MOFs衍生炭负载的钴基催化剂的廉价制备及其CO加氢催化性能

以对苯二甲酸(H_2BDC)为配体、乙酸钴为Co源、水作溶剂,通过共沉淀法合成了金属有机框架材料(Co-BDC M OFs);以其为前驱体分别在乙炔和氩气氛下采用化学气相沉积法制备了核壳结构Co@C催化剂。结合XRD、氮吸附、SEM、TEM、XPS、TGA和Raman光谱等手段对Co@C催化剂的结构和组成进行了表征,考察了该催化剂在费托合成反应中的活性及稳定性。结果表明,炭化气氛对炭层结构的石墨化程度有较大影响,而对金属Co核的物相结构和粒径影响较小;乙炔气氛有助于形成多孔的石墨炭壳,从而促进烃链的生长,Co@C-C_2H_2催化剂上的C_(5+)烃产物选择性高达82. 66%,反应过程中催化剂物相由单相金属Co转变为金属Co与Co_2C的混合相,且无失活现象发生,表明Co_2C具有较高的费托反应催化活性。     

铁基催化剂在COx加氢制高附加值烃反应中的应用

化石燃料的广泛使用导致大气中CO₂的排放量急剧增加,进而引起全球变暖和海洋酸化等一系列问题.CO加氢(费托合成)反应是利用非石油来源的原料生产液体燃料和化学品的一种重要途径.同时,利用可再生的H₂将CO₂转化为高附加值的产品有利于减少对化石燃料的依赖,减轻由于大气中CO₂浓度过高带来的负面影响.开发新型、高效、稳定的催化剂是费托合成和CO₂加氢制高附加值烃的关键因素之一.Fe基、Co基和Ru基催化剂是费托合成中常用的催化剂.而在CO₂加氢反应中,Co基和Ru基催化剂上主要发生甲烷化反应,几乎没有长链烃生成.Fe基催化剂在费托合成和CO₂加氢反应中均表现出优异的催化生成长链烃性能.同时,Fe储量丰富和价格便宜的特点也促进Fe基催化剂在两个反应中的广泛应用.一般认为,在Fe基催化剂上CO₂通过逆水煤气变换反应生成CO,CO通过费托合成反应继续加氢生成烃类.因此,CO₂加氢反应和费托合成反应有相似之处,同时也有较大的区别.本文从活性相、助剂和载体的角度综述了各组分在Fe基催化剂催化CO/CO₂加氢反应中的作用,总结了其中的区别与联系.催化剂在反应中会发生复杂的相变过程,形成多种铁物种;其中,碳化铁(χ-Fe₅C₂,ε-Fe₂C,Fe₇C₃和θ-Fe₃C)在费托合成反应中是C-C偶联的活性相,但对于θ-Fe₃C现还存在一些争议.在CO₂加氢反应中Fe₃O₄催化逆水煤气变换反应,碳化铁催化CO加氢反应.金属助剂对CO/CO₂加氢反应的促进作用较为相似,在两个反应中碱金属的促进作用最为明显.费托合成反应对载体有较强的适应性,而CO₂加氢反应对载体敏感性较强,Al₂O₃,ZrO₂和碳材料载体效果较好.本文还总结了近些年来基于对活性相、助剂和载体的深入理解设计制备的一些新型催化剂及其在费托合成和CO₂加氢反应中的应用,包括具有新颖结构的催化剂、金属-有机骨架衍生催化剂以及与沸石分子筛结合的双功能催化剂.最后,还分析了目前Fe基催化剂在费托合成和CO₂加氢反应应用中所面临的问题和挑战,并对未来的发展趋势进行了展望.     

