Effect of copper precursors on the catalytic activity of Cu/ZSM-5 catalysts for selective catalytic reduction of NO by NH<Subscript>3</Subscript>

The Cu/ZSM-5 catalysts prepared by different copper precursors were used for the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO _x with NH₃. The Cu/ZSM-5 catalyst prepared by the copper nitrate (Cu/ZSM-5-N) presented the best performance among the Cu/ZSM-5 catalysts and showed above 90 % NO _x conversion at 225–405 °C. The average particle size of CuO was 5.82, 9.20, and 11.01 nm over Cu/ZSM-5-N, Cu/ZSM-5-S (prepared by copper sulfate), and Cu/ZSM-5-C (prepared by copper chloride), respectively. The Cu/ZSM-5-N catalyst showed the highly dispersed copper species, the strong surface acidity, and the excellent redox ability compared with the Cu/ZSM-5-C and Cu/ZSM-5-S catalysts. The Cu⁺ and Cu²⁺ existed in the Cu/ZSM-5 catalysts and the abundant Cu⁺ over Cu/ZSM-5-N might be responsible for the superior SCR activity.     

富氧条件下Co/ZSM-5催化剂对C3H8选择还原NOx的性能

采用多种物理化学手段研究了在模拟的轻型柴油车尾气中不同Co担载量及Cu掺杂的Co/ZSM-5催化剂的Co组分分散状态、可还原性、NO吸附脱附性质对C₃H₈选择性催化还原NO_x性能的影响。结果表明,浸渍法制备的Co/ZSM-5催化剂上既有外表面上的Co³⁺和Co²⁺物种,也有孔内的Co²⁺离子。富氧条件下Co/ZSM-5催化剂上C₃H₈选择性催化还原NO_x的活性主要与ZSM-5载体孔外表面分散的CoO_x物种中的钴离子可还原能力和NO吸附脱附性能密切相关。Co/ZSM-5催化剂上适宜的Co担载量约为4.0wt%,低担载量时随Co担载量增加,表面CoO_x物种中钴离子可还原能力增强,C₃H₈选择性催化还原NO_x的低温转化活性增加;高担载量时,随Co担载量增加,单位Co离子的NO吸附量的减少以及催化剂表面活性中心数的减少,导致了Co/ZSM-5催化剂NO_x的转化率和催化剂比速率（k）的下降。孔外表面Co₃O₄晶体的存在使催化剂表面产生较强的NO吸附,并在高温时有利于C₃H₈的氧化燃烧,使C₃H₈选择性催化还原NO_x的活性降低。     

富氧条件下Co/ZSM-5催化剂对C_3H_8选择还原NO_x的性能

采用多种物理化学手段研究了在模拟的轻型柴油车尾气中不同Co担载量及Cu掺杂的Co/ZSM-5催化剂的Co组分分散状态、可还原性、NO吸附脱附性质对C3H8选择性催化还原NOx性能的影响。结果表明,浸渍法制备的Co/ZSM-5催化剂上既有外表面上的Co3+和Co2+物种,也有孔内的Co2+离子。富氧条件下Co/ZSM-5催化剂上C3H8选择性催化还原NOx的活性主要与ZSM-5载体孔外表面分散的CoOx物种中的钴离子可还原能力和NO吸附脱附性能密切相关。Co/ZSM-5催化剂上适宜的Co担载量约为4.0wt%,低担载量时随Co担载量增加,表面CoOx物种中钴离子可还原能力增强,C3H8选择性催化还原NOx的低温转化活性增加;高担载量时,随Co担载量增加,单位Co离子的NO吸附量的减少以及催化剂表面活性中心数的减少,导致了Co/ZSM-5催化剂NOx的转化率和催化剂比速率(k)的下降。孔外表面Co3O4晶体的存在使催化剂表面产生较强的NO吸附,并在高温时有利于C3H8的氧化燃烧,使C3H8选择性催化还原NOx的活性降低。     

Silicotungstic acid modified Ce‐Fe‐Ox catalyst for selective catalytic reduction of NOx with NH3: Effect of the amount of HSiW

The HSiW(x)/Ce‐Fe catalysts were used to research the effect of silicotungstic acid contents on the catalytic activity in the selective catalytic reduction of NO_x with NH₃. Doping different contents of silicotungstic acid affected surface species and redox property as well as the catalytic activity. With the increasing amount of HSiW (x = 5%, 10% and 20%), the redox reaction between Fe³⁺/Fe²⁺ and Ce⁴⁺/Ce³⁺ enhanced, which could improve the ratio of Ce³⁺ and Fe³⁺. And then, more Ce³⁺ increased the ratio of chemisorbed oxygen (O_α). Besides, the type and strength of acid sites over HSiW(_x)/Ce‐Fe was affected by the HSiW contents. These factors facilitated the catalytic performance. Thus, the NO_x conversion of HSiW(x)/Ce‐Fe(x = 20%) was higher than 90%, which maintained in a wide temperature range between 200 and 400 °C.     

