Enhanced adsorption performance of a novel Fe‐Mn‐Zr metal oxide nanocomposite adsorbent for anionic dyes from binary dye mix: Response surface optimization and neural network modeling

A novel adsorbent, Fe‐Mn‐Zr metal oxide nanocomposite was synthesized and investigated for removal of methyl orange (MO) and eosin yellow (EY) dyes from binary dye solution. The magnetic nanocomposite has shown surface area of 143.01 m²/g and saturation magnetization of 15.29 emu/g. Optimization was carried out via response surface methodology (RSM) for optimizing process variables, and optimum dye removal of 99.26% and 99.55% were obtained for MO and EY dye, respectively with contact time 62 min, adsorbent dose 0.45 g/l, initial MO concentration 11.0 mg/l, and initial EY concentration 25.0 mg/l. A feed forward back propagation neural network model has shown better prediction ability than RSM model for predicting MO and EY dye removal (%). Adsorption process strictly follows Langmuir isotherm model, and enhanced adsorption capacities of 196.07 and 175.43 mg/g were observed for MO and EY dye, respectively due to synergistic effects of physicochemical properties of trimetal oxides. Surface adsorption and pore diffusions are the mechanisms involved in the adsorption as revealed from kinetic studies.     

Ultrasound-assisted enhanced and rapid uptake of anionic dyes from the binary system onto MnFe2O4/polyaniline nanocomposite at neutral pH

Remediation of toxic dyes from an aqua matrix using novel nanocomposites as adsorbent is an attractive yet challenging task, especially when the adsorption process needs to be operated at near-neutral solution pH. Recently, conducting polymer-based novel nanocomposites have been studied widely for environmental remediation because of their high distinctive surface area, mesoporous nature, easy synthesis process, availability of the low-cost monomer, and comprehensive range of functionality. This research deals with the fabrication and application of manganese ferrite and polyaniline nanocomposite (MnF-PANI-NC) for the ultrasound-assisted adsorption of methyl red (MR) and congo red (CR) dye from binary dye solution at neutral pH. The X-ray diffraction pattern of MnF-PANI-NC confirmed the successful impregnation of manganese ferrite onto polyaniline, and the field emission gun scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy images revealed the nanoscale formation of this composite. The saturation magnetization of ~20 emu/g endorses the easy magnetic separation of MnF-PANI-NC from dye solution. MnF-PANI-NC has revealed higher adsorptive affinity towards MR and CR dye concerning pure PANI and pure MnF nanoparticles at near-neutral solution pH. Assimilation of ultrasound wavse in this adsorption procedure improved the mass transfer rate significantly, and within 6 min of reaction more than 95% of MR and CR dye removal was achieved. Ultrasound waves also enhanced the equilibrium dye uptake efficiency (more than 95%) of MnF-PANI-NC compared to the adsorption reaction by overhead stirring (40–50%) and shaking (40–60%) for both MR and CR dyes. Kinetic modeling of the experimental data revealed accurate fitting of the pseudo-second-order model in association with intraparticle diffusion. Binary dye adsorption onto MnF-PANI-NC obeyed the Langmuir isotherm model accurately, and maximum adsorption capacities of 294.12 and 317.46 mg/g were observed for MR and CR dyes, respectively.     

Characterization and Mechanism Elucidation of Dye Adsorption Using Cuprous Selenide Nanoparticles from Aqueous Solutions

The removal of cationic dyes, methylene blue(MB) and rhodamine B(RB), and anionic dyes, methyl or-ange(MO) and eosin Y(EY), from aqueous solutions by adsorption using Cu₂Se nanoparticles(Cu₂SeNPs) was studied. The effects of the initial pH values, adsorbent doses, contact time, initial dye concentrations, salt concentrations, and operation temperatures on the adsorption capacities were investigated. The adsorption process was better fitted the Langmuir equation and pseudo-second-order kinetic model, and was spontaneous and endothermic as well. The adsorption mechanism was probably based on the electrostatic interactions and π-π interactions between Cu₂SeNPs and dyes. For an adsorbent of 0.4 g/L of Cu₂SeNPs, the adsorption capacities of 23.1(MB), 22.9(RB) and 23.9(EY) mg/g were achieved, respectively, with an initial dye concentration of 10 mg/g(pH=8 for MB and pH=4 for RB and EY) and a contact time of 120 min. The removal rate of MB was still 70.4% for Cu₂SeNPs being reused in the 5th cycle. Furthermore, the recycled Cu₂SeNPs produced from selenium nanoparticles adsorbing copper were also an effective adsorbent for the removal of dyes. Cu₂SeNPs showed great potential as a new adsorbent for dyes removal due to its good stability, functionalization and reusability.     

