Ce助剂对V/SiO2催化CO2氧化乙苯脱氢性能的影响

通过N₂吸附、X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、H₂程序升温还原(H₂-TPR)、CO₂程序升温脱附(CO₂-TPD)和热重分析(TGA)等多种表征手段和催化反应性能评价,研究了铈助剂的添加对V/SiO₂催化CO₂氧化乙苯脱氢性能的影响. 结果表明,Ce助剂不仅提高了催化剂活性组分分散性和氧化还原性能,抑制了钒物种的深度还原,而且增强了催化剂碱性和CO₂吸附能力,减缓了积炭生成,从而显著提高了V-Ce/SiO₂对CO₂氧化乙苯脱氢反应的催化活性和稳定性. 在本实验中,V(0.8)-Ce(0.25)/SiO₂催化剂表现出最佳的催化性能,苯乙烯(ST)收率可达55.6%,选择性为98.5%,反应12 h 后,催化剂活性基本不变,与惰性N₂气氛比较,CO₂明显促进了乙苯脱氢反应,归因于CO₂能保持催化剂表面钒物种的高价态.     

Pt/MOx(M=Ni,Fe,Co,Ce)催化剂上CO氧化反应中抗H2O与CO2的性能研究

我们研究了4种负载型Pt催化剂（1Pt/NiO、1Pt/FeO_x、1Pt/Co₃O₄和Pt/CeO₂）上不同反应条件下CO氧化活性及抗H₂O和CO₂性能.发现反应气氛中CO₂的加入与CO形成了竞争吸附,并在催化剂表面形成了碳酸盐物种堵塞了活性位,从而导致催化剂失活.反应气氛中H₂O的加入对1Pt/CeO₂催化剂的活性有所抑制,但对1Pt/FeO_x、1Pt/NiO和1Pt/Co₃O₄催化剂的活性却有促进作用.在1Pt/FeO_x和1Pt/CeO₂催化剂上的分步反应实验和动力学研究表明,尽管H₂O的加入在两种催化剂上均与CO形成了竞争吸附,但在1Pt/FeO_x催化剂上H₂O在载体表面解离形成的羟基更易与CO反应,开辟了新的反应途径,从而提高了反应性能.此外,H₂O的加入能有效分解该催化剂上的碳酸盐物种,从而保持了其稳定性.     

MgFe0.1Al1.9O4 的合成及其催化乙苯与 CO2 的氧化脱氢反应

 以柠檬酸为络合剂, 采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了具有尖晶石结构的 MgFe_0.1Al_1.9O₄ 催化剂, 并将其用于催化乙苯与 CO₂ 氧化脱氢反应. 运用 X 射线衍射、X 射线能量色散光谱分析、红外光谱、热重-差热、N₂ 吸附-脱附和 H₂ 程序升温还原等技术对催化剂进行了表征. 结果表明, 在 650 ºC 以上焙烧即可制得结构确定、组成均一的 Mg-Fe-Al-O 复合氧化物催化剂, 其中 Fe 物种主要以同晶取代的形式存在于尖晶石骨架中. 随着焙烧温度的升高, 尖晶石结晶度提高, Fe 物种还原能力下降, 催化剂晶粒度增大, 比表面积降低. 700 ºC 焙烧制备的 MgFe_0.1Al_1.9O₄ 具有较好的催化乙苯与 CO₂ 氧化脱氢反应活性和稳定性.     