铁基催化剂在COx加氢制高附加值烃反应中的应用

化石燃料的广泛使用导致大气中CO₂的排放量急剧增加,进而引起全球变暖和海洋酸化等一系列问题.CO加氢(费托合成)反应是利用非石油来源的原料生产液体燃料和化学品的一种重要途径.同时,利用可再生的H₂将CO₂转化为高附加值的产品有利于减少对化石燃料的依赖,减轻由于大气中CO₂浓度过高带来的负面影响.开发新型、高效、稳定的催化剂是费托合成和CO₂加氢制高附加值烃的关键因素之一.Fe基、Co基和Ru基催化剂是费托合成中常用的催化剂.而在CO₂加氢反应中,Co基和Ru基催化剂上主要发生甲烷化反应,几乎没有长链烃生成.Fe基催化剂在费托合成和CO₂加氢反应中均表现出优异的催化生成长链烃性能.同时,Fe储量丰富和价格便宜的特点也促进Fe基催化剂在两个反应中的广泛应用.一般认为,在Fe基催化剂上CO₂通过逆水煤气变换反应生成CO,CO通过费托合成反应继续加氢生成烃类.因此,CO₂加氢反应和费托合成反应有相似之处,同时也有较大的区别.本文从活性相、助剂和载体的角度综述了各组分在Fe基催化剂催化CO/CO₂加氢反应中的作用,总结了其中的区别与联系.催化剂在反应中会发生复杂的相变过程,形成多种铁物种;其中,碳化铁(χ-Fe₅C₂,ε-Fe₂C,Fe₇C₃和θ-Fe₃C)在费托合成反应中是C-C偶联的活性相,但对于θ-Fe₃C现还存在一些争议.在CO₂加氢反应中Fe₃O₄催化逆水煤气变换反应,碳化铁催化CO加氢反应.金属助剂对CO/CO₂加氢反应的促进作用较为相似,在两个反应中碱金属的促进作用最为明显.费托合成反应对载体有较强的适应性,而CO₂加氢反应对载体敏感性较强,Al₂O₃,ZrO₂和碳材料载体效果较好.本文还总结了近些年来基于对活性相、助剂和载体的深入理解设计制备的一些新型催化剂及其在费托合成和CO₂加氢反应中的应用,包括具有新颖结构的催化剂、金属-有机骨架衍生催化剂以及与沸石分子筛结合的双功能催化剂.最后,还分析了目前Fe基催化剂在费托合成和CO₂加氢反应应用中所面临的问题和挑战,并对未来的发展趋势进行了展望.     

助剂对Co/Al2O3催化剂浆态床费托合成反应性能影响

考察了ZrO₂、Ru或Pt助剂对Co/Al₂O₃催化剂结构及浆态床费托合成反应性能的影响。实验结果表明,添加ZrO₂助剂可阻止或降低难还原铝酸钴的形成、促进催化剂的还原、提高Co/Al₂O₃催化剂对费托合成反应的催化活性、降低甲烷选择性并提高C₅₊烃选择性。H₂-TPR表征结果表明,少量Ru或Pt助剂均能降低Co-ZrO₂/Al₂O₃催化剂中钴物种还原温度(Co₃O₄→CoO和CoO→Co⁰),提高催化剂的还原度,催化剂呈现出良好的CO加氢反应活性。此外,催化剂组分间浸渍次序对费托合成反应性能有重要影响,载体γ-Al₂O₃先浸渍Zr组分,可有效抑制难还原化合物形成;Co、Ru组分共浸渍加强了Co和Ru组分密切接触程度,更利于钴物种的还原;Co、Pt组分依次浸渍更利于活性组分的均匀分布,催化剂具有最佳的费托合成反应性能。     

核-壳结构Pd-Co3O4@SiO2催化剂的低浓度甲烷催化燃烧性能

用自组装法制备了一种具有核–壳结构的Pd-Co₃O₄@SiO₂催化剂,对其低浓度甲烷催化燃烧性能进行了研究。TEM、XRD、H₂-TPR表征及催化活性测试结果表明,SiO₂壳内的PdO与CoO_x之间的强相互作用,使得Pd-Co₃O₄@SiO₂对低浓度甲烷燃烧具有优异的催化活性。同时,与负载型Pd/Co₃O₄-SiO₂及Pd/Co₃O₄@SiO₂催化剂相比,核-壳型Pd-Co₃O₄@SiO₂催化剂经800 ℃煅烧后仍能保持较好的核-壳结构,有效地避免了Pd和Co活性物种的高温烧结,因而具有更高的热稳定性。     

