzed by Mg(ClO4)2 or molecular iodine afforded the corresponding alpha-amino phosphonates in excellent yields under mild reaction conditions.     

Ab initio/density functional theory and multichannel RRKM study for the ClO + CH2O reaction

The potential energy surface for the CH(2)O + ClO reaction was calculated at the QCISD(T)/6-311G(2d,2p)//B3LYP/6-311G(d,p) level of theory. The rate constants for the lower barrier reaction channels producing HOCl + HCO, H atom, OCH(2)OCl, cis-HC(O)OCl and trans-HC(O)OCl have been calculated by TST and multichannel RRKM theory. Over the temperature range of 200-2000 K, the overall rate constants were k(200-2000K) = 1.19 x 10(-13)T(0.79) exp(-3000.00/T). At 250 K, the calculated overall rate constant was 5.80 x 10(-17) cm(3) molecule(-1) s(-1), which was in good agreement with the experimental upper limit data. The calculated results demonstrated that the formation of HOCl + HCO was the dominant reaction channel and was exothermic by 9.7 kcal/mol with a barrier of 5.0 kcal/mol. When it retrograded to the reactants CH(2)O + ClO, an energy barrier of 14.7 kcal/mol is required. Furthermore, when HOCl decomposed into H + ClO, the energy required was 93.3 kcal/mol. These results suggest that the decomposition in both the forward and backward directions for HOCl would be difficult in the ground electronic state.     

非线性体系S~2O~8^2^——ClO~2^——S^2^-化学反应研究

对于新发现的S~2O~8^2^--ClO~2^--S^2^-体系在CSTR实验中铂电位的振荡现象、以及Batch实验中铂电位、pH值的非线性现象进行了报道。分析了该体系的自催化过程,提出了反应的几个步骤所对应的化学方程式,并且对自催化机理进行了初步的分析。