核-壳结构微球的制备进展

综述了近年来核-壳结构微球制备方面的研究进展,介绍了高分子胶束交联、模板逐层组装、模板微球表面原位引发聚合、动态溶胀法、种子聚合法以及溶胶-凝胶法等主要制备方法,并对各种方法所涉及的核-壳微球形成机理进行了必要阐述.     

原位聚合法制备具有温敏PNIPAM壳的核-壳结构聚合物纳米微球的研究

结合大分子自组装和原位自由基聚合方法,采用油溶性引发剂偶氮二异丁腈(AIBN),在聚(ε-已内酯)(PCL)纳米粒子表面引发聚合单体N-异丙基丙烯酰胺(NIPAM)和交联剂亚甲基双(丙烯酰胺)(MBA),制备得到了核-壳结构的PCL/PNIPAM聚合物纳米微球.系统研究了单体和交联剂用量、壳层目标交联度、初始PCL/DMF溶液的浓度及引发剂AIBN含量4个反应参数对核-壳结构PCL/PNIPAM纳米微球的PNIPAM壳层得率、微球尺寸、温敏性能及电镜形貌的影响.结果表明,在制备核-壳结构PCL/PNIPAM纳米微球的反应过程中,PCL粒子表面的聚合和水中的聚合二者之间相互竞争.适当增加引发剂AIBN的添加量,有利于制备得到核/壳比例可控的PCL/PNIPAM纳米微球;交联剂MBA较高的反应活性导致形成了非均匀交联的PNIPAM壳层.     

Pickering乳滴模板法制备超粒子结构有机/无机杂化微球

Pickering乳滴模板法制备有机/无机杂化的核壳微球越来越引起人们的关注,主要因为该方法制备出的微球具有以无机粒子为壳层的超粒子结构(supracolloidal structure),能够赋予微球独特的功能.胶体粒子在乳滴表面自组装形成有序的球面胶体壳,得到稳定Pickering乳液,固定乳滴表面的胶体粒子来制备核壳结构的微球或者以胶体粒子为壳层的微胶囊(colloidosome).本文综述了我们课题组以Pickering乳滴模板法制备超粒子结构有机/无机杂化微胶囊包括实心微球方面的工作.我们选择具有不同性能、种类的胶体粒子以及具有不同性质和功能的核材料,采用Pickering乳滴模板法,对吸附在乳滴表面的胶体粒子用不同的固定方法制备具有不同结构和性能的微球和微胶囊,利用基于多重Pickering乳液的聚合技术制备双纳米复合的超粒子结构多核聚合物微球.     

Fe_3O_4／P（St－AA）核－壳复合微球的制备和表征

以磁性氧化铁胶体粒子为种子，运用分散聚合法，制备出具有磁响应性的Ｆｅ_３Ｏ_４／Ｐ（Ｓｔ－ＡＡ）核－壳复合微球。考察了复合微球的形态及结构，测定了复合微球的粒径和磁响应性，研究了分散介质、引发剂、聚合单体和种子粒子等因素对复合微球形成的影响。     

Fe3O4／P（St—AA）核—壳复合微球的制备和表征

以磁性氧化铁胶体粒子为种子，运用分散聚合法，制备出具有磁响应性的Ｆｅ３Ｏ４／Ｐ（Ｓｔ－ＡＡ）核－壳复合微球，考察了复合微球的形态及结构，测定了复合微球的粒径和磁响应性，研究了分散介质，引发剂，聚合单体和种子粒子等因素对复合微球形成的影响。     

制备方法对模板法制备SiO_2中空微球形貌的影响

模板法是制备无机中空微球的重要方法之一.首先通过苯乙烯和甲基丙烯酸的无皂乳液聚合法制得表面含羧基、粒径为360nm的单分散聚苯乙烯(PSt)乳胶粒,并以此为模板,分别采用表面改性-前驱体水解法(PHC)和SiO2纳米颗粒层层自组装法(LBL),制备出了不同壳层厚度的PSt/SiO2核壳结构复合微球,然后经500℃煅烧4h,得到SiO2中空微球.利用透射电镜和扫描电镜对微球结构形态进行了表征.研究表明,首先利用γ-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷(KH-550)对PSt模板微球进行表面改性、然后再在乙醇-水混合介质中进行原硅酸乙酯(TEOS)水解与缩合反应的PHC法,是制备PSt/SiO2核壳结构复合微球的简便方法,复合微球经煅烧可制得表面均匀、结构致密、壳层厚度和形貌可控的SiO2中空微球;而LBL法制备PSt/SiO2核壳结构复合微球的工艺复杂,煅烧后所得SiO2中空微球结构疏松,易于破碎.     