Removal of dyes from water by conducting polymeric adsorbent

Chemically synthesized conducting polyaniline (PANI) was investigated as adsorbent for its possible application in the removal of organic dyes, such as methylene blue (MB) and procion red (PR) from their aqueous solution. PANI adsorbent behaves as a charged surface upon post‐synthesis treatment of the polymer with acid and base. The adsorbent thus treated shows a high selectivity for the removal of dyes in the adsorption process. The Langmuir adsorption isotherm was used to represent the experimental adsorption data. The cationic dye, MB can be preferentially removed by the base‐treated PANI while the anionic dye, PR is predominately removed by the acid‐treated one. These observations were further evidenced from the measurements of molar conductance and pH of the dye solutions employed for adsorption. The finding can be explained considering the electrostatic nature of adsorption coupled with the morphology of the PANI surface thus treated. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Application of polyaniline as an efficient and novel adsorbent for azo dyes removal from textile wastewaters

In this work, application of polyaniline coated onto wood sawdust (PAni/SD) for the removal of methyl orange (MO) as a typical azo dye from aqueous solutions is introduced. The effects of some important parameters such as pH, initial concentration, sorbent dosage, and contact time on the uptake of MO solution were also investigated. In order to get a better comparison, adsorption experiments were also carried out using commercial grade of granulated activated carbon (GAC) and sawdust without coating (SD) at the same time. It was found that PAni/SD can be used to remove azo dyes such as MO from aqueous solutions very efficiently. Experimental data were analyzed by the Langmuir and Freundlich models of adsorption. Kinetic parameters for the adsorption of MO dyes for the selected adsorbents are also reported. In order to study the possibility of desorption for frequent application, chemical regeneration of the used adsorbents was also investigated. Desorption or recovery of dye and regeneration of adsorbent (PAni/SD) was found to be quite possible and of high performance. Application of modified sawdust with polyaniline for the removal of azo dye is very promising for textile wastewater treatment.     

Adsorption studies on the removal of Vertigo Blue 49 and Orange DNA13 from aqueous solutions using carbon slurry developed from a waste material

Waste material (carbon slurry), from fuel oil-based generators, was used as adsorbent for the removal of two reactive dyes from synthetic textile wastewater. The study describes the results of batch experiments on removal of Vertigo Blue 49 and Orange DNA13 from synthetic textile wastewater onto activated carbon slurry. The utility of waste material in adsorbing reactive dyes from aqueous solutions has been studied as a function of contact time, temperature, pH, and initial dye concentrations by batch experiments. pH 7.0 was found suitable for maximum removal of Vertigo Blue 49 and Orange DNA13. Dye adsorption capacities of carbon slurry for the Vertigo Blue 49 and the Orange DNA13 were 11.57 and 4.54 mg g(-1) adsorbent, respectively. The adsorption isotherms for both dyes were better described by the Langmuir isotherm. Thermodynamic treatment of adsorption data showed an exothermic nature of adsorption with both dyes. The dye uptake process was found to follow second-order kinetics.     

Mixed phase Fe2O3/Mn3O4 magnetic nanocomposite for enhanced adsorption of methyl orange dye: Neural network modeling and response surface methodology optimization

In this research, a novel magnetic mesoporous adsorbent with mixed phase of Fe₂O₃/Mn₃O₄ nanocomposite was prepared by a facile precipitating method and characterized extensively. The prepared nanocomposite was used as adsorbent for toxic methyl orange (MO) dye removal from aqua matrix considering its high surface area (178.27 m²/g) with high saturation magnetization (23.07 emu/g). Maximum dye adsorption occurs at solution pH 2.0 and the electrostatic attraction between anionic form of MO dye molecules and the positively charged nanocomposite surface is the main driving force behind this adsorption. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used for optimizing the process variables and maximum MO removal of 97.67% is obtained at optimum experimental condition with contact time, adsorbent dose and initial MO dye concentration of 45 min, 0.87 g/l and 116 mg/l, respectively. Artificial neural network (ANN) model with optimum topology of 3–5–1 was developed for predicting the MO removal (%), which has shown higher predictive ability than RSM model. Maximum adsorption capacity of this nanocomposite was found to be 322.58 mg/g from Langmuir isotherm model. Kinetic studies reveal the applicability of second‐order kinetic model with contribution of intra‐particle diffusion in this process.     

