纳米TiO-2对模型病毒-f2噬菌体的吸附特性

为了提高饮用水处理系统对病毒的去除效果,本研究采用静态实验,研究纳米TiO2对模型病毒—f2噬菌体的吸附去除特性,系统考察TiO2投加浓度、病毒浓度、温度及pH值等因素对吸附效果的影响.实验结果表明：f2噬菌体在纳米TiO2表面的吸附符合准二级吸附动力学模型,遵循化学吸附机理,颗粒内扩散为该吸附过程中的速率控制步骤,但不是唯一控制步骤;纳米TiO2对f2噬菌体的吸附符合Freundlich等温吸附模型（qe=27.4Ce1.24）,属于多层吸附类型;在20~40℃范围内,温度对纳米TiO2的吸附性能影响不大,而酸性条件下更有利于纳米TiO2对f2噬菌体的吸附.     

纳米二氧化钛分离／富集-石墨原子吸收光谱法测定环境样品中痕量镉

以石墨炉原子吸收（GFAAS）为检测手段，研究了纳米二氧化钛（TiO2，锐钛型）对金属Cd（Ⅱ）的吸附性能，考察了吸附和解吸的主要影响因素。结果表明，在较宽的pH范围内，纳米TiO2对Cd（Ⅱ）具有良好的吸附性能，3．0mol／L HCl能将所吸附的Cd（Ⅱ）完全洗脱。在优化的实验条件下，具有吸附容量大、吸附速度快的特点。本法的检出限（3σ）为10．6ng／L；相对标准偏差（RSD）为1．5％，（n=7，C=2．0μg/L），富集50倍。本法测定标准样品的测定值与参考值吻合。用于土壤类样品中Cd（Ⅱ）的测定，结果令人满意。     

Zn(Ⅱ)和La(Ⅲ)共掺杂TiO2纳米晶多孔膜电极光电化学行为研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法合成了Zn（Ⅱ）、La（Ⅲ）共掺杂TiO2纳米粒子（掺杂0．5％Zn（Ⅱ）及0．5％La（Ⅱ）），并制成了TiO2、掺杂0．5％Zn（Ⅱ）及共掺杂0．5％Zn（Ⅱ）和0．5％La（Ⅱ）的TiO2纳米晶多孔膜电极，对该3种电极进行了电化学及光电化学研究，实验发现，用Zn（Ⅱ）单独掺杂TiO2纳米多孔膜电极的光电流大于未掺杂的TiO2纳米多孔膜电极，而Zn（Ⅱ）和La（Ⅲ）共掺杂TiO2纳米多孔膜电极的光电流又大于Zn（Ⅱ）单独掺杂TiO2纳米多孔膜电极，对该掺杂电极的光电转换机理进行了探讨。     

纳米TiO2去除氟离子的性能

研究了锐钛型纳米TiO2吸附剂对氟离子的吸附行为,考察了吸附平衡时间、温度、溶液的pH值等因素对吸附过程的影响.结果表明,纳米TiO2对氟离子的吸附在2.0 min基本达到平衡,在pH值2.0～10.0范围内,吸附率大于97％;吸附的氟离子可用0.1 mol/L NaOH溶液洗脱,3.0 min基本达到解析平衡,解析率能达到96％;该吸附过程符合准二级反应动力学模型,其反应的表观活化能(Ea)为6.85 kJ/mol;颗粒内扩散过程为吸附控制步骤,但不是唯一的控制步骤,同时还受液膜扩散的影响;吸附过程符合Langmuir、D-R等温模型,常温下纳米TiO2对氟离子的平均吸附能为4.26 kJ/mol.吸附反应的△G0＜0,焓变△H0＞0,说明该吸附过程是自发的吸热反应.共存阴离子HCO3-和pO43-对氟离子的吸附有影响.纳米TiO2在动态和静态吸附实验中的除氟效果相近.     

