法拉第吸脱附偶联过程循环伏安行为的有限元分析

法拉第吸脱附偶联过程的电化学行为较为复杂,难以定量获得其表界面反应动力学信息. 本文通过COMSOL有限元软件对法拉第吸脱附偶联过程的循环伏安行为进行数值分析,研究了反应物或产物不同吸附条件下的循环伏安行为. 结果表明：当反应物或产物弱吸附时,可通过阴、阳极峰电流之差实现饱和吸附量的定量表征. 随着吸附平衡常数的增大,反应由弱吸附向强吸附过渡,峰电流由扩散峰与吸脱附峰相互重叠过渡到相互分离的吸脱附“前波”或“后波”特征. 该吸脱附特征峰的形状和位置与电势依赖的吸附平衡常数有关. 吸附平衡常数及其电势依赖程度越大,吸脱附峰偏离扩散峰越远,吸脱附峰越尖锐. 该模型为法拉第吸脱附偶联过程的循环伏安研究提供了一种定量研究方法,能够帮助研究者从复杂的吸脱附伏安行为中定量获得饱和吸附量和吸附平衡常数等信息,并对涉及吸脱附的电催化研究具有一定指导意义.     

热重分析测定脱附活化能分布研究

以脱附过程本征动力学模型为基础,提出了一种采用热重分析技术测定脱附活化能随吸附质分子表面覆盖率分布的方法。该方法通过一条热重分析曲线就可以得到清晰的脱附活化能关于覆盖率的函数表达式。采用所提出的方法,通过不同升温速率下的热重分析实验测定了芴和蒽在活性炭上脱附活化能的线性分布,结果表明覆盖率越高,脱附活化能越低。对芴和蒽,由于覆盖率上升,脱附活化能最大降幅达18.5%和15.1%。     

噻吩基氟硼二吡咯近红外光敏染料的合成、双光子荧光成像及光动力治疗研究

设计并合成了两种新型噻吩基氟硼二吡咯(Thienyl-BODIPY)近红外光敏染料ITBDP-1和ITBDP-2. 两种光敏染料的吸收和发射波长均达到近红外区, ITBDP-1的吸收与发射峰分别是617 nm和650 nm; ITBDP-2的吸收与发射峰分别是687 nm和731 nm. 两种光敏剂均具有较高的单线态氧产率, ITBDP-1与ITBDP-2的单线态氧产率(Φ_Δ)分别为51%和24%. 通过密度泛函理论(DFT)计算研究了光敏染料激发态下的能量变化, 理论计算表明, ITBDP-1和ITBDP-2在激发至单重态后可通过系间窜越(ISC)到达三重态, 从而提高单线态氧产率. ITBDP-1和ITBDP-2在A549细胞内具有良好的的荧光成像效果, 并且在900 nm激光激发下, ITBDP-1能够在斑马鱼体内显示出清晰的双光子荧光成像. 单线态氧成像实验证明了光敏染料在光激发下可以在肿瘤细胞和斑马鱼中产生单线态氧. 通过噻唑蓝(MTT)比色法测定了两种光敏染料的光毒性和暗毒性, ITBDP-1和ITBDP-2的最大半抑制浓度(IC₅₀)分别为2.22 μmol•L^-1和2.86 μmol•L^-1, 并且无光照条件下细胞的存活率在80%以上, 证明了两种光敏染料均具有较高的光毒性和良好的生物相容性. ITBDP-1和ITBDP-2可以在近红外光激发下实现荧光成像指导的光动力学治疗, 并且可以实现生物体内的双光子荧光成像, 这一结果也为噻吩基氟硼二吡咯光敏染料在长波激发下的双光子光动力学治疗应用打下了基础.     

双光子感生荧光法快速测量大气汞浓度的研究

用双光子感生荣光法对大气中汞浓度的快速测量进行了实验研究。用波长约为280.3 nm的激光将汞原子从基态激发到6~1D_2态,测量从该激发态退激所发出的579.1nm的荧光。当测量时间仅为2 s时,获得的检测限为2.2×10~9个原子/cm~3。通过进一步改进,可获得更低的检测限10~5～10~6个原子/cm~3。     