Study of Fe-doped V<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>5</Subscript>/TiO<Subscript>2</Subscript> catalyst for an enhanced NH<Subscript>3</Subscript>-SCR in diesel exhaust aftertreatment

Selective catalytic reduction (SCR) with ammonia has been considered as the most promising technology, as its effect deals with the NO_X. Novel Fe-doped V₂O₅/TiO₂ catalysts were prepared by sol–gel and impregnation methods. The effects of iron content and reaction temperature on the catalyst SCR reaction activity were explored by a test device, the results of which revealed that catalysts could exhibit the best catalytic activity when the iron mass ratio was 0.05%. It further proved that the VTiFe (0.05%) catalyst performed the best in denitration and its NO_X conversion reached 99.5% at 270 °C. The outcome of experimental procedures: Brunauer–Emmett–Teller surface area, X-ray powder diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, temperature-programmed reduction and adsorption (H₂-TPR, NH₃-TPD) techniques showed that the iron existed in the form of Fe³⁺ and Fe²⁺ and the superior catalytic performance was attributed to the highly dispersed active species, lots of surface acid sites and absorbed oxygen. The modified Fe-doped catalysts do not only have terrific SCR activities, but also a rather broad range of active temperature which also enhances the resistance to SO₂ and H₂O.     

焙烧温度对甲硫醇催化剂K_2WO_4/Al_2O_3结构和性能的影响

研究了焙烧温度对溶胶-凝胶法制备的甲硫醇催化剂K2WO4/Al2O3的表面结构和催化性能的影响.表征结果显示,K2WO4在Al2O3上分散得较好,在450和550oC焙烧的催化剂颗粒大小均匀,无明显团聚现象.随着焙烧温度的升高,催化剂的比表面积减小,表面钨物种与Al2O3的相互作用减弱,与碱物种的相互作用增强,酸碱强度降低.K2WO4/Al2O3表面不含质子酸.催化剂活性与其比表面积及表面的共轭酸碱对密切相关.评价结果表明,在550oC焙烧而制得的催化剂活性最高.     

Review of Ag/Al<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript>-Reductant System in the Selective Catalytic Reduction of NO<Subscript><Emphasis Type="Italic">x</Emphasis></Subscript>

Ag/Al₂O₃ is a promising catalyst for the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) by hydrocarbons (HC) of NO _x in both laboratory and diesel engine bench tests. New developments of the HC-SCR of NO _x over a Ag/Al₂O₃ catalyst are reviewed, including the efficiencies and sulfur tolerances of different Ag/Al₂O₃-reductant systems for the SCR of NO _x ; the low-temperature activity improvement of H₂-assisted HC-SCR of NO _x over Ag/Al₂O₃; and the application of a Ag/Al₂O₃-ethanol SCR system with a heavy-duty diesel engine. The discussions are focused on the reaction mechanisms of different Ag/Al₂O₃-reductant systems and H₂-assisted HC-SCR of NO _x over Ag/Al₂O₃. A SO₂-resistant surface structure in situ synthesized on Ag/Al₂O₃ by using ethanol as a reductant is proposed based on the study of the sulfate formation. These results provide new insight into the design of a high-efficiency NO _x reduction system. The diesel engine bench test results showed that a Ag/Al₂O₃-ethanol system is promising for catalytic cleaning of NO _x in diesel exhaust.     

MnOx/Al-SBA-15的结构性质及低温NH3选择性催化还原NOx

采用后合成法制备MnO_x/Al-SBA-15催化剂, 考察了催化剂的低温NH₃选择性催化还原(SCR)NO_x的性能. 利用傅里叶透射红外变换(FTIR)光谱、N₂吸附-脱附、X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、拉曼光谱(Raman)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)及NH₃程序升温脱附(NH₃-TPD)的表征手段, 对催化剂的结构性质和SCR性能进行了系统分析. 结果表明, 适量Al的掺杂能提高MnO_x/SBA-15催化剂的SCR活性, 当硅铝摩尔比为50时, 催化剂活性最佳. 表征结果显示, Al掺杂后, 催化剂仍保持良好的骨架结构, 较大比表面、孔容和孔径, 并且Mn在催化剂表面富集, 由低价态转化为高价态, MnO₂为催化剂的主要活性相. 此外, Al的掺杂使MnO_x在催化剂表面高度分散, 表面酸性增强, 从而提高了催化剂的SCR活性.     