高活性Ti基纳米TiO2膜催化电极的制备

采用“牺牲职极法”恒槽压电解含有0．005mol.L^-1四乙基基溴化铵的醇溶液,加入微量乙醇丙酮作稳定剂,电合成TiO2前驱体钛酸乙酯Ti(EtO)4,经水解、涂膜、煅烧制备Ti基纳米TiO2膜电极（Ti/nano-TiO2)。TEM、SEM、XRD测试表明：TiO2颗粒尺寸在10－35nm`,膜厚达0．5μm主要为锐钛矿晶型,膜为多孔三维网状结构,循环伏安法研究了纳米TiO2膜电极对草酸还原为乙醛酸、硝基苯还原为对氨基苯酚反应的电催化活性,结果发现纳米膜中的Ti( Ⅳ）/Ti（Ⅲ）氧化还原电对起一种中介作用,可使有机物如草酸和硝基苯间电还原,且电极催化活性高,性能稳定 。     

纳米TiO_2粒径、孔径对酸性紫43吸附动力学与热力学行为的影响

探究锐钛型纳米TiO2粒径(5-10、25、40、60、100nm)及孔径(96,120,134,143,52)对染料废水(酸性紫43)吸附动力学与热力学行为的影响。假二级方程和准一级方程分别能准确描述TiO2粒径≤100nm吸附动力学过程。经Weber-Morris和Dumwald-Wagner扩散模型分析,吸附速率由膜扩散和内扩散共同控制并受粒径影响。吸附热力学符合Langmuir等温吸附方程,最大吸附量(Qmax)与孔径正相关,与粒径无关,60nm TiO2孔径最大,吸附效果最好,Qm可达104.17mg/g;参数40kJ/mol△H0,吉布斯自由能△G0,受温度影响不大,说明吸附过程是自发的吸热反应,以物理吸附为主。     

Characteristic and Mechanism of Cr（VI） Biosorption by Buckwheat Hull from Aqueous Solutions

农业废弃物荞麦皮作为生物吸附剂去除水中Cr（VI）,研究了荞麦皮对Cr（VI）的去除动力学以及溶液pH、吸附剂用量和Cr（VI）初始浓度对去除效率的影响;通过FT-IR,XPS,SEM．EDX对荞麦皮表面组成和结构进行表征,探索荞麦皮去除Cr（VI）的机理．结果显示：荞麦皮对Cr（VI）有很高的去除效率．常温下5．0g·L^-1的荞麦皮在pH=2.0下对100mg·L^-1Cr（V0溶液的去除率可达99．87％．荞麦皮对Cr（VI）的去除率随溶液pH降低而升高,在pH=2.0时达到最大;随吸附剂用量增加而增大;随Cr（VI）初始浓度增加而减小．单位质量荞麦皮对Cr（V1）的去除量随吸附剂用量增加而减小;随Cr（VI）初始浓度增加而增加,最后趋于稳定．在20℃,pH=2．0,吸附用量为5．0g·L^-1时,荞麦皮对Cr（W）的最大去除容量约为36．4mg·g^-1．荞麦皮吸附去除Cr（Vb的过程符合准二级吸附动力学．FT-IR,XPS和SEM-EDX分析结果表明：荞麦皮是一个多孔材料,表面存在羧基、氨基、羟基等活性基团;荞麦皮对Cr（VI）的去除是一个吸附一还原耦合的过程,包括Cr（VI）在荞麦皮表面上的静电吸附,以及此后的固相还原和对还原态的Cr（Ⅲ）再吸附;Cr（Ⅲ）的吸附主要是通过与荞麦皮表面的羧基、氨基的配位,以及与其中的阳离子发生离子交换作用实现的．     