高比表面积双孔SiO2负载钴基催化剂费托合成反应性能研究

载体的结构可以显著影响钴基费托合成催化剂的活性和产物选择性。大孔结构载体可以改善反应物和产物的传质情况,提升CO转化活性和C₅₊产物选择性;高比表面积载体有利于使负载的金属分散,提高催化剂的金属利用效率和稳定性。然而,要获得同时具备高比表面积和大孔结构特征的载体相对困难。本研究采用结构导向水解法,合成了一种比表面积达1103.2 m²/g的介孔(2.9 nm)-大孔(63.8 nm)双孔二氧化硅(BP-SiO₂)载体,研究了其负载钴催化剂的费托合成反应性能。结果表明,相对规整介孔SBA-15分子筛负载的钴催化剂Co/SBA-15,210℃反应时,催化剂Co/BP-SiO₂的CO转化率提高33.3%,CH₄选择性降低30.1%,C₅₊选择性增加到80.0%,稳定性显著增强。     

金属-有机骨架衍生催化剂在二氧化碳加氢和费托合成反应中的应用

CO₂加氢和费托合成反应是C1化学中重要的研究领域,CO₂加氢制备高附加值化学品和燃料有助于降低大气中CO₂浓度,减轻化石燃料消耗的压力;费托合成反应是以非石油资源为原料生产液体燃料和化学品的重要路径。 开发新型、高效、稳定的催化剂是CO₂加氢和费托合成反应的关键点之一。 利用金属-有机骨架(Metal-Organic Frameworks,MOFs)材料的特点制备的MOFs衍生催化剂在CO₂加氢和费托合成反应中具有较好的应用前景。 本文综述了CO₂加氢和费托合成反应中MOFs衍生催化剂的制备方法,以及催化剂在各反应中的催化性能,并对目前所存在的问题以及今后的发展进行了总结和展望。     

预处理Fe基催化剂CO加氢合成低碳烯烃选择性影响研究

研究了Fe₂O₃在CO和H₂气氛下预处理对催化剂物相、表面组成和性质的影响及CO加氢合成低碳烯烃反应行为。结果表明,300℃ H₂预处理后催化剂主要物相结构为Fe₃O₄和α-Fe,250℃ CO预处理后主要物相为Fe₃O₄,随着CO预处理温度的升高,有碳化铁生成。表面碳化物含量随着CO预处理温度的升高而增加。CO较H₂预处理表面碱性增强,CO₂和CO吸附显著增加,随着预处理时间的延长,表面积炭降低了CO₂和CO吸附。经CO预处理的催化剂具有较高的烯烃选择性,H₂预处理的催化剂烯烃选择性相对较低。     

合成气一步法制备二甲醚核壳结构催化剂的制备及其反应性能

以生物质(葡萄糖、蔗糖、淀粉)为模板剂,通过水热合成法制备具有核壳结构的CuO-ZnO-Al₂O₃@Al₂O₃复合催化剂,该催化剂以甲醇合成催化剂CuO-ZnO-Al₂O₃为核,甲醇脱水催化剂Al₂O₃为壳.SEM-EDS对催化剂核壳结构的表征发现,通过改变水热合成温度和合成时间可以调变催化剂中Al₂O₃壳层的厚度.将该复合催化剂用于合成气直接制备二甲醚的反应,在空速1 500 mL/(h·g_cat)、温度260 ℃、压力5.0 MPa的条件下,CO转化率和二甲醚选择性分别达到35.2%和61.1%.     