环己酮肟气相Beckmann重排反应B2O3/TiO2-ZrO2催化剂的失活与再生

对环己酮肟气相Beckmann重排反应制己内酰胺B₂O₃/TiO₂-ZrO₂催化剂的失活原因和再生方法进行了研究。通过对失活催化剂进行N₂吸附、XRD、NH₃-TPD等表征后发现，引起催化剂失活的主要原因是催化剂表面因积炭所引起的酸性改变。失活催化剂在600℃于空气气氛中焙烧8h可完全恢复到新鲜催化剂的水平。     

K2CO3含量对Ni-Cu-Mn-K/Al2O3水煤气变换催化剂结构和性能的影响

以γ-Al₂O₃为载体，采用等体积浸渍法，制备了不同K₂CO₃含量的Ni-Cu-Mn-K/Al₂O₃水煤气变换催化剂，采用低温N₂吸附、XRD、TPD和TPR，考察了K₂CO₃含量对催化剂结构和性能的影响。结果表明:K₂CO₃的加入使催化剂的还原温度有所提高，适量的K₂CO₃能增加活性组分的电子密度，从而增强其给电子活化CO的能力，提高催化剂的活性。但过量的K₂CO₃使得催化剂比表面积和孔容降低，且导致催化剂对CO吸附过强，催化活性降低。当Ni-Cu-Mn-K/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂中K₂CO₃的添加量为7.5%时，且催化剂经530 ℃耐热15 h后，在350 ℃时水煤气变换反应中CO转化率达62.29%。     

CrOx/SiO2催化剂上丙烷在CO2气氛中脱氢反应的研究

采用XRD、UV-vis DRS、ESR和微分吸附量热等技术,考察了铬担载量分别为2.5、5和10wt%的CrO_x/SiO₂催化剂的结构、表面性质和氧化还原性能。结果表明,催化剂表面上存在多种Cr的氧化态和聚集形式。随着Cr担载量从2.5wt%到10wt%的逐渐增大,催化剂表面占主导地位的Cr物种由CrO₃单体转为多聚CrO₃和Cr₂O₃晶相。在CO₂气氛中催化剂对丙烷转化率和丙烯选择性的大小顺序为2.5wt%CrO_x/SiO₂>5wt%CrO_x/SiO₂>10wt%CrO_x/SiO₂,反应过程中的原位ESR和UV-visDRS测定结果表明,催化剂表面的反应活性中心为Cr⁵⁺,Cr⁵⁺可由催化剂预处理过程中Cr³⁺的氧化及丙烷反应过程中CrO₃单体的还原产生,在反应中CO₂可使Cr³⁺重新氧化为Cr⁵⁺.     

用原位红外技术研究Ag-MoO3/ZrO2催化丙烯气相环氧化反应

制备了对丙烯直接气相环氧化具有优良催化性能的Ag-MoO₃/ZrO₂催化剂, 采用原位FT-IR技术研究了丙烯、环氧丙烷及丙烯和氧气混合气在载体和催化剂上的吸附及反应行为. 研究表明, 丙烯在ZrO₂载体和20%Ag-4%MoO₃/ZrO₂催化剂上吸附后, 均不发生化学反应, 而环氧丙烷在ZrO₂载体上吸附后于400 ℃发生开环反应, 在20%Ag-4%MoO₃/ZrO₂催化剂上吸附后于300 ℃发生开环反应. 当丙烯和氧气混合气在ZrO₂载体上共吸附后, 随着反应温度从室温升高至400 ℃, 二者开始反应生成CO₂和H₂O; 混合气在20%Ag-4%MoO₃/ZrO₂催化剂上共吸附后于350 ℃开始反应. 对比非负载型Ag-MoO₃催化剂的研究结果可见, ZrO₂载体的存在使催化剂的活性下降的同时, 提高了对产物环氧丙烷的选择性.     