Polyethyleneimine-grafted polyphosphazene microspheres for rapid and efficient capture of anionic dyes from wastewater

Developing novel adsorbent to capture organic contaminants from wastewater rapidly and efficiently is highly desirable for waste treatment and environmental restoration. Herein, we reported a new amino-rich spherical adsorbent (PZS-PEI) for highly-efficient uptake of anionic dyes from aqueous solution. The PZS-PEI adsorbent was fabricated through a two-step process including synthesis of PZS-Cl microspheres via room temperature polymerization of hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene with bis(4-hydroxyphenyl) sulfone and subsequent surface grafting reaction of PZS-Cl microspheres using branched polyethyleneimine (PEI). The microstructure of as-obtained PZS-PEI microspheres was fully characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, zeta potential, and N₂ adsorption test. The adsorption performance of the PZS-PEI microspheres towards organic dyes was evaluated through carrying out a series of studies including various influence factor analysis, adsorption isotherm, kinetics, and thermodynamics. Results show that the PZS-PEI adsorbent owned good adsorption selectivity towards anionic dyes, and the maximum adsorption capacities for methyl orange (MO), acid chrome blue K, eosin-Y reached 190.29, 152.90, and 92.34 mg/g at 25 °C, respectively. In addition, the uptake behavior of organic dye by the PZS-PEI adsorbent conformed to Freundlich isotherm and pseudo-second order kinetic model, and the adsorption process followed a three-stage intraparticle diffusion mode with an endothermic and spontaneous characteristic. Electrostatic interaction and hydrogen bonding were responsible for the highly-efficient adsorption of the PZS-PEI adsorbent towards typical anionic dye MO.     

Fabrication of PANI@Fe–Mn–Zr hybrid material and assessments in sono-assisted adsorption of methyl red dye: Uptake performance and response surface optimization

In recent decades, industrial wastewater discharge containing toxic or hazardous manufactured dyes has risen tremendously, creating a serious environmental threat. A new hybrid adsorbent, [email protected]–Mn–Zr synthesized by mixing Fe–Mn–Zr metal oxide composite with polyaniline (PANI), was used to study methyl red (MR) dye removal from aqueous solution. The adsorption process was observed to be influenced by the sonication time, dose of [email protected]–Mn–Zr, and initial concentration of MR dye. At an initial MR dye concentration of 25 mg/L, 0.25 g/L of [email protected]–Mn–Zr dose, 15 min of sonication, and pH 7.0, the maximum MR dye adsorption efficiency of 90.34% was achieved. Kinetic analysis was performed using five different kinetic models, which shows that the pseudo-second-order kinetic model had the best fit among the five models. The Langmuir isotherm best fits the adsorption experiments at pH 7.0, yielding a significant MR dye uptake capacity of 434.78 mgg^?1. The most significant adsorption mechanisms that have been observed in uptake of MR dye onto [email protected]–Mn–Zr were electrostatic attraction, π-π bond interactions and hydrogen bonding. Response surface optimization study was performed for optimizing the experimental conditions from which maximum dye removal of 98.19% was obtained at contact time of 12 min, initial MR dye concentration of 15 mg/L and [email protected]–Mn–Zr dose of 0.4 g/L. Use of real wastewater and water samples suggest that there is only 6–19% reduction in the dye removal efficiency as compared to the blank or controlled experiments conducted with deionized water.     

