低温NH3-SCR反应机理及动力学研究进展

对低温选择性催化还原（SCR）脱硝技术的反应机理及动力学已有较多研究。本文从反应路径和反应机制两方面评述了低温SCR的反应机理,重点从氧在低温SCR中的作用、NO在催化剂上的吸附、NH3的活化、反应模型等方面进行了深入阐述。并结合反应机理探讨了低温SCR的反应动力学,最后对低温SCR脱硝技术的深入研究提出了建议。     

制备方法对氧化锰八面体分子筛的NH_3选择性催化还原NO_x性能的影响

采用不同方法制备了一系列氧化锰八面体分子筛(OMS-2)催化剂,考察了制备方法对其低温NH3-SCR催化性能的影响,并采用BET、XRD、Raman、H2-TPR、XPS和TEM等手段对催化剂的物化性质进行表征。结果表明,OMS-2催化剂在50~150℃时其低温SCR活性明显优于MnOx催化剂,OMS-2催化剂在120℃时NOx转化率接近100%。此外,不同的制备方法对OMS-2催化剂的SCR脱硝活性影响明显。其中,固相法制备的OMS-2催化剂的SCR活性最佳。H2-TPR测试结果表明,OMS-2更容易发生氧化还原反应,MnOx还原峰对应的温度较高。XRD、TEM和XPS分析结果表明,低结晶度和高分散性的无定形催化剂有利于低温SCR反应,较高的表面晶格氧和无定形MnO2物种是OMS-2催化剂具有优异低温SCR活性的主要原因。     

SCR烟气脱硝对PM2.5排放特性的影响机制研究

采用V₂O₅-WO₃/TiO₂催化剂,对选择性催化还原(SCR)烟气脱硝装置出口PM_2.5物性进行分析,考察SO₂氧化与PM_2.5形成的关系,并采用原位漫反射红外光谱(DRIFTS)对SCR脱硝过程中NH₄HSO₄的生成及SCR脱硝温度条件下的NH₄HSO₄热稳定性进行了分析研究。结果表明,经SCR脱硝后,亚微米级细颗粒数浓度明显升高,且形貌特征及元素组成发生变化,形成的细颗粒主要为NH₄HSO₄及少量(NH₄)₂SO₄;SCR烟气脱硝对PM_2.5排放特性的影响主要通过以下途径:一是SO₃与SCR烟气脱硝系统中的NH₃、H₂O反应形成;二是SO₃与逃逸的NH₃、H₂O在SCR脱硝装置后续系统发生反应形成硫酸氢铵与硫酸铵;此外还与SO₃和烟气中游离的CaO等碱土金属氧化物反应形成硫酸盐,随烟气携带出SCR脱硝装置有关。     

钒氧化物催化剂上NH3-SCR反应物的吸附-脱附

对于钒氧化物负载型催化剂在NH3-SCR过程中的反应机理和动力学已有较多研究。研究表明反应气体在催化剂表面的吸附-脱附过程对于SCR催化反应具有重要意义。本文概述了钒氧化物催化剂载体和表面物种在催化反应中的作用机理,以及H2O、SO2对NH3-SCR反应的影响,重点阐述了各种气相反应物的吸附形式以及反应作用机理。     

中低温Fe_2O_3-MnO_2-CeO_2/TiO_2脱硝催化剂的合成、表征及催化活性

选用共沉淀法以Fe,Mn和Ce三元复合氧化物为活性组分,以Ti O_2为载体,制备出一种铁基中低温SCR脱硝催化剂Fe_2O_3-Mn O_2-Ce O_2/Ti O_2.将制备的铁基中低温SCR脱硝催化剂进行脱硝活性模拟测试,结果表明在150℃~250℃温度区间内,掺杂含量不同的Fe_2O_3-Mn O_2-Ce O_2/Ti O_2复合氧化物催化剂大多都具有持续稳定的脱硝性能,催化效率最高可稳定在91%以上.同时,采用SEM,XRD,TG和EDS等催化剂表征手段,详细分析了其组分分布,空隙结构与催化性质.     

Pd改性多活性位点催化剂NH3-SCR脱硝反应机理研究

低温SCR脱硝技术具有效率高、能耗低、无二次污染等优点,是很有前途的脱硝净化技术.我们制备了一系列多活性位点催化剂（Pd_xV_y/TiO₂）,并对其NH₃-SCR脱硝性能进行了测试分析.结果表明,Pd_0.12V₄/TiO₂催化剂在250℃时可达到接近100%的NO_x转化率和N₂选择性.结合XRD、TEM、XPS、H₂-TPR、in situ DRIFT和DFT分析,考察了催化剂表面NO_x催化脱除机理.所得数据表明,该催化剂对NH₃、O₂和NO_x等反应气体分子表现出强烈的吸附性能,且均为化学吸附,所有组分（Pd O_x和VO_x）在NO_x的催化脱除中发挥着不可或缺的作用,而氧化还原循环(2V⁴⁺(Ti     