用原位红外技术研究Ag-MoO3/ZrO2催化丙烯气相环氧化反应

制备了对丙烯直接气相环氧化具有优良催化性能的Ag-MoO₃/ZrO₂催化剂, 采用原位FT-IR技术研究了丙烯、环氧丙烷及丙烯和氧气混合气在载体和催化剂上的吸附及反应行为. 研究表明, 丙烯在ZrO₂载体和20%Ag-4%MoO₃/ZrO₂催化剂上吸附后, 均不发生化学反应, 而环氧丙烷在ZrO₂载体上吸附后于400 ℃发生开环反应, 在20%Ag-4%MoO₃/ZrO₂催化剂上吸附后于300 ℃发生开环反应. 当丙烯和氧气混合气在ZrO₂载体上共吸附后, 随着反应温度从室温升高至400 ℃, 二者开始反应生成CO₂和H₂O; 混合气在20%Ag-4%MoO₃/ZrO₂催化剂上共吸附后于350 ℃开始反应. 对比非负载型Ag-MoO₃催化剂的研究结果可见, ZrO₂载体的存在使催化剂的活性下降的同时, 提高了对产物环氧丙烷的选择性.     

Au/α-Fe2O3 催化剂存贮失活环境因素及机理分析

 采用沉积沉淀法制备了 CO 低温氧化催化剂 Au/α-Fe₂O₃, 通过 X 射线衍射、X 射线光电子能谱、N₂ 吸附-脱附、傅里叶变换红外光谱、H₂ 程序升温还原和 CO₂ 程序升温脱附等手段对催化剂进行了表征, 探讨了在室温大气气氛下光线照射以及表面吸附等环境因素所导致的催化剂存贮失活及其作用机理. 结果表明, 经 110 ^oC 干燥的 Au/α-Fe₂O₃催化剂表面同时存在 Au³⁺和 Au^δ+ (0 ≤ δ ≤ 1) 物种, 且前者催化 CO 氧化的活性更高; 在室温大气气氛下, 紫外线照射会引起 Au³⁺的还原和 Au 颗粒的生长, 导致催化剂的不可逆失活. 此外, 空气中的 H₂O 和 CO₂ 可同时吸附在 α-Fe₂O₃的表面, 形成表面碳酸盐物种, 会引起催化剂的可逆失活.     

钒氧化物催化CO2氧化异丁烷脱氢的研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了一系列钒氧化物催化剂,并用于CO₂氧化异丁烷脱氢反应. 采用X射线衍射、低温N₂吸附-脱附、O₂程序升温氧化、程序升温表面反应和原位傅里叶变换红外光谱等方法研究了催化剂的性质. 反应结果表明,尽管所有钒氧化物催化剂的丁烯选择性都大于85%,但随着催化剂组成和制备方法的改变,催化活性和稳定性差异显著. 其中,12 wt% V₂O₅/Ce_0.6Zr_0.4O₂（7 wt%）-Al₂O₃的催化活性最高,而6 wt% V₂O₅-Ce_0.6Zr_0.4O₂（7 wt%）-Al₂O₃的稳定性最佳. 关联分析催化反应结果与催化剂表征表明,钒氧化物的催化活性取决于VO_x物种的结晶度和分散度,而催化剂表面所积重质焦炭的特性是决定催化剂稳定性的关键. 非稳态反应和原位光谱结果确认,CO₂氧化异丁烷脱氢遵循Mars-van Krevelen氧化还原机理.     

Theoretical and Experimental Study on Reaction Coupling： Dehydrogenation of Ethylbenzene in the Presence of Carbon Dioxide

Dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene (EB) to styrene (ST) in the presence of CO2, in which EB dehydrogenation is coupled with the reverse water-gas shift (RWGS), was investigated extensively through both theoretical analysis and experimental characterization. The reaction coupling proved to be superior to the single dehydrogenation in several respects. Thermodynamic analysis suggests that equilibrium conversion of EB can be improved greatly by reaction coupling due to the simultaneous elimination of the hydrogen produced from dehydrogenation. Catalytic tests proved that iron and vanadium supported on activated carbon or Al2O3 with certain promoters are potential catalysts for this coupling process. The catalysts of iron and vanadium are different in the reaction mechanism, although ST yield is always associated with CO2 conversion over various catalysts. The two-step pathway plays an important role in the coupling process over Fe/Al2O3, while the one-step pathway dominates the reaction over V/Al2O3. Coke deposition and deep reduction of active components are the major causes of catalyst deactivation. CO2 can alleviate the catalyst deactivation effectively through preserving the active species at high valence in the coupling process, though it can not suppress the coke deposition.     

