Synthesis and structure elucidation of three series of nitro‐2‐styrylchromones using 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy

2‐Styrylchromones, although scarce in nature, constitute a group of oxygen heterocyclic compounds which have shown significant biological activities. New nitro‐2‐styrylchromones have been synthesised by the Baker–Venkataraman method, and the structure elucidation was accomplished using extensive 1D (1H, 13C) and 2D NMR spectroscopic studies (COSY, HSQC and HMBC experiments). Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Epoxidation studies of 2‐styrylchromones using jacobsen's catalyst and hydrogen peroxide and iodosylbenzene as oxidants

The epoxidation of 2‐styrylchromones 2a‐h using Jacobsen's Mn(III)[salen] complex 1 as catalyst is reported for the first time. Several studies were performed using both hydrogen peroxide and iodosylbenzene as oxidants, in order to obtain the α,β‐epoxy‐2‐styrylchromones 3a‐h regioselectively. Due to the low reactivity of the substrates and the highly unstable character of the formed epoxides, reactions should be interrupted at lower conversions to obtain acceptable yields, especially when hydrogen peroxide is used.     

A Theoretical Study of 1‐D and 2‐D Helium Lattices

One‐ and two‐dimensional (1‐D and 2‐D) helium lattices have been studied using ab initio RHF/6–31G** computations. Structural, physical and thermochemical properties have been calculated and analyzed for the 1‐D and 2‐D He_N lattices respectively up to N = 50 and N = 36. Asymptotic properties of the 1‐D He_N lattices are obtained by extrapolating N‐dependence properties to large values of N. Analysis of the results show that the bulk per‐atom interaction (binding) energies increase while the optimized interatomic distances (bond lengths) slightly decrease with the increase in size of the 1‐D He_N lattices and both reach their asymptotic values of 0.352 cm^?1 and 3.18775 Å, respectively. Between the square and hexagonal (packed) structures of the 2‐D He_N lattices, the latter is more favored. Extrapolated values of the calculated properties, including lattice parameter, binding and zero point energies, heat capacity, and entropy have also been calculated for both 1‐D and 2‐D He_N lattices. The surface densities for monolayer films of helium atoms with square and hexagonal configurations have been calculated to be respectively 9.84 × 10¹⁸ and 1.04 × 10¹⁹ helium atoms/cm² which are comparable to the experimental value of 2.4 × 10¹⁹ helium atom/m² well within the typical large and directional error bars of the experiments. Surface effects have been investigated by comparing the packed He_N2‐D lattices with the same value of N but with different geometries (arrangements). This comparison showed that the He_N lattices prefer arrangements with the smallest surface area.     

Three isomeric forms of hydroxyphenyl‐2‐oxazoline: 2‐(2‐hydroxyphenyl)‐2‐oxazoline, 2‐(3‐hydroxyphenyl)‐2‐oxazoline and 2‐(4‐hydroxyphenyl)‐2‐oxazoline

Crystal structures are reported for three isomeric compounds, namely 2‐(2‐hydroxy­phenyl)‐2‐oxazoline, (I), 2‐(3‐hydroxy­phenyl)‐2‐oxazoline, (II), and 2‐(4‐hydroxy­phenyl)‐2‐oxazoline, (III), all C₉H₉NO₂ [systematic names: 2‐(4,5‐dihydro‐1,3‐oxazol‐2‐yl)phenol, (I), 3‐(4,5‐dihydro‐1,3‐oxazol‐2‐yl)phenol, (II), and 4‐(4,5‐dihydro‐1,3‐oxazol‐2‐yl)phenol, (III)]. In these compounds, the deviation from coplanarity of the oxazoline and benzene rings is dependent on the position of the hydroxy group on the benzene ring. The coplanar arrangement in (I) is stabilized by a strong intra­molecular O—H⋯N hydrogen bond. Surprisingly, the 2‐oxazoline ring in mol­ecule B of (II) adopts a ³T₄ (^C2T_C3) conformation, while the 2‐oxazoline ring in mol­ecule A, as well as that in (I) and (III), is nearly planar, as expected. Tetra­mers of mol­ecules of (II) are formed and they are bound together via weak C—H⋯N hydrogen bonds. In (III), strong inter­molecular O—H⋯N hydrogen bonds and weak intra­molecular C—H⋯O hydrogen bonds lead to the formation of an infinite chain of mol­ecules perpendicular to the b direction. This paper also reports a theoretical investigation of hydrogen bonds, based on density functional theory (DFT) employing periodic boundary conditions.     