在(TPA)_2O-Na_2O-SiO_2-H_2O体系中MFI型硅沸石的结晶行为(Ⅱ)──硅沸石微细晶粒的低温合成及其结构和性质表征

以白炭黑和硅溶胶为桂源，在（TPA）2O-Na2O-SiO2－H2O体系60℃下合成了高结晶度纯相硅佛石．由SEM测得其晶粒尺寸为0．2μm和0．45μm，用XRD线宽法测得的为0．02μm．与180℃时合成的硅沸石样品相比，低温合成的细晶粒硅沸石已具备纳米级材料的若干特性．其正乙烷吸附量反常增大；XRD、FTIR、29SiMASNMR和TG／DTG／DTA的研究证明，其结构破坏温度和单斜／正交对称性相转变温度明显下降，桂羟基缺陷明显增加．     

MBR对污水中肠道模型病毒的去除效应

采用重力出流式膜生物反应器(MBR)对生活污水进行处理, 选择两种孔径的微滤膜考察其对污水中T4和f 2两种模型病毒的去除情况. 清水试验结果表明, 两种膜孔径组件对T4和 f 2病毒的实际截留率远大于理论截留率; 两种膜组件对T4病毒的截留均高于f 2病毒. 在MBR稳定运行状况下, 两种不同孔径的膜组件对同一病毒的截留效果无显著差别: 孔径为0.1 mm的聚丙烯(PP)和孔径为0.22 mm的聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)对T4去除率均大于5.5 lg; 对f 2的去除率大于3.0 lg. 其原因是膜表面的滤饼层、凝胶层在病毒的截留中起了重要的作用. 膜生物反应器对病毒的去除由膜的截留、污泥絮体的吸附和生物灭活等作用共同完成. 进一步的研究发现: 活性污泥系统对病毒去除率稳定在97％以上, 主要依靠生物灭活作用完成对病毒的去除.     

用等离子体原子发射光谱法研究纳米二氧化钛对钨酸根离子的吸附行为

利用纳米二氧化钛（TiO2)比表面积大，吸附能力强的特点，采用ICP-AES检测手段系统地研究了纳米TiO2对钨酸根离子（WO4^2-）的吸附行为，详细考察了影响吸附和解脱的主要因素，以及共存离子的干扰影响。在优化的实验条件下，本法测定W（Ⅵ）的检出限为0.044μg/g，相对标准偏差RSD=2.3%(n=9,C=5.0mg/L)。本法已应用于水系沉积物（GBW07302）中W的测定，测定值与标准值基本吻合。     

Virus rejection with two model human enteric viruses in membrane bioreactor system

A membrane bioreactor (MBR) with gravity drain was tested for virus rejection with two coliphages, T4 and f2, which were used as surrogates for human enteric viruses. Virus rejection was investigated by PVDF and PP membrane modules, with the pore sizes of 0.22 and 0.1 μm, respectively. In tap water system, 2.1 lg rejection of coliphage T4 could be achieved by PVDF membrane compared with complete rejection by PP membrane, while for coliphage f2 with smaller diameter, 0.3―0.5 lg rejection of the influent virus was removed by the two membranes. In domestic wastewater system, cake layer and gel layer on the membrane surface changed the cut-off size of the membrane so that there was no significant difference between PP and PVDF for each coliphage. The removal ratios of coliphage T4 and f2 in the MBR were more than 5.5 and 3.0 lg, respectively. Compared with 5.5 lg removal for virus T4 in the MBR system, only 2.1 lg (96.8%―99.9%) removal rate was observed in the conventional activated sludge system with the influent virus concentration fluctuating from 1830 to 57000 PFU/mL. Only 0.8%―22% virus removal was the effect of adsorption to activated sludge, which showed a decreasing tendency with the retention time, while 75%―98% was the effect of virus inactivation by microbial activity. It indicated that the major mechanism of virus removal was not the transfer of viruses from the water phase to the sludge phase but inactivation in the biological treatment process.     