费托合成铁基催化剂中Fe3O4含量对CO2选择性的影响

本研究以共沉淀法制备的α-Fe₂O₃催化剂为前驱体，通过调变碳化温度和碳化时间制备了不同物相组成的系列催化剂，采用XRD、M?ssbauer谱、XPS和Raman光谱等技术考察了催化剂体相和表面物相组成，在此基础上研究了不同条件下(不同CO转化率和H₂O分压)催化剂的物相组成与催化剂性能之间的关系，重点探究了费托合成条件下CO₂生成的活性相。结果表明，升高碳化温度和延长碳化时间有利于Fe₃O₄向碳化铁转变。在典型的费托合成条件下，催化剂的活性受到碳化铁含量和积炭程度的共同影响。当H₂O分压较低时，动力学因素限制了水煤气变换(WGS)反应的进行，CO₂选择性仅受CO转化率的影响，Fe₃O₄含量变化对CO₂选择性无明显影响；而在较高的H₂O分压下，随着催化剂中Fe₃O₄含量增加，CO     

A zirconium modified Co/SiO2 Fischer-Tropsch catalyst prepared by dielectric-barrier discharge plasma

Co/SiO₂ and zirconium promoted Co/Zr/SiO₂ catalysts were prepared using dielectric-barrier discharge (DBD) plasma instead of the conventional thermal calcination method. Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis (FTS) performances of the catalyst were evaluated in a fixed bed reactor. The results indicated that the catalyst treated by DBD plasma shows the higher FTS activity and yield of heavy hydrocarbons as compared with that treated by the conventional thermal calcination method. Increase in CO conversion was unnoticeable on the Co/SiO₂ catalyst, but significant on the Co/Zr/SiO₂ catalyst, both prepared by DBD plasma. On the other hand, heavy hydrocarbon selectivity and chain growth probability (α value) were enhanced on all the catalysts prepared by the DBD plasma. In order to study the effect of the DBD plasma treatment on the FTS performance, the catalysts were characterized by N₂-physisorption, H₂-temperature programed reduction (H₂-TPR), H₂-temperature-programmed desorption (H₂-TPD) and oxygen titration, transmission electron microscope (TEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). It was proved that, compared with the traditional calcination method, DBD plasma not only could shorten the precursor decomposition time, but also could achieve better cobalt dispersion, smaller Co₃O₄ cluster size and more uniform cobalt distribution. However, cobalt reducibility was hindered to some extent in the Co/SiO₂ catalyst prepared by DBD plasma, while the zirconium additive prevented significantly the decrease in cobalt reducibility and increased cobalt dispersion as well as the FTS performance.     

Characterization and catalytic behavior of EDTA modified silica nanosprings (NS)-supported cobalt catalyst for Fischer-Tropsch CO-hydrogenation

The effect of ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid(EDTA) modification on the physico-chemical properties and catalytic performance of silica nanosprings(NS) supported cobalt(Co) catalyst was investigated in the conversion of syngas(H~(2+) CO) to hydrocarbons by Fischer-Tropsch synthesis(FTS). The unmodified Co/NS and modified Co/NS-EDTA catalysts were synthesized via an impregnation method. The prepared Co/NS and Co/NS-EDTA catalysts were characterized before the FTS reaction by BET surface area,X-ray diffraction(XRD),transmission electron microscopy(TEM),temperature programmed reduction(TPR),X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS),differential thermal analysis(DTA) and thermogravimetric analysis(TGA) in order to find correlations between physico-chemical properties of catalysts and catalytic performance. FTS was carried out in a quartz fixedbed microreactor(H_2/CO of 2 ∶1,230 ℃ and atmospheric pressure) and the products trapped and analyzed by GC-TCD and GC-MS to determine CO conversion and reaction selectivity. The experimental results indicated that the modified Co/NS-EDTA catalyst displayed a more-dispersed phase of Co_3O_4 nanoparticles(10.9%) and the Co_3O_4 average crystallite size was about 12.4 nm. The EDTA modified catalyst showed relatively higher CO conversion(70.3%) and selectivity toward C_(6-18)(JP-8,Jet A and diesel) than the Co/NS catalyst(C_(6-14))(JP-4).     