Study of congo red adsorption on the polyaniline and polypyrrole

Polyaniline (PANI) and polypyrrole (PPY) were synthesized via in situ chemical oxidative polymerization and are used as adsorbents for removal of Congo Red (CR) dye from aqueous solution. The effects of various experimental parameters including pH of the solution, contact time, initial concentration, adsorbent dosage, and temperature on adsorption of CR by PANI and PPY were systematically investigated. The experimental results showed that the adsorption efficiency was increased with contact time and adsorbent dosage. The maximum removal efficiency was found after 45 minutes of solid/liquid contact with adsorbent doses of 0.4 and 1.73?g/L for PANI and PPY, respectively. The kinetic data were best fitted by the pseudo-second-order model. The adsorption equilibrium results were well fitted by the Langmuir isotherm model. These results suggest that the PANI and PPY can be used as alternative adsorbents for the treatment of wastewaters containing dyes.     

Adsorption of sulfonated dyes by polyaniline emeraldine salt and its kinetics

A method for the removal of anionic (sulfonated) dyes from aqueous dye solutions using the chemical interaction of dye molecules with polyaniline is reported. Polyaniline (PANI) emeraldine salt was synthesized by chemical oxidation. Sulfonated dyes undergo chemical interactions with the charged backbone of PANI, leading to significant adsorption of the dyes. This phenomenon of selective adsorption of the dyes by PANI is reported for the first time and promises a green method for removal of sulfonated organics from wastewater. The experimental observations from UV-vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and conductivity measurements rule out the possibility of secondary doping of polyaniline salt by sulfonated dye molecules. A possible mechanism for the chemical interaction between the polymer and the sulfonated dye molecules is proposed. The kinetic parameters for the adsorption of sulfonated dyes on PANI are also reported.     

Fast and highly efficient removal of anionic organic dyes with a new Cu modified nanoclinoptilolite

Adsorption of anionic dyes onto most of zeolites with net negative charge may be restricted. In this article, a natural nanoclinoptilolite was modified with Cu and the obtained nanomaterial was used as an effective adsorbent for removal of methyl red as an anionic model azo dye up to 90% in 20 min.This new adsorbent was characterized utilizing X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Also, effects of methyl red concentration, mass of sorbent and pH on the removal percent were examined. Moreover, the adsorption mechanism was investigated by plotting the Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms. The results showed that the data can be fitted with both models. The most adsorption capacity obtained from Langmuir isotherm was about 200 mg/g. Moreover, the Cu modified nanoclinoptilolite was successfully employed for adsorption of another anionic dye, bromothymol blue. The results confirmed that this new adsorbent can be effectively applied for removing of anionic dyes from waste waters.     

Rapid removal of anionic organic dye from contaminated water using a poly(3-aminobenzoic acid/graphene oxide/cobalt ferrite) nanocomposite low-cost adsorbent via adsorption techniques

This research study aims to remove hazardous anionic azo dyes (Congo red (CR)) from aqueous solutions via a simple adsorption method using a poly(3-aminobenzoic acid/graphene oxide/cobalt ferrite) nanocomposite (P3ABA/GO/CoFe₂O₄) as a novel and low-cost nanoadsorbent, as synthesized by a simple and straightforward polymerization method. Typically, 3-aminobenzoic acid (3ABA), as monomer, was chemically polymerized with graphene oxide (GO) and cobalt ferrite (CoFe₂O₄) in an aqueous acidic medium containing an ammonium persulfate initiator. The adsorbent P3ABA/GO/CoFe₂O₄ nanocomposite was characterized using various techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive analysis by X-ray and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller, vibrating sample magnetometer, and zeta potential techniques. These techniques confirmed the interaction between the poly(3-aminobenzoic acid) with GO and CoFe₂O₄ due to the presence of π-π interactions, hydrogen bonding, and electrostatic forces. Herein, the removal efficiency of dye from aqueous solution by the adsorbent was studied according to several parameters such as the pH of the solution, dye concentration, dosage of adsorbent, contact time, and temperature. The adsorption of the dye was fitted using a Langmuir model (R² between 0.9980 and 0.9995) at different temperatures, and a kinetic model that was pseudo-second order (R² = between 0.9993 and 0.9929) at various initial concentrations of CR dye. In addition, the data revealed that the P3ABA/GO/CoFe₂O₄ nanocomposite exhibited a high adsorption capacity (153.92 mg/g) and removal for CR dye (98 %) at pH 5. Thermodynamic results showed the adsorption process was an endothermic and spontaneous reaction. It was found that, in terms of reusability, the P3ABA/GO/CoFe₂O₄ adsorbent can be used for up to six cycles. In this study, P3ABA/GO/CoFe₂O₄ nanocomposites were found to be low cost, and have an excellent removal capability and fast adsorption rate for CR from wastewater via a simple adsorption method. Moreover, this adsorbent nanocomposite could be simply separated from the resultant solution and recycled.     