聚合物中空微球的制备及碱后处理因素的正交试验研究

首先采用种子乳液聚合法合成高羧基含量的核壳聚合物微球,然后利用碱液进行后处理,经渗透溶胀后可形成具有中空结构的聚合物微球,考察了单体加料工艺和聚合配方对聚合稳定性及微球形貌的影响,通过正交试验设计研究了不同的碱后处理条件对溶胀后微球形貌的影响程度,并进行了极差和方差分析.结果表明,控制单体加料速度和引入中间极性过渡层,有利于核壳聚合物微球的制备;碱液用量为影响溶胀后聚合物微球形貌的主要因素,碱处理温度次之,碱处理时间的影响相对较弱.当碱酸摩尔比为1~1.15,碱处理温度为80~90℃,碱处理时间为1~5 h时,制得的聚合物微球具有良好的中空结构.     

制备核-壳结构聚合物纳米微球和空心球的原位聚合方法的普适性研究

采用原位聚合制备核-壳结构聚合物纳米微球和空心球的新方法, 利用甲基丙烯酸2-羟丙酯(HPMA)和乙酸乙烯酯(VAc)两种单体, 在类似的反应条件下, 成功地制备了以聚(ε-己内酯)(PCL)为核, 分别以交联PHPMA和PVAc为壳的纳米微球; 将微球的核酶解后, 分别得到了对应的交联PMAA空心球和交联PVA空心球. 结果表明, 原位聚合制备核-壳结构聚合物微球的新方法具有一定的普适性, 适用于单体可溶于水而生成的聚合物不溶于水的体系.     

聚苯乙烯/Ag核壳结构纳米微粒的制备及表征

用种子乳液聚合法合成了聚苯乙烯（PS）/Ag复合纳米粒子,进一步利用分步聚合技术实现了聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)在微球表面功能化,分别用TEM、XRD、TG-DTA及FT-IR对其结构和形貌进行了表征,并考察了其摩擦学性能.结果表明,在所选择的实验条件下,合成了以Ag纳米微粒为核,PS、PMMA为壳层的核壳结构复合纳米微球,其中Ag纳米核平均粒径约12 nm,复合微球粒径约25 nm,颗粒较均匀并且在有机溶剂中有良好的分散性,作为润滑油添加剂,具有良好的抗磨性能.     

原位聚合法制备酚醛树脂空心微球的工艺研究及性能表征

以原硅酸乙酯为核、聚丙烯酸为表面活性剂,甲阶酚醛树脂为壳,采用原位聚合法,利用甲阶酚醛树脂与聚丙烯酸之间的分子间作用力,制备了"核-壳"型酚醛树脂微球.除去原硅酸乙酯,得到了酚醛树脂中空闭孔微球.利用热失重(TG)、扫描电镜(SEM)以及红外吸收光谱(FTIR)对制备的酚醛树脂中空闭孔微球进行表征,并研究了反应体系的pH对制备工艺以及对酚醛树脂微球性能的影响.实验结果表明,当反应体系的pH在1附近时,利用原位聚合法合成的酚醛树脂中空微球具有较好的闭孔结构,红外吸收光谱表明所制备的酚醛树脂微球在实验条件下并未完全固化,热失重结果表明微球具有好的耐热性.     

空心玻璃微珠/TiO2复合微球的制备及其性能研究

本文以脲为沉淀剂,通过化学沉淀法成功实现了锐钛矿型二氧化钛壳层在空心玻璃微珠表面的可控组装,从而制备出玻璃/二氧化钛核壳空心微球,并通过XRD、SEM、EDX和拉曼光谱对其结构、形貌、粒径、壳厚和化学组成进行了表征.提出了二氧化钛在空心玻璃微珠表面的定向生长的可能机制和形成过程.     