Adsorption effects in rejection of macromolecules by ultrafiltration membranes

Rejection of adsorbing solutes by ultrafiltration membranes is not adequately described by the steric rejection theory [3]. Solute adsorption (fouling) changes the shape of the rejection curve. Typically, the measured curves are steeper than the theoretical curve. The shape of the curve can be predicted qualitatively from simple theoretical considerations. For adsorbing solutes, single-solute and multiple-solute ultrafiltration experiments give different results. Relative thickness of adsorbed solute layer in a membrane pore was found to depend on (1) solute size, (2) solute hydrophobicity, (3) pH and ionic strength for a protein solute, (4) solute concentration, and (5) time of adsorption. Large differences observed between water fluxes and fluxes of very dilute polymer solutions through the same membrane are also interpreted in terms of solute adsorption.     

水在金红石型TiO2（110）表面〈001〉阶梯边缘吸附的第一性原理研究

利用第一性原理计算方法,研究了水在金红石型TiO2（110）表面及〈001〉阶梯边缘处的吸附．关于水在（11O）表面上的吸附,研究表明,对不同的吸附率,水都是以分子模式吸附在表面．关于水在〈001〉9梯边缘处的吸附,研究表明,其吸附模式和吸附率有密切的联系．当水的吸附率为一个单层（1ML）时,分子吸附和解离吸附对应的吸附能分别为0．92和0．60eV,分子吸附模式更稳定．当吸附率降为1／2ML时,分子吸附和解离吸附所对应的吸附能分别为0．86和0．84eV,两种吸附模式都可能存在．在表面上,不同吸附模式的吸附能随吸附率变化趋势是一致的．而在〈001〉阶梯边缘处,对于不同的吸附模式,吸附能随吸附率的变化呈现出不同的变化趋势．这是由在〈001〉阶梯边缘处低吸附率时解离模式的独特结构引起的．     

CXN天然沸石的研究2: 吸附性质

采用N~2,NH~3,CO~2,乙烯,丙烯,水,甲醇,乙醇,丙醇等作为吸附剂,研究了由我国CXN天然沸石改性制得的H-STI和Na-STI沸石的吸附性质,H-STI和Na-STI沸石的BET表面积及微孔孔体积约为420m^2/g和0.20m^3/g。根据NH~3和CO~2在H-STI沸石上的吸附等温线计算得到它们的吸附热分别为44.8和26.5kJ/mol。乙烯,丙烯,甲醇,乙醇,丙醇等在Na-STI沸石上的吸附等温线表明该沸石对有机分子的吸附具有链长选择性。在低分压下水相对于甲醇的吸附量表明沸石具有一定的疏水性质。     

核桃青皮制备高含氧量多孔炭及其对Ni2+的吸附性能

以核桃青皮为原料, 先用水热法制备其炭前驱体, 然后以不同的温度活化得到生物质炭(HBC_x). 采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、 傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、 氮气吸附-脱附仪(BET)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等手段对HBC_x进行了表征, 并考察其对废水中高浓度和低浓度Ni²⁺的吸附性能. SEM和BET表征结果表明, 大量的大孔(约2 μm)均匀地分布在HBC_x上, 其具有分级多孔结构, 当活化温度为800 ℃, 所得HBC₈₀₀的比表面积为 94 m²/g, 平均孔径为4.07 nm; 炭材料表面含氧和含氮官能团丰富, 氧含量(摩尔分数)高达21.24%, 可与Ni²⁺发生离子交换或共沉淀, 这些基团有利于吸附过程的进行. 所制备的多孔炭对废液中低浓度的Ni²⁺去除率接近100%, 表现出优异的吸附性能. Langmuir等温模型能很好地描述了HBC_x对Ni²⁺的吸附过程, 为单分子层吸附, HBC₈₀₀对Ni²⁺的最大理论吸附量高达127.39 mg/g. 拟二级吸附动力学模型可以更好地反映吸附过程, 吸附速率主要由化学吸附所控制. 固定床动态吸附结果表明该材料有优异的工业应用前景.     