焙烧温度对MnOx-CeO2-WO3-ZrO2催化剂上NH3选择性还原NO的影响

采用共沉淀法制备了MnO_x-CeO₂-WO₃-ZrO₂催化剂,考察了催化剂焙烧温度对O₂和H₂O存在下NH₃选择性催化还原（NH₃-SCR） NO的影响,并利用低温N₂吸附、X射线衍射（XRD）、透射电镜（TEM）、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）、NH₃程序升温脱附（NH₃-TPD）和CO脉冲反应对催化剂进行了表征. 结果表明在NH₃-SCR反应中,催化剂的低温活性随焙烧温度的提高而降低,这是由于催化剂表面化学吸附氧和酸性位减少引起的;催化剂的高温活性随焙烧温度的提高先增加后减小,这与催化剂表面最易释放氧数量的变化趋势相反. 700 ℃焙烧的催化剂具有良好的低温活性和最宽的反应温度窗口,在空速为90000 h^-1的条件下,该催化剂的起燃温度（50% NO转化率）为189 ℃,且反应温度在218-431 ℃范围内,NO转化率可达到80%-100%.     

NH3选择性还原NOx技术在重型柴油车尾气净化中的应用

基于实验室对柴油车用V₂O₅-WO₃/TiO₂催化剂配方以及涂覆成型技术的大量研究,设计了一条产量为6000只/月的NH₃选择性催化还原NO_x （NH₃-SCR）催化剂中试生产线,并对生产的催化剂产品进行了发动机台架测试. 结果表明,实验室制备的V₂O₅-WO₃/TiO₂粉体催化剂和生产线产品,在空速为50000 h^-1和200-450 ℃条件下NO_x转化率均可达80%以上;采用大尺寸堇青石载体涂覆后制备的V₂O₅-WO₃/TiO₂整体催化剂经实验室小样测试,在空速为10000-30000 h^-1和250-450 ℃条件下NO_x转化率也为80%以上. 发动机台架测试结果表明,该催化剂产品可使重型柴油机NO_x排放达到国IV标准中欧洲稳态循环（ESC）和欧洲瞬态循环（ETC）排放限值的要求. 该生产线经适当调整后也可用于生产非钒基NH₃-SCR整体催化剂,以满足未来钒基NH₃-SCR催化剂更新换代的需求.     

Al2O3催化剂结构对催化臭氧化活性的影响

以Al₂O₃为催化剂催化臭氧化处理邻苯二甲酸二甲酯. 通过XRD、比表面积、孔结构、FTIR和活性评价等方法对催化剂的物化性质及催化活性进行了研究, 考察了焙烧温度、成型粒径对催化剂活性的影响. 结果表明, Al₂O₃催化剂对臭氧化降解邻苯二甲酸二甲酯具有很高的催化活性, 反应120 min后, 总有机碳(TOC)的去除率从单独臭氧氧化的23.9%提高到55.1%; 焙烧温度对催化剂的活性具有很大的影响, 600 ℃催化剂催化活性最高; 随着焙烧温度的升高, Al₂O₃晶型经历了从γ-Al₂O₃到θ-Al₂O₃到α-Al₂O₃的转变, 催化剂的比表面积、焙烧得到的孔容逐渐变小, 晶体粒径变大, 表面•OH数量减少, 催化活性下降. Al₂O₃成型粒径的减小, 提高了催化剂的外比表面积, 减小了内部传质扩散的影响, 从而提高了催化活性.     

WO_3对MnO_x-CeO_2/ZrO_2-TiO_2整体式催化剂NH_3选择性催化还原NO_x性能的影响

以ZrO2-TiO2为载体,MnOx-CeO2为活性组分,WO3为助剂制备了MnOx-CeO2/WO3/ZrO2-TiO2整体式催化剂,考察了添加不同质量分数的WO3对低温氨选择性催化还原(NH3-SCR)氮氧化物反应性能的影响.通过低温N2吸附-脱附,X射线衍射(XRD),X射线光电子能谱(XPS),NH3程序升温脱附(NH3-TPD)等手段对催化剂进行表征.实验结果表明,与未添加WO3的催化剂相比,含有10.0%(w)WO3的催化剂具有较好的织构性能,且具有较多的中强酸位,较好的氧化性能,表现出良好的NH3-SCR活性和较宽的活性温度窗口(空速为10000h-1时,在144-374℃之间,NOx转化率为90%以上),该催化剂在低温净化氮氧化物中具有潜在的应用前景.     