掺杂型Mn-La/Ti-PILC催化剂的低温SCR脱硝研究

采用共浸渍法制备了Mn/Ti-PILC和La掺杂的Mn-La/Ti-PILC(k为La和Mn物质的量比,k=0/1、1/4、1/12和1/20)四种催化剂。研究了La的掺杂对催化剂的低温脱硝效率的影响,同时通过BET、H₂-TPR、NH₃-TPD和XRD等方法对催化剂进行表征。结果表明,La的掺杂使催化剂的还原温度向低温方向迁移,氧化还原能力得到了提高,催化剂的表面酸量得到提高;La的掺杂有利于催化剂活性的提高,其中,Mn-La/Ti-PILC(k=1/12)催化剂的低温SCR的脱硝活性最高。     

凹凸棒石在烟气SCR脱硝催化反应中的应用研究进展

选择性催化还原脱硝技术作为当前去除NOx的主要手段,该手段的最主要部分为催化剂。在诸多催化剂载体中,凹凸棒石以其独特的天然一维结构、丰富的表面官能团、热稳定性及成型性好等优势脱颖而出。我们综述了近年来以凹凸棒石为载体在SCR脱硝催化剂制备中的应用,并且论述了影响催化剂SCR脱硝性能的主要因素,同时分析了使此类催化剂失活的原因以及失活催化剂的再生方法,并揭示了此类催化剂可能遵循的SCR反应机理,最后对催化剂未来的研究方向进行了展望.     

选择性氧化还原脱硝催化剂

氮氧化物(NO_x)是烟气中的主要污染性气体之一,脱除NO_x已经刻不容缓。本文综述了近年来烟气中NO_x的脱除方法,分析了以钒基催化剂、铁基催化剂、分子筛催化剂为代表的高温脱硝催化剂,讨论了以贵金属催化剂、锰基催化剂、碳基催化剂为代表的低温脱硝催化剂,阐述了不同温度下选择性催化还原(SCR)脱硝催化剂的反应机理,展望了脱硝领域的发展前景。     

V2O5／TiO2选择性催化还原脱除烟气中的NOx

氮氧化物（NOx)主要是煤等石化燃料燃烧时生成的,其主要成分一般为NO＞90％,NO2＜10％。NOx不仅是酸雨形成的主要原因,而且可与碳氢化物等反应形成光化学烟雾,因此,世界各国对燃煤电厂烟气,汽车尾气中的NOx含量制定了严格的排放标准,NOx的治理目前主要采用燃烧后烟气脱硝（Flue Gas Denitrification,缩写FGD）技术,其中选择性催化还原（Selective Catalytic Reduction,综写SCR）技术应用最广,已在欧、美、日等发达国家燃煤电厂中商业应用^[1]。国际上对SCR脱硝的催化反应机理,反应动力学,催化剂性能改进等进行了大量的研究,目前的研究仍很活跃^[2-8],而国内在这方面的研究仍处于起步阶段。本文旨在研究V2O5／TiO2选择性催化还原脱除烟气中的NOx,为该技术的工业应用提供实验依据。     

催化剂低温NH3选择催化还原NO的研究

研究了碳纳米管担载的五氧化二钒（V₂O₅/CNTs）催化剂上NO低温选择催化还原反应（SCR）。与活性炭载体的催化剂作了对比,结果显示,在负载低含量V₂O₅时碳纳米管较活性炭显示了更好的催化能力,而且在SO₂存在下,催化性能有更大幅度的提高。暂态反应实验显示,V₂O₅/CNTs 催化剂上NO选择催化还原反应遵循Eley Rideal机理,即反应发生于吸附态的NH₃和气相或弱吸附的NO之间。     

过渡金属对选择性催化还原脱硝CeO_2@TiO_2催化剂低温活性的促进作用

采用过渡金属M(M=Mn、Co、Fe和Cu)掺杂改性自发沉积策略制备的非晶态CeO_2@TiO_2催化剂,考察M-CeO_2@TiO_2选择性催化还原NO_x的低温活性,并通过XRD、TEM、N2吸附-脱附、H2-TPR、NH3-TPD及in-situ FT-IR等表征手段研究M-CeO_2@TiO_2的结构、表面性质以及低温NH3-SCR反应过程。结果表明,M-CeO_2@TiO_2具有更优异的低温氧化还原能力以及更多的表面酸量,且Cu掺杂对CeO_2@TiO_2选择性催化还原NO_x低温活性具有最为显著的促进作用。Cu-CeO_2@TiO_2催化剂在低温NH3-SCR反应过程中同时存在E-R机理和L-H机理,但是由于"快速SCR"使得L-H机理反应起关键作用。     

Mechanism by which Tungsten Oxide Promotes the Activity of Supported V2O5/TiO2 Catalysts for NOX Abatement: Structural Effects Revealed by 51V MAS NMR Spectroscopy

The selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO_x with NH₃ to N₂ with supported V₂O₅(‐WO₃)/TiO₂ catalysts is an industrial technology used to mitigate toxic emissions. Long‐standing uncertainties in the molecular structures of surface vanadia are clarified, whereby progressive addition of vanadia to TiO₂ forms oligomeric vanadia structures and reveals a proportional relationship of SCR reaction rate to [surface VO_x concentration]², implying a 2‐site mechanism. Unreactive surface tungsta (WO₃) also promote the formation of oligomeric vanadia (V₂O₅) sites, showing that promoter incorporation enhances the SCR reaction by a structural effect generating adjacent surface sites and not from electronic effects as previously proposed. The findings outline a method to assess structural effects of promoter incorporation on catalysts and reveal both the dual‐site requirement for the SCR reaction and the important structural promotional effect that tungsten oxide offers for the SCR reaction by V₂O₅/TiO₂ catalysts.     

Low-temperature selective catalytic reduction of NOx with NH3 over zeolite catalysts: A review

The selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO_x by NH₃ is one of the most mature technologies for NO_x treatment. Catalysts are the main factors affecting denitrification efficiency. Zeolites as low-temperature NH₃-SCR catalysts have been extensively studied in the past few years. In this work, the mechanism of zeolites for NH₃-SCR reaction was reviewed and the denitrification performances of zeolite catalysts prepared by different methods were compared. The effects of sulfur and water poisoning on zeolite catalysts in NH₃-SCR reaction were also analyzed. Several ways to address the problems in low-temperature NH₃-SCR reaction were discussed. Hopefully, this review could provide a fundamental understanding of SCR reaction on zeolite catalysts and pave the way toward similar studies to realize its commercial applications.     

富氧条件下乙炔选择催化还原NOx

Acetylene as a reducing agent of metal exchanged HY catalysts, for selective catalytic reduction of NO in the reaction system of 0.16% NO, 0 （C2H2-SCR） was investigated over a series 08% C2H2, and 9.95% O2 （volume percent） in He. 75% of NO conversion to N2 with hydrocarbon efficiency about 1.5 was achieved over a Ce-HY catalyst around 300 ℃. The NO removal level was comparable with that of selective catalytic reduction of NOx by C3H6 reported in literatures, although only one third of the reducing agent in carbon moles was used in the C2H2-SCR of NO. The protons in zeolite were crucial to the C2H2-SCR of NO, and the performance of HY in the reaction was significantly promoted by cerium incorporation into the zeolite. NO2 was proposed to be the intermediate of NO reduction to N2, and the oxidation of NO to NO2 was rate-determining step of the C2H2-SCR of NO over Ce-HY. The suggestion was well supported by the results of the NO oxidation with O2, and the C2H2 consumption under the conditions in the presence or absence of NO.     

Simultaneous soot combustion and NOx reduction over a vanadia-based selective catalytic reduction catalyst

Simultaneous NO_x reduction and soot combustion over a commercial vanadia-based selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalyst were investigated. Carbon black was used as model soot. The impact of the contact intensity between carbon and catalyst was studied. The experiments appeared as promising results for the utilization of vanadia-based SCR catalysts in SCR on filter system as, in the SCR operating temperature range (250–400 °C), no significant impact of the presence of carbon black on NO_x reduction was observed. However, a decrease in the specific carbon oxidation rate was highlighted. This latter increases with the contact between carbon and catalyst and is attributed to a lack of NO₂, consumed by the fast SCR reaction. At temperatures greater than 400 °C, the contact between carbon particles and the SCR catalyst partially inhibits the NO_x reduction, whereas it exhibits a catalytic effect on the carbon oxidation rate. The tighter the contact between the two materials, the more significant is this behavior. A redox mechanism, which competes with the redox cycle of the SCR mechanism, was proposed. The impregnation of a V-based SCR catalyst with 2 wt % of calcium was also performed. A drastic loss of DeNO_x activity was observed, whereas the effect of the contact between carbon and catalyst was reduced.     

B改性钒钛催化剂低温NH_3-SCR还原NO_x

选择性催化还原(SCR)技术是降低柴油机NO_x排放的常用技术,其核心部件为催化剂.目前最广泛使用的催化剂为V_2O_5/TiO_2催化剂,但其存在一些缺点,如低温活性不佳、活性温度窗口较窄等.为了解决该催化剂存在的上述一系列问题,我们对V_2O_5/TiO_2催化剂进行改性处理.采用溶胶-凝胶法和浸渍法制备了B改性的V_2O_5/TiO_2催化剂,在标准工况下,在催化剂活性测试平台上对B改性后的催化剂进行活性测试实验,采用XRD、BET和NH_3-TPD对催化剂结构进行表征.实验结果表明B改性能有效增大催化剂的比表面积和孔容,使催化剂表面弱酸量增加,进而表现出较高活性和稳定性.此外,研究了空速、氧气浓度、氨氮比以及SO_2和H_2O(g)对催化剂选择性催化还原NO_x的影响.结果表明,改性催化剂具有较好的抗硫、抗水中毒能力.