Role of carbon dioxide in the ethylbenzene dehydrogenation coupled with reverse water–gas shift

The dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene (EB) to styrene (ST) in the presence of carbon dioxide instead of steam is believed to be an energy-saving and environmentally friendly process. However, the reaction mechanism for this coupling system still remains unclear. Therefore, the role of carbon dioxide was investigated by means of catalytic reactions and temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) of carbon dioxide over a series of Fe and V supported catalysts as well as thermodynamic analysis. The results showed that the ethylbenzene conversion is associated with the conversion of carbon dioxide, and that there exists a synergistic effect between the ethylbenzene dehydrogenation and the reverse water–gas shift. However, the difference in the behaviour of the catalysts between the single reverse water–gas shift and the coupled ethylbenzene dehydrogenation may suggest that the catalysts are different in the reaction mechanisms for the coupled ethylbenzene dehydrogenation. Carbon dioxide can be activated through either basic sites or redox sites on the catalyst. Based on these results, the role of carbon dioxide and reaction mechanisms are proposed.     

CO2 气氛下 MCF 负载氧化钒催化剂上乙苯脱氢反应

 以介孔氧化硅泡沫 MCF 为载体合成了一系列负载型氧化钒催化剂 (V 含量为 2%?10%). 采用 N2 吸附、X 射线衍射和 H2 程序升温还原对 V/MCF 催化剂的结构和织构性质进行了表征, 并评价了催化剂在 CO2 气氛下的乙苯脱氢性能. V/MCF 催化剂具有较高的乙苯脱氢活性, 其中 V 含量为 6% 的催化剂具有最高的反应活性. V/MCF 催化剂的乙苯脱氢活性显著高于 V/MCM-41, 这是由于前者具有较高的可还原性以及较好的扩散性能. CO2 气氛下的乙苯转化率明显高于 N2 气氛下的, 这归因于 CO2 与乙苯发生氧化脱氢, 并通过逆水煤气变换反应在线除去脱氢反应生成的氢.     

制备方法对Cr/Si-2催化剂在CO2氧化乙烷脱氢制乙烯反应中的催化性能的影响

采用直接水热合成法和浸渍法制备了相同Cr含量的Cr/Si-2催化剂,并在常压固定床微反应器上,考察了它们在CO2或者N2气氛下的乙烷脱氢制乙烯反应中的催化性能及稳定性.由于存在逆水煤气反应和Boudouard反应,CO2能显著促进乙烷的脱氢反应.不论是在CO2还是在N2气氛下,直接水热法制备的催化剂均比浸渍法制备的催化剂显示出更好的催化性能.高价态的Cr物种被认为是催化剂具有高活性的关键.在CO2气氛下的乙烷脱氢制乙烯反应中,浸渍法制备的催化剂比水热法制备的催化剂失活更快,催化剂失活速率的差异可能与它们的氧化还原性质有关.然而在N2气氛下的乙烷脱氢制乙烯反应中,这两种方法制备的催化剂失活速率差异不大.     

逆水煤气变换耦合乙烷脱氢制备乙烯反应的研究

综述了近年来国内外有关利用逆水煤气变换耦合乙烷脱氢制备乙烯反应的研究状况。SiO2和Silicalie-2分子筛担载的铬、锰、铁及稀土氧化物催化剂具有较好的催化活性。催化剂表面碱性位的存在有利于CO2的活化,消除乙烷脱氢产物H2和表面积炭,提高反应活性及催化剂的稳定性。进一步提高活性的关键是选择适且的催化剂,以增加CO2的加氢活性。该耦合反应也是充分利用低碳烷烃和CO2资源的新途径。     