Modeling of 2‐D DNA display

2‐D display is a fast and economical way of visualizing polymorphism and comparing genomes, which is based on the separation of DNA fragments in two steps, first according to their size and then to their sequence composition. In this article, we present an exhaustive study of the numerical issues associated with a model aimed at predicting the final absolute locations of DNA fragments in 2‐D display experiments. We show that simple expressions for the mobility of DNA fragments in both dimensions allow one to reproduce experimental final absolute locations better than experimental uncertainties. However, our simulations also point out that the results of 2‐D display experiments are not sufficient to determine the best set of parameters for the modeling of fragments separation in the second dimension and that additional detailed measurements of the mobility of a few sequences are necessary to achieve this goal. We hope that this work will help in establishing simulations as a powerful tool to optimize experimental conditions without having to perform a large number of preliminary experiments and to estimate whether 2‐D DNA display is suited to identify a mutation or a genetic difference that is expected to exist between the genomes of closely related organisms.     

One‐step synthesis of 6‐acetamido‐3‐(N‐(2‐(dimethylamino) ethyl) sulfamoyl) naphthalene‐1‐yl 7‐acetamido‐4‐hydroxynaphthalene‐2‐sulfonate and its characterization with 1D and 2D NMR techniques

A one‐step method was reported for the synthesis of 6‐acetamido‐3‐(N‐(2‐(dimethylamino) ethyl) sulfamoyl) naphthalene‐1‐yl 7‐acetamido‐4‐hydroxynaphthalene‐2‐sulfonate by treating 7‐acetamido‐4‐hydroxy‐2‐naphthalenesulfonyl chloride with equal moles of N, N‐dimethylethylenediamine in acetonitrile in the presence of K₂CO₃. The chemical structure of the obtained compounds was characterized by MS, FTIR, ¹H NMR, ¹³C NMR, gCOSY, TOCSY, gHSQC, and gHMBC. The chemical shift differences of ¹H and ¹³C being δ 0.04 and 0.2, respectively, were unambiguously differentiated. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Methyl 2‐acetamido‐2‐deoxy‐β‐d‐glucopyranoside dihydrate and methyl 2‐formamido‐2‐deoxy‐β‐d‐glucopyranoside

Methyl 2‐acetamido‐2‐deoxy‐β‐d ‐glucopyranoside (β‐GlcNAcOCH₃), (I), crystallizes from water as a dihydrate, C₉H₁₇NO₆·H₂O, containing two independent molecules [denoted (IA) and (IB)] in the asymmetric unit, whereas the crystal structure of methyl 2‐formamido‐2‐deoxy‐β‐d ‐glucopyranoside (β‐GlcNFmOCH₃), (II), C₈H₁₅NO₆, also obtained from water, is devoid of solvent water molecules. The two molecules of (I) assume distorted ⁴C₁ chair conformations. Values of ϕ for (IA) and (IB) indicate ring distortions towards B_C2,C5 and ^C3,O5B, respectively. By comparison, (II) shows considerably more ring distortion than molecules (IA) and (IB), despite the less bulky N‐acyl side chain. Distortion towards B_C2,C5 was observed for (II), similar to the findings for (IA). The amide bond conformation in each of (IA), (IB) and (II) is trans, and the conformation about the C—N bond is anti (C—H is approximately anti to N—H), although the conformation about the latter bond within this group varies by ∼16°. The conformation of the exocyclic hydroxymethyl group was found to be gt in each of (IA), (IB) and (II). Comparison of the X‐ray structures of (I) and (II) with those of other GlcNAc mono‐ and disaccharides shows that GlcNAc aldohexopyranosyl rings can be distorted over a wide range of geometries in the solid state.     