Synthesis and performance evaluation of chitosan/zinc oxide nanocomposite as a highly efficient adsorbent in the removal of reactive red 198 from water

In this study, Chitosan and Chitosan-zinc oxide (ZnO) nanocomposite were prepared and applied as a low-cost adsorbent with high adsorption capacity for removing reactive red 198 (RR 198) dye from contaminated water. After preparation, it was characterized using FT-IR, XRD, and SEM. The effect of pH, temperature, time, adsorbent amount, and initial dye concentration were investigated in the removal efficiency of RR 198. The maximum adsorption capacity (q_m) obtained from the Langmuir equation was 172.41 mg/g in adsorbent dose of 0.1 g/L, pH: 4, temperature of 25°C, adsorption time of 40 min. The thermodynamic parameters demonstrated the spontaneous and endothermic nature of the adsorption process. Due to the high efficiency of chitosan/ZnO nanocomposite in removal of RR 198 from water and advantages such as high adsorption capacity, simple synthesis, and easy application, it can be used as an effective method in the removal of RR 198 from water.     

羧基化石墨烯对4种离子型染料的吸附脱色

合成的羧基化石墨烯（G-COOH）用FT-IR进行表征,并对G-COOH用于水溶液中甲基紫、中性红、灿烂黄和茜素红4种离子型染料的吸附性能进行了研究。 考察了吸附剂用量、吸附时间、初始浓度以及溶液pH值等条件对吸附效果的影响。 同时,研究了甲基紫染料的脱附性能,结果表明,用NaOH/EtOH混合溶液洗脱甲基紫,洗脱率可达88.2%,洗脱后的G-COOH可再利用。 从热力学角度探讨得出,G-COOH对阳离子染料甲基紫和中性红的吸附行为能够较好的符合Langmuir等温吸附模型,而对阴离子染料灿烂黄和茜素红的吸附行为则能够较好的符合Freundlich等温吸附模型,计算的吸附参数表明,G-COOH对4种染料的吸附过程容易进行。 动力学研究表明,G-COOH对4种离子型染料的吸附行为均能较好的符合准二级吸附模型。 该实验研究表明,在处理染料废水时,G-COOH为相当优异的吸附剂。     

Solar light assisted degradation of dyes and adsorption of heavy metal ions from water by CuO–ZnO tetrapodal hybrid nanocomposite

We report a facile and economic hydrothermal process for multifunctionally engineered copper oxide/zinc oxide-tetrapods (CuO/ZnO-T) nanocomposite for wastewater treatment. The resultant CuO/ZnO-T nanocomposite possesses high porosity, large surface area, and low band gap. All these properties are advantageous for photocatalyst and adsorbent for dyes and heavy metal ions removal. The morphology of synthesized nanocomposite was characterized using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and UV–Visible absorption spectroscopy. The results confirmed the attachment of CuO on the ZnO-T surface, forming a hybrid nanocomposite. The concentration of heavy metal ions was monitored using the atomic absorption spectroscopy technique. The synthesized CuO/ZnO-T nanocomposite was investigated for the decontamination of anionic and cationic dyes, Reactive yellow-145 (RY-145) and Basic violet-3 (BV-3) and heavy metal ions (Chromium (VI) and Lead (II)). The CuO/ZnO-T nanocomposite exhibited superior photocatalytic efficiency (80% RY-145 dye removal and 86% BV-3 dye removal) and adsorption capacity (99% Chromium (VI) removal and 97% Lead (II) removal) as compared to pristine ZnO-T. The mechanism for the reduction of dyes and heavy metal ions was discussed by different kinetics and isotherm models. The current study inferred that CuO/ZnO-T nanocomposite is a potential candidate as a proficient photocatalyst/adsorbent for the removal of various wastewater contaminants.     