甲烷在富纳米孔炭质吸附剂上的吸附

分析了以石油焦为原料采用复合活化工艺制备的吸附剂的孔结构特性。发现吸附剂微孔含量在90%以上并且主要集中于1 nm～2 nm之间，是富含纳米孔的吸附材料。甲烷在此吸附剂上的吸附研究表明，在25 ℃，3.5 MPa的条件下，甲烷质量吸附量超过14.0%；有效体积吸附量超过120?V/V(吸附甲烷的体积/容器的体积)。甲烷在富纳米孔炭质吸附剂上的等温吸附曲线表明，吸附类型属于Ⅰ类吸附，符合微孔填充理论；等压吸附曲线表明，低温有利于体积吸附量的增加；吸附剂中水分的增加对吸附有不利的影响。     

Electroviscous Effects in Ceramic Nanofiltration Membranes

Membrane permeability and salt rejection of a γ‐alumina nanofiltration membrane were studied and modeled for different salt solutions. Salt rejection was predicted by using the Donnan‐steric pore model, in which the extended Nernst–Planck equation was applied to predict ion transport through the pores. The solvent flux was modeled by using the Hagen–Poiseuille equation by introducing electroviscosity instead of bulk viscosity. γ‐Alumina particles were used for ζ‐potential measurements. The ζ‐potential measurements show that monovalent ions did not adsorb on the γ‐alumina surface, whereas divalent ions were highly adsorbed. Thus, for divalent ions, the model was modified, owing to pore shrinkage caused by ion adsorption. The ζ‐potential lowered the membrane permeability, especially for membranes with a pore radius lower than 3 nm, a ζ‐potential higher than 20 mV, and an ionic strength lower than 0.01 m . The rejection model showed that, for a pore radius lower than 3 nm and for solutions with ionic strengths lower than 0.01 m , there is an optimum ζ‐potential for rejection, because of the concurrent effects of electromigration and convection. Hence, the model can be used as a prediction tool to optimize membrane perm‐selectivity by designing a specific pore size and surface charge for application at specific ionic strengths and pH levels.     

Treatment of metal-plating waste water by modified direct contact membrane distillation

In this study, the treatability of metal-plating waste water by modified direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) at different temperature differences (ΔT = 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, and 55°C was investigated. Two different hydrophobic membranes made of poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) and poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) having different pore sizes (0.22 μm and 0.45 μm) were used. The results indicated that conductivity, COD, sulphate, copper, and nickel could be successfully removed by modified DCMD. The rejection efficiencies for conductivity, COD, and sulphate were 99%, 86%, and 99%, respectively. Copper rejection was effective with both membranes while nickel concentration was below the limit of detection in the effluent. It was found that the pollutant rejection efficiency was affected by the raw water characteristics, membrane properties, and influent heating temperatures. In addition to the water quality parameters, the flux was measured to evaluate membrane performance. A high flux was obtained at 65°C (ΔT = 55°C) with 0.45 μm pore size PTFE membrane (24.1 L m^?2 h^?1) and with PVDF membrane (17.1 L m^?2 h^?1). The flux was mainly affected by temperature and membrane properties. As a result, modified DCMD and all the membranes used in this study were effective for the treatment of metal-plating waste water.     

Competitive Adsorption of Chloroform and Iron Ion onto Activated Carbon Fiber

Chloroform in tap water has been a significant problem because it may be a carcinogenic substituent. Iron ion exists in tap water because of dissolution from iron water pipes. Iron ions in tap water cause discoloration and a bad odor. The isotherms of chloroform and iron ion adsorption onto activated carbon fibers in a single solution (chloroform or iron ion) and in a binary mixture solution (chloroform and iron ion) were investigated to estimate the competitiveness between chloroform and iron ions. The amount of adsorbed iron ions increased with increasing pore volume of the activated carbon fibers, while that of chloroform decreased. The amount of chloroform adsorbed onto the activated carbon fibers in the binary mixture solution was greater than that in the single solution. These results indicate that the adsorption of chloroform and iron ion onto activated carbon fibers could be competitive.