Comprehensive mechanism and structure-sensitivity of ethanol oxidation on platinum: new transition-state searching method for resolving the complex reaction network

Ethanol oxidation on Pt is a typical multistep and multiselectivity heterogeneous catalytic process. A comprehensive understanding of this fundamental reaction would greatly benefit design of catalysts for use in direct ethanol fuel cells and the degradation of biomass-derived oxygenates. In this work, the reaction network of ethanol oxidation on different Pt surfaces, including close-packed Pt{111}, stepped Pt{211}, and open Pt{100}, is explored thoroughly with an efficient reaction path searching method, which integrates our new transition-state searching technique with periodic density functional theory calculations. Our new technique enables the location of the transition state and saddle points for most surface reactions simply and efficiently by optimization of local minima. We show that the selectivity of ethanol oxidation on Pt depends markedly on the surface structure, which can be attributed to the structure-sensitivity of two key reaction steps: (i) the initial dehydrogenation of ethanol and (ii) the oxidation of acetyl (CH3CO). On open surface sites, ethanol prefers C-C bond cleavage via strongly adsorbed intermediates (CH2CO or CHCO), which leads to complete oxidation to CO2. However, only partial oxidizations to CH3CHO and CH3COOH occur on Pt{111}. Our mechanism points out that the open surface Pt{100} is the best facet to fully oxidize ethanol at low coverages, which sheds light on the origin of the remarkable catalytic performance of Pt tetrahexahedra nanocrystals found recently. The physical origin of the structure-selectivity is rationalized in terms of both thermodynamics and kinetics. Two fundamental quantities that dictate the selectivity of ethanol oxidation are identified: (i) the ability of surface metal atoms to bond with unsaturated C-containing fragments and (ii) the relative stability of hydroxyl at surface atop sites with respect to other sites.     

Microcalorimetric Adsorption of Alumina Oxide Catalysts for Combination of Ethylbenzene dehydrogenation and carbon Dioxide Shift-reaction

Styrene (STY) is now produced industrially in fairly large quantities by the dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene (EB) using promoted iron oxide catalyst with superheated steam.In this case, small amount of carbon dioxide formed as a by-product was known to inhibit the catalytic activity of commercial catalyst. Recently, there have been some reports which carbon dioxide showed positive effects to promote catalytic activities on the reaction over several catalysts.In this study, we attempted to combine the dehydrogenation of EB to STY with the carbon dioxide shift-reaction. The combine reaction (EB + CO2 → STY + H2O + CO) can be considered as one of the ways of using CO2 resources and can yield simultaneously STY and Carbon oxide.Alumina oxide catalysts such as Al2O3, Na2O/Al2O3 and K2O/Al2O3 were prepared by the usual impregnation method with an aqueous solution of NaNO3 and KNO3, and then calcined at 650℃ for 5 h in a stream of air. The reaction condition is 600℃, flow of CO2 38ml/mon and space velocity (EB) 1.28h-1.     

Ni基催化剂上的乙烷部分氧化制合成气

There is abundant supply of light alkanes and relatively few routes of converting them to more valuable products. Although CH4 predominates in natural gas, it also contains C2H6, C3H8 and C4H10 (from 5 % to 30% ), and with C2H6 as the most abundant secondary component[1]. Partial oxidation of methane to syngas (CH4 +0.5O2 →CO + 2H2) over nickel-based catalysts has received intensive attention[2]and much research has been devoted to conversion of ethane to ethylene[3]. Ethylene has been shown to be formed from ethane by thermal dehydrogenation (C2H6 →C2H4 + H2) and oxidative dehydrogenation (C2H6 + 0. 5O2 →C2H4 + H2O). These processes are operated under severely fuel-rich conditions. The carbon-deposition and consequent deactivation of the catalysts are major problems, which leads to poor conversion of the above mentioned reactions. As an alternative strategy for the elaboration of ethane, little work on the partial oxidation of ethane (POE) to syngas over nickel-based catalysts has been reported. Provided it could be produced from C2H6with high selectivity and high conversion over nickel-based catalysts, syngas could be directly obtained from natural gas including CH4 and C2H6 with high selectivity and conversion. This may lead to better utilization of the light fractions from natural gas and refineries. In the present paper, POE to syngas over nickel-based catalysts was investigated.     