Highly removal of anionic dye from aqueous medium using a promising biochar derived from date palm petioles: Characterization,adsorption properties and reuse studies

The present work investigates the preparation of promising biochar derived from date palm petioles powder (DPB) via a thermal treatment. DPB was characterized through various techniques to analyze the chemical (FTIR), morphological (SEM) and point of zero charges to investigate changes incorporated through the pyrolysis process.The adsorption of methyl orange (MO) onto the biochar was investigated using batch experiments according to different parameters which influence the adsorption process such as: initial dye concentration, equilibrium time, pH, and temperature. Isothermal and reuse studies of MO adsorption onto DPB were also investigated.Results of MO removal on DPB have demonstrated that the adsorption process was initial dye concentration-dependent, and equilibrium time was occurred in 60 min. The biochar presented high stability of MO adsorption capacity in a large domain of pH. Thermodynamic analysis of this process revealed that methyl orange adsorption was exothermic and spontaneous in nature.The experimental data were analyzed by pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order model, and the intraparticle-diffusion for kinetics and Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin models for isotherms.Kinetic adsorption followed the pseudo-second-order model and the intraparticle-diffusion within pores controlled the adsorption rate. The experimental data yielded good fits with in the following isotherms order: Langmuir > Temkin > Freundlich, The maximum adsorption capacity of MO on DPB was found 461 mg.g^?1. The reusability study reveals the possibility of the reuse of DPB for three (03) cycles of adsorption–desorption, a slight decrease in the ability of methyl orange adsorption has noticed with the increase of the number of adsorption–desorption cycles : 81.03 %, 67.84 %, and 51.72 %, respectively. The found results of the present study show that the biochar derived from date palm petioles have the potential to be used as a promising adsorbent for the treatment of MO dye.     

Dye and its removal from aqueous solution by adsorption: A review

In this review article the authors presented up to-date development on the application of adsorption in the removal of dyes from aqueous solution. This review article provides extensive literature information about dyes, its classification and toxicity, various treatment methods, and dye adsorption characteristics by various adsorbents. One of the objectives of this review article is to organise the scattered available information on various aspects on a wide range of potentially effective adsorbents in the removal of dyes. Therefore, an extensive list of various adsorbents such as natural materials, waste materials from industry, agricultural by-products, and biomass based activated carbon in the removal of various dyes has been compiled here. Dye bearing waste treatment by adsorption using low cost alternative adsorbent is a demanding area as it has double benefits i.e. water treatment and waste management. Further, activated carbon from biomass has the advantage of offering an effected low cost replacement for non-renewable coal based granular activated carbon provided that they have similar or better adsorption on efficiency. The effectiveness of various adsorbents under different physico-chemical process parameters and their comparative adsorption capacity towards dye adsorption has also been presented. This review paper also includes the affective adsorption factors of dye such as solution pH, initial dye concentration, adsorbent dosage, and temperature. The applicability of various adsorption kinetic models and isotherm models for dye removal by wide range of adsorbents is also reported here. Conclusions have been drawn from the literature reviewed and few suggestions for future research are proposed.     

Modeling and Optimization of Adsorption Removal of Reactive Orange 13 on the Alginate–Montmorillonite–Polyaniline Nanocomposite via Response Surface Methodology

In this work, an alginate–montmorillonite–polyaniline (Alg–MMT–PANI ) nanocomposite (NC) was synthesized and applied for the adsorptive removal of reactive Orange 13 (RO13 ) as a model azo dye compound. The Alg–MMT–PANI NC was prepared by the polymerization of aniline in the presence of Alg–MMT hybrid through in situ polymerization. The optimization and modeling of the removal process was carried out using the response surface methodology (RSM ) based on central composite design (CCD ). Important parameters influencing the adsorption removal of RO13 , including the initial concentration of RO13 , pH , adsorbent dose, and contact time, were selected as input variables for RSM . Furthermore, the adsorption kinetic studies revealed that the experimental data best fitted with a pseudo‐second‐order model. Additionally, adsorption isotherm studies revealed that the obtained data were well fitted to the Langmuir isotherm model and, accordingly, the maximum adsorption capacity, q_m , was obtained at level of 111.111 mg/g.