NO2对Cu/SAPO-34分子筛催化剂上NH3选择性催化还原NO性能的影响

主要考察了NO₂对Cu/SAPO-34 分子筛催化剂在整个温度范围内（100-500 ℃）NH₃选择性催化还原（SCR）NO性能的影响. 研究所使用样品为新鲜Cu/SAPO-34 催化剂在750 ℃下水热处理4 h 的稳定期样品.通过X射线衍射（XRD）和扫描电子显微镜（SEM）对样品的结构以及形貌进行表征,采用SCR活性评价、动力学实验以及原位漫反射傅里叶变换红外光谱（in situ-DRIFTS）表征催化剂的性能以及催化剂表面物种的变化. 活性评价实验结果表明,NO₂会抑制催化剂的低温（100-280 ℃）活性,但其存在会提高催化剂的高温（280 ℃以上）活性. 与此同时,随着反应物中NO/NO₂的摩尔比例减少,由于NH₄NO₃物种的分解,副产物（N₂2O）的浓度增大. 动力学结果表明,Cu/SAPO-34 催化剂上快速SCR反应的表观活化能（E_a=64.02 kJ·mol^-1）比标准SCR反应的表观活化能（E_a=48.00 kJ·mol^-1）更大. In situ-DRIFTS实验结果表明NO比NO₂更容易在催化剂表面形成硝酸盐,并且NO₂更容易与吸附在Brønsted 酸性位上的NH₃物种反应生成NH₄NO₃. 低温下,催化剂表面的NH₄NO₃物种会覆盖SCR反应的活性位,造成活性降低,但在高温时,形成的NH₄NO₃物种一部分会被NO还原为N2,而另一部分会直接热分解为N₂O,造成催化剂的选择性降低.     

Highly efficient degradation of emerging contaminants by magnetic CuO@FexOy derived from natural mackinawite（FeS） in the presence of peroxymonosulfate

In this study,natural mackinawite （Fe S）,a chalcophilic mineral,was utilized to prepare iron/copper bimetallic oxides （Cu O@Fe_xO_y） by displacement plating and calcination process.Various characterization methods prove that Cu⁰is successfully coated on the surface of Fe S,which were further oxidized to Cu O,Fe₃O₄and/or Fe₂O₃during calcination process,respectively.Cu O@Fe_xO_yperformed highly efficient...     

Catalytic Active Site for NO Decomposition Elucidated by Surface Science and Real Catalyst

Comprehensive studies combining surface science and real catalyst were performed to get further insight into catalytic active site and reaction mechanism for NO decomposition over supported palladium and cobalt oxide-based catalysts. On palladium single-crystal model catalysts, adsorption, dissociation and desorption behavior of NO was found to be closely related to the surface structures, the stepped surface palladium being active for dissociation of NO. In accordance with this result, the activity of powder Pd/Al₂O₃ catalysts for NO decomposition was directly related to the number of step sites exposed on the surface, suggesting that the step sites act as the catalytic active site for NO decomposition on Pd/Al₂O₃. NO decomposition over cobalt oxide was found to be significantly promoted by addition of alkali metals. Surface science study and catalyst characterization led to the same conclusion that the interface between the alkali metal and Co₃O₄ serves as the catalytic active site. From the results of in situ Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy and isotopic transient kinetic analysis, a reaction mechanism was proposed in which the reaction is initiated by NO adsorption onto alkali metals to form NO₂⁻ species and then NO₂⁻ species react with the adsorbed NO species to form N₂ over the interface between the alkali metal and Co₃O₄.     

蜂窝状Ho改性Fe-Mn/TiO2催化剂的制备及其低温选择催化还原(SCR)脱硝性能

采用模压法制备了蜂窝状Ho改性的Fe-Mn/TiO₂催化剂,研究了结构助剂、黏合剂和造孔剂等对成型催化剂低温选择催化还原（SCR）脱硝性能的影响。优选出一套理想的成型参数：水粉质量比为40%且逐次分批加入;结构助剂玻璃纤维的用量为10%（质量分数）;黏合剂羧甲基纤维素的用量为5%（质量分数）;助挤剂甘油的添加量为10%（质量分数）且分批加入;造孔剂活性炭粉的用量为2%（质量分数）。该蜂窝状催化剂在120 ℃下脱硝率维持在90%以上,并且在SO₂体积分数低于0.02%时具有一定的抗硫抗水性。表征结果表明,成型后蜂窝状催化剂比表面积降低,颗粒分散程度明显减弱,并且表面酸量和表面Mn⁴⁺含量下降,对催化活性有一定的影响。     