溶酶体靶向吲哚氟硼二吡咯光敏剂的合成、 双光子荧光成像及光动力治疗

通过Knoevenagel缩合反应制备了一个具有溶酶体靶向的近红外光敏剂IMBDP-Lys, 用于双光子荧光成像和光动力治疗. IMBDP-Lys由2个吲哚吗啉功能团连接到氟硼二吡咯(BODIPY)母核的3?位和8?位构筑而成, 是一种重原子诱导的光敏剂. 采用高斯09W理论计算光敏剂S₁态和T₂态能量值相差0.12 eV, 可以有效地发生系间窜越. 在二氯甲烷溶液中, 光敏剂IMBDP-Lys的最大吸收波长为631 nm, 最大发射波长为684 nm. 在 660 nm的光照下, 以亚甲基蓝为参比, 单线态氧量子产率经计算为48.3%. 此外, 含有2个吗啉基团的光敏剂IMBDP-Lys具有良好的生物相容性和精准的靶向能力, 可以快速地进入斑马鱼体内进行双光子荧光成像, 并且与溶酶体绿色染料Lyso-Tracker Green共定位系数为0.95. 溴化噻唑蓝四氮唑(MTT)实验结果表明, 光敏剂具有低的暗毒性(≥85%)和高的光毒性(IC₅₀=0.52 μmol/L). 在660 nm的光照下, 利用活性氧荧光探针2’,7’-二氯二氢荧光素二乙酸酯（DCFH-DA）证明光敏剂可以产生活性氧, 同时吖啶橙/溴化乙锭(AO/EB)染色实验和细胞迁移实验表明产生的活性氧不仅能诱导A549细胞凋亡, 还能有效地抑制肿瘤细胞迁移. 因此, 近红外光敏剂IMBDP-Lys在双光子荧光成像和溶酶体靶向的光动力治疗中具有重要的应用价值.     

d原子轨道的形状究竟是怎样的?

氢原子轨道的概念是高等学校化学中的一个基础概念,但由于大家都是通过原子轨道的经向分布图和角度分布图来把握轨道(以及电子云)的形状的,这种把握往往不见得准确。这里,作者提供在研制“分子波函数等值面投影图绘图程序”过程中,所绘得的各氢原子轨道的电子云界面图或等值面图(见下图),这些图形清楚地反映了轨道形状的细节。特别有趣的是d原子轨道。与以往介绍的d轨道     

含吩噻嗪锌、镉配合物的双光子激发荧光光谱

报道了两种新型配体(10-乙基-3-甲酰吩噻嗪缩肼基二硫代甲酸甲酯(HL¹)及10-乙基-3-甲酰吩噻嗪缩肼基二硫代甲酸苄酯(HL²))及其锌、镉配合物的双光子(激发)荧光性质. 入射激光强度与荧光强度关系的实验测定证明了发射光为双光子激发荧光. 比较了它们在800和400 nm激发波长下的双光子激发光谱和单光子激发光谱特性. 在800 nm的脉冲激光的激发下, 它们均显示出较强的峰值位于550 ~ 595 nm的双光子激发荧光. 用开孔Z-扫描装置测得它们在1064 nm处均具有较大的双光子吸收截面.     

用分子轨道理论研究NO气体在TiO2表面吸附

根据一氧化氮(NO)气体在二氧化钛(TiO)表面吸附和脱附的实验结果,揭示了气体脱附量的变化规律．利用MOPAC和GAUSSIAN分子轨道理论计算了在TiO2(110)表面上吸附NO分子的原子簇模型,电荷分布以及原子簇的能级,推断了NO在TiO(110)表面吸附的稳定性．     

Ar原子电离能谱和Ar3p电子动量谱研究

电子动量谱学（ElectronMomentumSPectroscoP则是近．二十年来发展起来的一种新兴的探测原子、分子和固体结构的手段，它不仅能够获得轨道结合能的信息，而且能够能壳分辨地得到轨道电子的动量分布（即动量表象中的波函数模方）；同时它还是研究电子关联的最有效的实验手段．其     

水溶性荧光聚合物纳米粒的制备及双光子成像

报道了一种能用于活细胞双光子荧光(TPF)成像的水溶性聚合物纳米粒。首先以含双羧基的萘酰亚胺作为交联剂和荧光标记试剂,通过对聚乙烯亚胺发生交联反应制备纳米粒子,然后对其结构形态、单双光子荧光性能及细胞毒性进行测试。结果表明,获得的纳米粒为球形,粒径为5~10 nm;以443或800 nm为激发波长,荧光发射波长均为536 nm;在pH 4.0~9.0范围内,其荧光无明显变化;在pH 7.4的溶液中和激发光为443 nm的条件下,对其连续测定1.2万次后荧光强度变化不超过1%,说明其酸碱稳定性和光稳定性较好;浓度在15 mg/L以下及与细胞作用时间在24 h以内细胞毒性较低。最后,用双光子共聚焦荧光显微镜观察了其在Hela细胞中的TPF成像性能。将Hela细胞与纳米粒共同孵育2 h后,在800 nm激光激发下,在细胞中可观察到其绿色荧光。此纳米粒可望用于靶向性双光子荧光成像探针的开发。     

Photoelectron angular distributions from autoionizing 4s¹4p⁶6p¹ states in atomic krypton probed with femtosecond time resolution