Thermoresponsive submicron-sized core–shell hydrogel particles with encapsulated olive oil

Thermoresponsive submicron-sized core–shell hydrogel particles with incorporated olive oil were synthesised and studied. The microspheres having poly(N-isopropylacrylamide-co-methyl methacrylate) core and poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) shell were synthesised by emulsifier-free seed polymerisation method. The morphology, particle size and distribution characteristics of the core microspheres were studied with different amount of initiator, monomer–solvent ratio and polymerisation time using scanning electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering particle size analysis. The prepared core and core–shell microspheres were regularly spherical with average size of around 190.0 and 320.0 nm respectively and nearly monodispersed size distribution. Transmission electron microscopy study revealed the core–shell structure of the microspheres. The thermoresponsive transition temperature (T _t) of the core–shell microspheres was determined as 33 °C by optical absorbance measurement, dynamic light scattering particle size analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. The release rate of olive oil from core–shell microspheres was accelerated by squeezing out the entrapped olive oil as the temperature was increased above T _t. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy study indicated the formation of copolymer.     

Synthesis and Characterization of Copolymercore-Silvershell Composite Microspheres

Composite microspheres composed of monodispersed poly（St-co-MAA） latices with diameter about 260 nm as core and Ag nanocrystals as shell were prepared by an in situ reduction method. The shell thickness could be controlled in the range of 15--45 nm by this coating process. The structure and the composition of the core-shell microspheres were characterized by transmission electron microscopy （TEM）, X-ray diffractometry （XRD）, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS）, and thermogravimetric analysis （TG）. The formation of the composite microspheres is explained by the nucleation of silver on the surface of the latices followed by growth of the silver shell.     

Preparation of uniform silica/polypyrrole core/shell microspheres and polypyrrole hollow microspheres by the template of modified silica particles using different modified agents

Silica/polypyrrole (PPY) core/shell microspheres and PPY hollow microspheres were prepared by the template of silica particles whose surface character was modified with different modified agents. The morphology and structure of the particles were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Elemental analysis and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were carried out to characterize the structure of PPY hollow microspheres. We investigated the effect of different modified agents on the surface character of silica particles and the effect of surface character of silica particles on the morphology of PPY hollow microspheres. The effect of reaction conditions on the size of core/shell particles and hollow particles was also studied.     

Effects of shell composition,dosage and alkali type on the morphology of polymer hollow microspheres

Polymer hollow microspheres were prepared by performing alkali treatment on the multilayer core/shell polymer latex particles containing carboxyl groups. Effects of the shell composition and dosage as well as alkali type on the morphology of the microspheres were investigated. Results showed that in comparison with acrylonitrile(AN) and methacrylic acid(MAA), using butyl acrylate(BA) as the shell co-monomer decreased the glass transition temperature(T_g) of shell effectively and was beneficial to the formation of uniform and big hollow structure. Along with the increase of the shell dosage, the alkali-treated microspheres sequentially presented porous and hollow morphology, and the size of microspheres increased, while the hollow diameter increased first and then decreased, and the maximum hollow ratio reached 39.5%. Furthermore, the multilayer core/shell microspheres had better tolerance to NH_3·H_2O than to NaOH. When the molar ratio of alkali to methacrylic acid(MR_(alkali/acid)) for Na OH ranged from 1.15 to 1.30 or MRalkali/acid for NH_3·H_2O ranged from 1.30 to 2.00, the regular polymer hollow microspheres could be obtained.     

Cagelike polymer microspheres with hollow core/porous shell structures

Submicron‐scaled cagelike polymer microspheres with hollow core/porous shell were synthesized by self‐assembling of sulfonated polystyrene (PS) latex particles at monomer droplets interface. The swelling of the PS latex particles by the oil phase provided a driving force to develop the hollow core. The latex particles also served as porogen that would disengage automatically during polymerization. Influential factors that control the morphology of the microspheres, including the reserving time of emulsions, polymerization rate, and the Hildebrand solubility parameter and polarity of the oil phase, were studied. A variety of monomers were polymerized into microspheres with hollow core/porous shell structure and microspheres with different diameters and pore sizes were obtained. The polymer microspheres were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, optical microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 933–941, 2007     

Preparation of hollow PPy (HPPy) microspheres via template methods with characterization of properties