CO2消除镓氢物种提升Ga2O3/SiO2丙烷脱氢反应性能

丙烯是一种基础石油化工原料,在全球石油化工生产中占有重要地位.以丙烯为原料可生产许多石油化学品,如丙烯腈、环氧丙烷和聚丙烯等.经济快速发展带动了丙烯下游衍生物产业的发展,进而增加了对丙烯的需求量,因此尽管近年来丙烯产能逐年上升,丙烯产量与需求量之间仍存在较大缺口.传统的丙烯生产路径主要是石脑油蒸汽裂解和重质油催化裂化.然而,随着石油资源的短缺和页岩气的发展,丙烷脱氢作为一种直接生产丙烯的技术,成为丙烯生产领域的研究热点.近年来,镓基催化剂由于其较少的积碳和较高的催化活性受到了越来越多的关注.镓基催化剂在丙烷脱氢反应中的活性位点也得到了更多研究.在镓基催化剂中,镓氧化物具有丙烷脱氢活性,而丙烷脱氢反应过程中产生的镓氢(Gaδ+-Hx)物种不稳定,且会造成丙烯选择性降低,导致丙烯产率降低.因此,反应过程中原位消除镓氢物种对于提高丙烷脱氢反应性能具有非常重要的意义.本文将CO2作为温和氧化剂引入Ga2O3/SiO2催化的丙烷脱氢反应中,促进不利的中间产物Gaδ+-Hx的转化,再生丙烷脱氢的活性位点Ga3+-O,从而提高催化性能.原位红外光谱实验结果表明,CO2可有效消除Gaδ+-Hx.在不同反应温度下,引入CO2可显著提高Ga2O3/SiO2催化丙烷脱氢的转化率,特别是选择性.反应4.5 h时,3Ga2O3/SiO2催化丙烷脱氢的选择性从93％降低到89％;引入CO2后,丙烯选择性可提高到并维持在93％.Ga2O3负载量由3 wt％提高到10 wt％时,引入CO2仍可促进反应性能.当CO2:C3H8由0.5增加到3时,引入CO2带来的反应性能提升基本相同.同时,引入CO2大大减少反应过程中产生的积碳.本文对镓基催化剂丙烷脱氢活性中心的认识和提高丙烷脱氢反应性能提供了新方向.     

Preferential CO oxidation over Pt- and Rh-catalysts under conditions of strong CO adsorption

Reaction of preferential CO oxidation is studied over Rh-, Pt-catalysts in a flow reactor made of quartz. In the experiments, the following parameters were monitored: catalyst bed temperature at the inlet to the catalyst bed and the outlet, residual CO content (with IR-analyzer), residual O₂ content (GC analysis). In CO absence from the reaction gas, H2 is easily oxidized over Rh and Pt, and the reaction proceeds in the mode of catalytic surface ignition (CSI) with the “hot spot” at the inlet to the catalyst bed. Appearance of CO in gas at temperatures at least below 200°C leads to slow deactivation of the catalysts. The possibility of CSI mode realization under PROX conditions over a Rh-catalyst is shown. The key component of the reaction in this case is O₂—its residual content in CSI mode is less than 100 ppm. It is found that in CSI mode, a decrease in temperature increases selectivity of the reaction. Disestablishment of CSI (extinction) is accompanied over a Rh-catalyst by oscillations in catalytic activity. Possible mechanism of this oscillation phenomenon is pro-posed in connection with catalyst deactivation by CO at the inlet to the catalyst bed and with CSI at the outlet.