Photoelectron angular distributions (PADs) are obtained for a pair of 4s(1)4p(6)6p(1) (a singlet and a triplet) autoionizing states in atomic krypton. A high-order harmonic pulse is used to excite the pair of states and a time-delayed 801 nm ionization pulse probes the PADs to the final 4s(1)4p(6) continuum with femtosecond time resolution. The ejected electrons are detected with velocity map imaging to retrieve the time-resolved photoelectron spectrum and PADs. The PAD for the triplet state is inherently separable by virtue of its longer autoionization lifetime. Measuring the total signal over time allows for the PADs to be extracted for both the singlet state and the triplet state. Anisotropy parameters for the triplet state are measured to be β(2)=0.55 ± 0.17 and β(4)=-0.01 ± 0.10, while the singlet state yields β(2)=2.19 ± 0.18 and β(4)=1.84 ± 0.14. For the singlet state, the ratio of radial transition dipole matrix elements, X, of outgoing S to D partial waves and total phase shift difference between these waves, Δ, are determined to be X=0.56 ± 0.08 and Δ=2.19 ± 0.11 rad. The continuum quantum defect difference between the S and D electron partial waves is determined to be -0.15 ± 0.03 for the singlet state. Based on previous analyses, the triplet state is expected to have anisotropy parameters independent of electron kinetic energy and equal to β(2)=5∕7 and β(4)=-12∕7. Deviations from the predicted values are thought to be a result of state mixing by spin-orbit and configuration interactions in the intermediate and final states; theoretical calculations are required to quantify these effects.     

I(-)·(CH3I)2 photoexcitation: the influence of dipole bound states on detachment and fragmentation

We present the results of a photoelectron imaging study of the I(-)·(CH(3)I)(2) cluster anion over excitation wavelengths 355-260 nm. The resulting spectra and photoelectron angular distributions (PADs) suggest extensive electron-molecule interaction following photoexcitation. Fragmentation channels are observed subsequent to excitation between 355 and 330 nm. The origin of these features, which begin 200 meV and peak 70 meV below the X band direct detachment threshold, is described in terms of a predissociative dipole bound state. The nature of the fragments detected and the energetics of the channel opening argue strongly in favor of an asymmetric, head to tail cluster anion geometry posited by Dessent et al. [Acc. Chem. Res. 31, 527 (1998)]. Above the direct detachment threshold, PADs display evidence of phenomena akin to electron-molecule scattering. The fragment anions disappear above the X band threshold but reappear some distance below the second (A) direct detachment band. At these energies there is also rapid variation of the X band PAD, an observation attributed to autodetachment via spin-orbit relaxation of the iodine core of the cluster.     

Complete determination of the photoionization dynamics of a polyatomic molecule. II. Determination of radial dipole matrix elements and phases from experimental photoelectron angular distributions from A1Au acetylene

We present a fit to photoelectron angular distributions (PADs) measured following the photoionization of rotationally selected A1Au state acetylene. In the case of the 4(1)2Sigmau- vibronic state of the ion, we are able to use this fit to make a complete determination of the radial dipole matrix elements and phases connecting the prepared level to each photoelectron partial wave. We have also investigated other Renner-Teller subbands with a view to disentangling geometrical and dynamical contributions to the resulting PADs.     

局域表面等离子体共振辅助的金纳米棒/聚合物纳米复合材料的双光子聚合

本文研究了金纳米棒的局域表面等离子体共振效应在双光子聚合过程中的作用,即当激发光与金纳米棒表面等离子体共振波长相匹配时,会在金纳米棒表面产生很强的局域电磁场,从而引发双光子聚合。通过采用与金纳米棒表面等离子体共振波长相同的飞秒激光,在低于光刻胶聚合阈值的功率下照射含有金纳米棒的光刻胶,制备聚合物包覆金纳米棒的纳米复合材料。透射电子显微镜结果表明,当飞秒激光功率为0.6 W、光斑直径为1.6 cm、照射时间为0.3 s时,金纳米棒表面成功聚合上厚度为5 nm左右的聚合物。本研究在制备聚合物/金属纳米粒子方面提供了一种简单可行的方法,有望在纳米光子学、纳米传感器等新兴领域得到应用。     

Complete determination of the photoionization dynamics of a polyatomic molecule. I. Experimental photoelectron angular distributions from A1Au acetylene

Angle-resolved photoelectron spectra from rotationally selected A1Au state acetylene have been recorded using velocity-map imaging. Several Renner-Teller split vibrational bands have been observed and assigned, showing good agreement with previous zero kinetic energy photoelectron (ZEKE) work [S. T. Pratt, P. M. Dehmer, and J. L. Dehmer, J. Chem. Phys. 99, 6233 (1993); S.-J. Tang, Y.-C. Chou, J. J.-M. Lin, and Y.-C. Hsu, ibid. 125, 133201 (2006).] The extracted photoelectron angular distributions (PADs) corresponding to these bands show a strong dependence on the vibronic angular momentum projection quantum number K+. Subbands with odd K+ show PADs with maximum intensity along the polarization vector of the ionizing laser beam, while those with even K+ show PADs with maximum intensity perpendicular to this direction. Velocity-map images recorded at low photoelectron energies approach rotational resolution of the ion, and the evolution of the PADs with increasing rotational level prepared in the A1Au state indicates the potential of a "complete" determination of the photoionization dynamics of the A1Au state. This is further investigated in the following paper.     