Template-synthesis method was one of the important methods for the preparation of hollow microspheres. In present work, polystyrene (PS) microspheres were initially synthesized and effects of reaction conditions on the particle size and distribution of PS microspheres were studied. Then sulfonated PS (SPS) microspheres and spherical core (PS) /shell (polypyrrole, PPy) were synthesized by sulfonated and template method respectively. The method was that pyrrole (Py) on the surface of SPS microspheres were polymerized. Then PS (core)-PPy (shell) microspheres by dissolving PS inner core in N, N-Dimethylformamide (DMF), and hollow polypyrrole (HPPy) microspheres were obtained (Figure 1). Thereafter, HPPy microspheres were characterized by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, particle size analyzer, scanning electron microscope, thermal gravimetric analysis and KDY-4 four-probe resistance meter. The results showed that the size range of PS microspheres were 200～300 nm. HPPy microspheres have been successfully synthesized with good electrical conductivity and excellent thermal stability.     

Synthesis of titania/polymer core-shell hybrid microspheres

Monodisperse titania/polymer core-shell microspheres were prepared by a two-stage reaction with titania as core and poly(ethyleneglycol dimethacrylate) (PEGDMA) as shell, in which the titania cores were synthesized by a sol-gel method and subsequently grafted with 3-trimethoxysilyl methacrylate as the first-stage reaction to incorporate the vinyl groups on the surface of inorganic core. The PEGDMA shell was then encapsulated over the MPS-modified titania core by distillation precipitation polymerization of ethyleneglycol dimethacrylate in neat acetonitrile during the second-stage polymerization via capture of the radicals of EGDMA with the aid of the reactive vinyl groups on the surface of inorganic core without any stabilizer or surfactant. The shell thickness of the core-shell hybrid microspheres was controlled by the feed of EGDMA monomer during the polymerization. The resultant titania particles and core-shell microspheres were studied by transmission electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectra, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis.     

Fabrication of glucose‐derived carbon‐decorated magnetic microspheres for extraction of bisphenols from water and tea drinks

Glucose‐derived carbon‐decorated magnetic microspheres were synthesized by an easy hydrothermal carbonization method and used as a high‐efficiency adsorbent to extract bisphenols in water and tea drinks. The as‐prepared carbon‐decorated magnetic microspheres had a well‐defined core–shell structure with a shell thickness of about 5 nm. The microspheres possessed high saturation magnetization at 60.8 emu/g and excellent chemical stability in aqueous solution. The experimental parameters affecting the extraction efficiency, including extraction time, pH, adsorbent dosage, desorption solvents, desorption time, and solution volume were evaluated. Electrostatic and π–π interactions were the major driving forces during extraction. Overall, a new magnetic solid‐phase extraction method of determining bisphenols was developed on the basis of as‐prepared magnetic microspheres. The method had a wide linear range, low limits of detection (0.03–0.10 µg/L), and high recoveries (85.4–104.6%).     

Hydrophilic dual‐responsive magnetite/PMAA core/shell microspheres with high magnetic susceptibility and ph sensitivity via distillation‐precipitation polymerization

A facile and effective approach to preparation of dual‐responsive magnetic core/shell composite microspheres is reported. The magnetite(Fe₃O₄)/poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA) composite microspheres were synthesized through encapsulating γ‐methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (MPS)‐modified magnetite colloid nanocrystal clusters (MCNCs) with crosslinked PMAA shell. First, the 200‐nm‐sized MCNCs were fabricated through solvothermal reaction, and then the MCNCs were modified with MPS to form active vinyl groups on the surface of MCNCs, and finally, a pH‐responsive shell of PMAA was coated onto the surface of MCNCs by distillation‐precipitation polymerization. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and vibrating sample magnetometer characterization showed that the obtained composite microspheres had well‐defined core/shell structure and high saturation magnetization value (35 emu/g). The experimental results indicated that the thickness and degree of crosslinking of PMAA shell could be well‐controlled. The pH‐induced change in size exhibited by the core/shell microspheres reflected the PMAA shell contained large amount of carboxyl groups. The carboxyl groups and high saturation magnetization make these microspheres have a great potential in biomolecule separation and drug carriers. Moreover, we also demonstrated that other magnetic polymeric microspheres, such as Fe₃O₄/PAA, Fe₃O₄/PAM, and Fe₃O₄/PNIPAM, could be synthesized by this approach. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011.