Effect of the pore size of Co/SBA-15 isomorphically substituted with zirconium on its catalytic performance in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis

Cobalt catalysts supported on a series of mesoporous SBA-15 materials isomorphically substituted with zirconium (Zr/Si atomic ratio = 1/20) with different pore sizes (5.7 nm, 7.8 nm, 11.6 nm, 17.6 nm) have been synthesized. The catalysts were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, ²⁹Si solid state magic angle spinning (MAS) NMR, N₂ adsorption-desorption measurements, X-ray powder diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, H₂-temperature programmed reduction, H₂-temperature programmed desorption and O₂ titrations. The results indicated that larger pore size led to weaker interactions between cobalt and the supports which lowered the temperature of both reduction steps (Co₃O₄→CoO and CoO→Co⁰). The catalytic performances of the catalysts in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) were tested in a fixed bed reactor. It was found that the FTS catalytic activity and product selectivity depended strongly on the pore size of the catalysts. The catalyst with a pore size of 7.8 nm showed the best FTS activity, and the catalyst with a pore size of 17.6 nm showed the highest selectivity to C₁₂–C₂₀ and C₂₀₊ hydrocarbons.     

Mass- and heat-transfer-enhanced catalyst system for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis in fixed-bed reactors

Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) was carried out using Al₂O₃-supported Co catalyst coated on metallic monolith. Considering the liberation of a large amont of heat from the highly exothermic FTS reaction, catalytic activity of Co catalyst coated on metallic monolith was tested and compared with that of pellet-type catalysts. The reaction was carried out in a conventional tubular fixed-bed reactor and simulated distillation (SIMDIS) analysis method was used to determine the liquid products distribution. Proper control of degree of reaction, as well as the reaction temperature gave rise to a shift of products selectivity toward higher hydrocarbons, especially C₁₃?C₁₈ diesel range hydrocarbons.     

Formation of Co-Ru/MgO/Al<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>3</Subscript> catalysts for the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis: A magnetic method for the estimation of cobalt particle size

The physicochemical properties of Co-supported catalysts were studied, and the particle size of Co in Co/MgO/Al₂O₃ and Co-0.2% Ru/MgO/Al₂O₃ catalysts for the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) was estimated using a magnetic method. It was found that a considerable fraction of superparamagnetic Co particles, which increase selectivity for C₅₊ hydrocarbons and decrease the yield of methane in the FTS, was present in a ruthenium-containing catalyst along with single-domain ferromagnetic particles. In this case, the catalyst activity increased by a factor of 10.     

Isothermal gravimetry and magnetic properties of CoOMoO3γAl2O3 catalysts

Isothermal gravimetry and magnetic susceptibility of MoO₃, MoAl₂O₃, CoAl₂O₃ and CoMoAl₂O₃ with/without Na⁺ ions have been studied in order to investigate the reducibility of the systems in H₂ H₂—hydrocarbons and H₂—hydro-carbon—thiophene. These studies have evidenced the formation of metallic cobalt during reduction of cobalt—moly catalysts containing Na⁺ ions in the Al₂O₃ support. This metallic cobalt accelerates the reduction of supported MoO₃. However, in the absence of sodium, cobalt exerts an inhibitory influence on the reduction of MoAl₂O₃. The inhibition is caused mainly due to retention of the water evolved during the process by well-dispersed Co²⁺ ions which are incapable of undergoing reduction. The presence of sulfur also kelps in suppressing the reduction to cobalt metal.     