Two-photon fluorescent probes for long-term imaging of calcium waves in live tissue

2-Acetyl-6-(dimethylamino)naphthalene-derived two-photon fluorescent Ca2+ probes (ACa1-ACa3) are reported. They can be excited by a 780 nm laser beam, show 23-50-fold enhancement in one- and two-photon excited fluorescence in response to Ca2+, emit fourfold stronger two-photon excited fluorescence than Oregon Green 488 BAPTA-1 upon complexation with Ca2+, and can selectively detect intracellular free Ca2+ ions in live cells and living tissues with minimum interference from other metal ions and membrane-bound probes. Moreover, these probes are capable of monitoring calcium waves at a depth of 120-170 microm in live tissues for 1100-4000 s using two-photon microscopy with no artifacts of photobleaching.     

Two-photon and multi-photon excitation of naphthalene in the vapor phase,studied by excitation and fluorescence spectra

Naphthalene vapor is irradiated by μsec dye laser pulses of 150 kW peak power and a spectral bandwidth of 0.3 nm. A two-photon excitation spectrum is detected by monitoring the near UV fluorescence as a function of laser wavelength which is tuned between 570 and 610 nm. The fluorescence obtained by irradiation into the strongest band of the two-photon spectrum could be spectroscopically resolved using a bandwidth of 80 cm^?1. The spectrum exhibits vibrational structure which lies on a strong non-resolved background. From information in both spectra it can be definitely concluded that vibronic levels of B_3u × b_3u species in the lowest singlet state are predominantly excited in a two-photon process. The non-resolved background in the fluorescence spectrum is attributed to subsequent excitation of the two-photon state by a third photon. Further stepwise excitation in the strong radiation field of the laser is also taken into account.     

Photoelectron studies on vibronic coupling in pyrazine

Ionization pathways from the S(1) and T(1) states of pyrazine are investigated using one- and two-photon ionization of the excited state by both resonance enhanced multiphoton ionization photoelectron spectroscopy and zero electron kinetic energy pulsed field ionization techniques. For the triplet manifold, we show that two-photon ionization of T(1) is enhanced by a vibronically induced resonance for which we determine the inducing mode and the nature of the intermediate state, as well as the (3)3s(n(-1)) Rydberg state. For the singlet manifold, we identify the mode responsible for the vibronically induced intensity of a 3p Rydberg state that was previously found to greatly perturb the 1+2(') photoelectron spectrum of S(1) by a resonance at the two-photon level.     

The mechanism of matrix to analyte proton transfer in clusters of 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid and the tripeptide VPL

Intracluster proton transfer from the matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization matrix 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB) to the peptide valyl-prolyl-leucine has been investigated as a function of excitation laser wavelength and power. Ionization laser power studies at 308 nm indicate that cluster ionization occurs with a two-photon dependence, whereas matrix-to-analyte proton transfer and cluster dissociation requires an additional photon. At 266 nm, two-photon absorption leads to both cluster ionization and cluster dissociation/proton transfer. A consideration of these results clearly indicates that analyte protonation occurs following ionization of the cluster to produce a radical cation matrix/analyte cluster. Mass spectral features also indicate that mixed DHB/peptide cluster ionization can occur via two-photon ionization at wavelengths as long as 355 nm. These results suggest a reduction in the ionization potential of larger mixed DHB/peptide clusters of greater than 1 eV. The reduced ionization potential seen in these clusters suggests that radical cation initiated proton transfer remains a viable mechanism for analyte protonation in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization at these longer wavelengths.     

RAPID COMMUNICATION

Abstract— We show that the calcium fiuorophore Indo-1 can be excited by simultaneous absorption of three-photons at 885 nra, a wavelength readily available from Ti:sapphire lasers. Three-photon excitation was demonstrated by the emission intensity of Indo-1 which depended on the cube of the laser power, and by a higher anisotropy than was observed for two-photon excitation. Excitation of Indo-1 becomes a two-photon process when the wavelength is decreased to 820 nm. Three-photon excitation was accomplished at a low 17μ concentration of Indo-1. Examination of the spatial profile of the excited Indo-1 showed a smaller volume for three- versus two-photon excitation. These results suggest that three-photon excitation may be useful in fluorescence microscopy using the long wavelength output of Tksapphire lasers, and may provide higher spatial resolution than available using two-photon excitation.