宽工作温度烟气脱硝催化剂制备及反应机理研究

以溶胶-凝胶法制备介孔TiO₂载体,采用分步浸渍法制备了V₂O₅-WO₃/TiO₂催化剂,借助BET、NH₃-TPD、H₂-TPR、SEM、活性评价、In-situ FT-IR等手段,考察了催化剂的结构、酸性、还原性、脱硝活性及反应机理等。介孔TiO₂载体比表面积为158.6 m²/g,制成催化剂后比表面积略有降低,约为136.7 m²/g。针对模拟烟气在φ_NH3/φ_NO=0.8的条件下测试催化剂的脱硝活性温度窗口为250~400 ℃,脱硝转化率达到80%。NH₃-TPD和H₂-TPR表征结果表明,催化剂在活性温度范围内具有典型的表面酸性位,载体TiO₂与V₂O₅之间存在的相互作用使得V₂O₅还原温度降低。利用In-situ FT-IR研究NH₃和NO在V₂O₅-WO₃/TiO₂催化剂表面吸附和氧化的反应过程发现,NH₃可同时吸附在L酸位和B酸位,NH₃在活性位上氧化脱氢形成NH₂物种是SCR脱硝反应的控制步骤。研究NO+O₂+NH₃反应时发现,吸附NH₃的催化剂引入NO和O₂后,共价吸附的NH₃首先消失。选择性催化还原反应发生在吸附态NH₃和气态或弱吸附态的NO之间,该反应遵从Eley-Rideal反应机理。     

Cu-ETS-10催化NH3选择性还原NOx性能

采用离子交换法制备了Cu-ETS-10钛硅分子筛催化剂,该催化剂对于NH₃选择性催化还原（SCR）NO_x反应具有较高的催化活性、N₂选择性和抗SO₂性能.结果表明,Cu-ETS-10钛硅分子筛具有丰富的微孔结构和较高的比表面积（288-380m²/g）;原子发射光谱、程序升温还原技术和原位红外漫反射等表征结果表明,Cu在Cu-ETS-10钛硅分子筛中具有多种存在形态,其中Cu²⁺物种为Cu-ETS-10的活性中心,其含量随Cu含量的增加而先增后降,与催化活性的变化趋势一致.     

Reactivity of NO with NH3 in the Presence of O2 over Ce-ZSM5 with and without Moisture

Cerium based ZSM5 catalysts are used to study NO reduction with NH₃ in the presence of oxygen with and without moisture. The Ce-ZSM5 was prepared by wet impregnation method and characterized by X-ray diffraction technique, BET surface and SEM. Ce-ZSM5 showed better NO_x reduction than H-ZSM5 which is a poor catalyst for NO_x reduction with NH₃. The metal incorporation in H-ZSM5 has increased the catalytic activity. The catalytic activity showed significant difference in NO_x conversion with and without moisture. The disperse Ce species are the active centers for the reduction of NO with NH₃ in the presence of oxygen. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Performance and characterisation of CeO<Subscript>2</Subscript>-TiO<Subscript>2</Subscript>-WO<Subscript>3</Subscript> catalysts for selective catalytic reduction of NO with NH<Subscript>3</Subscript>

Ce-Ti-W-O _x catalysts were prepared and applied to the NH₃-selective catalytic reduction (SCR) reaction. The experimental results showed that the Ce-Ti-W-O _x catalyst prepared by the hydrothermal method exhibited higher NO conversion than those synthesised via the sol-gel and impregnating methods, while the optimal content of WO₃ and molar ratio of Ce/Ti were 20 mass % and 4: 6, respectively. Under these conditions, the catalyst exhibited the highest level of catalytic activity (the NO conversion reached values higher than 90 %) across a wide temperature range of 225–450°C, with a range of gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) of 40000–140000 h^?1. The catalyst also exhibited good resistance to H₂O and SO₂. The influences of morphology, phase structure, and surface properties on the catalytic performance were investigated by N₂ adsorption-desorption measurement, XRD, XPS, H₂-TPR, and SEM. It was found that the high efficiency of NO removal was due to the large BET surface area, the amorphous surface species, the change to element valence states, and the strong interaction between Ce, Ti, and W.