Synthesis of SWNTs over nanoporous Co-Mo/MgO and using as a catalyst support for selective hydrogenation of syngas to hydrocarbon

Single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) with high surface area were synthesized over nanoporous Co-Mo/MgO by a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method. The SWNTs were used as catalyst support for selective hydrogenation of syngas to hydrocarbons. Here an extensive study of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) on CNT-supported cobalt catalysts with different amounts of cobalt loading up to 40 wt% is reported. The catalysts were characterized by different methods including N2 adsorption-desorption, X-ray diffraction, hydrogen chemisorption, inductively coupled plasma (ICP) and temperature-programmed reduction. Enhancement of the reducibility of Co3O4 to CoO, CoO to Coo and small cobalt oxide particles, dispersion of the cobalt, and activity and selectivity of FTS were investigated and compared with a conventional support. The CNT supported catalysts achieve a high dispersion and high loading of the active metal, cobalt in particular, so that the bulk formation of cobalt metal, which tends to occur in conventional support, can be avoided. The results showed that the specific activity of CNT supported catalysts increase significantly (there is a two fold increase in CO Conversion per gram of the active metal) with respect to the conventional supported catalyst.     

Syntheis of SWNTs over Co-Mo/MgO Nanoporous and using as a catalyst support for selective hydrogenation of syn gas to hydrocarbon

Single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) with high surface area were synthesized over nanoporous Co-Mo/MgO by a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method. The SWNTs were used as catalyst support for selective hydrogenation of syngas to hydrocarbons. Here an extensive study of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) on CNT-supported cobalt catalysts with different amounts of cobalt loading up to 40 wt% is reported. The catalysts were characterized by different methods including N2 adsorption-desorption, X-ray diffraction, hydrogen chemisorption, inductively coupled plasma (ICP) and temperature-programmed reduction. Enhancement of the reducibility of Co3O4 to CoO, CoO to Coo and small cobalt oxide particles, dispersion of the cobalt, and activity and selectivity of FTS were investigated and compared with a conventional support. The CNT supported catalysts achieve a high dispersion and high loading of the active metal, cobalt in particular, so that the bulk formation of cobalt metal, which tends to occur in conventional support, can be avoided. The results showed that the specific activity of CNT supported catalysts increase significantly (there is a two fold increase in CO Conversion per gram of the active metal) with respect to the conventional supported catalyst.     

Effect of epitaxial growth on the formation of the cobalt catalysts of the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis

Mixed oxides Co_xAl_yO₄ with different Al/Co ratios applied as supports for the catalysts of the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis were prepared using the solid-state chemical reaction. The Co_xAl_yO₄ supports were prepared by modifying gibbsite with various cobalt salts (acetate, nitrate, and basic carbonate). The use of basic cobalt carbonate gives the Co(20%)/Co_xAl_yO₄ catalyst, which provides an increased yield of hydrocarbons C₅₊ and a decreased methane content compared to the impregnation catalyst Co(30%)/Al₂O₃. The introduction of small amounts of rhenium additives makes it possible to enhance the yield of hydrocarbons C₅₊ (179 g m⁻³) and also to increase the selectivity with respect to the C₅–C₁₈ fraction. The introduction of basic cobalt carbonate into the support, most likely, creates favorable conditions for the epitaxial growth of the precursor of the active phase. Dedicated to Academician G. A. Abakumov on the occasion of his 70th birthday. Published in Russian in Izvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 9, pp. 1856–1860, September, 2007.     

Mn和Zr助剂对介孔碳负载钴基催化剂费托合成反应性能的影响

采用浸渍法制备了Mn和Zr改性的介孔碳负载钴基催化剂,采用X射线衍射（XRD）、比表面积测定、H₂程序升温还原（H₂-TPR）、H₂/CO程序升温脱附（TPD）及X射线光电子能谱（XPS）等手段对催化剂的物化性质进行了表征,采用固定床反应器对其F-T反应性能进行了研究。结果表明,Mn或Zr助剂的添加均降低了CH₄的选择性。其中,Mn助剂的添加提高了C_2-4的选择性,提高了烯烷比,而Zr的添加提高了钴物种的分散度,增加了反应活性位点,显著提高了钴基催化剂的F-T反应活性和C₅₊选择性。