3‐D Nanoporous Pt Electrode Prepared by a 2‐D UPD Monolayer Process

A simple yet effective way is described to fabricate a nanostructured platinum electrode with extra high surface area. The fabrication process is the combination of the UPD monolayer and galvanic displacement in one electrochemical process and it is conducted in one medium and at the ambient temperature without using any toxic or corrosive electrolytes. The porous structure and roughness factor of the nanostructured Pt film can be controlled with the sweeping cycle of cyclic voltammetry (CV) easily. The nanoporous Pt deposit can enhance the response of the detection of glucose significantly and selectively without any enzyme incorporation. It is demonstrated that the nanostructured Pt film serves as a new electrode material in the application of nonenzymatic glucose detection.     

Synthesis of 9‐[2‐(2‐hydroxymethyl‐2‐methyl‐, ‐(2‐acetoxymethyl‐2‐methyl‐, ‐(2,2‐di(hydroxymethyl)‐, and ‐(2,2‐Di(acetoxymethyl)‐1,3‐dioxan‐5‐yl)ethyl] derivatives of guanine and 2‐aminopurine

Synthesis of 9‐[2‐(2‐hydroxymethyl‐2‐methyl‐, ‐(2‐acetoxymethyl‐2‐methyl‐, ‐(2,2‐di(hydroxymethyl)‐, and ‐(2,2‐di(acetoxymethyl)‐1,3‐dioxan‐5‐yl)ethyl] derivatives of guanine and 2‐aminopurine, 2–9 , has been accomplished in seven to eight step sequences from readily available 1‐(tert‐butyldiphenylsilyloxy)‐acetone, 1,3‐di(tert‐butyldiphenylsilyloxy)acetone, and the diol 10 . Formation of cyclic ketals 11 and 12 was carried out successfully under an acidic condition using a catalytic amount of methanesulfonic acid along with excess anhydrous copper(II) sulfate in toluene. Subsequent reactions of desilylation, acetylation, hydrogenolysis, and bromination afforded the key intermediates 19 and 20 , which were coupled with 2‐amino‐6‐chloropurine to produce the purine compounds 21 and 22 in good yields. Guanine derivatives 2–5 were obtained from 21 and 22 by hydrolysis and acetylation, while the dechlorination and hydrolysis of 21 and 22 yielded the 2‐aminopurine compounds 6–9 .     

Synthesis and Reactivity of 2‐Pyrrolidino‐, 2‐N‐Methylpiperazino‐, 2‐Piperidino‐, and 2‐Morpholino‐1,3,4‐thiadiazines

A variety of 2‐pyrrolidino‐, 2‐N‐methylpiperazino‐, 2‐piperidino‐, and 2‐morpholino‐1,3,4‐thiadiazines were prepared by cyclocondensation of phenacyl halides with thiosemicarbazides. Heating of the products resulted in desulfurization and formation of pyrazoles. The rate of this process strongly depends on the substitution pattern of the 1,3,4‐thiadiazines.     

First synthesis of 2‐(2,4,4‐trimethyl‐3,4‐dihydro‐2H‐benzo[h]chromen‐2‐yl)‐1‐naphthol and 3‐(2,4,4‐trimethyl‐3,4‐dihydro‐2H‐benzo[g]chromen‐2‐yl)‐2‐naphthol from 1‐ and 2‐naphthol derivatives

Two new structurally isomeric, 2‐(2,4,4‐trimethyl‐3,4‐dihydro‐2H‐benzo[h]chromen‐2‐yl)‐1‐naphthol ( 1 ) and 3‐(2,4,4‐trimethyl‐3,4‐dihydro‐2H‐benzo[g]chromen‐2‐yl)‐2‐naphthol ( 3 ) have been synthesized from 2‐acetyl‐1‐naphthol and ethyl‐3‐hydroxy‐2‐naphthoate, respectively, involving Grignard reaction, dehydration of the corresponding tertiary alcohols, and hetero Diels–Alder dimerization. The two benzochromenes ( 1 and 3 ) have been fully characterized by IR, NMR, and HRESIMS data. Their structures are further supported by crystallography of their corresponding acetates ( 2 and 4 ). J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2011).     

Synthesis and properties of gradient copolymers based on 2‐phenyl‐2‐oxazoline and 2‐nonyl‐2‐oxazoline

In this study, the structure–property relationships for a series of statistical 2‐nonyl‐2‐oxazoline (NonOx) and 2‐phenyl‐2‐oxazoline (PhOx) copolymers were investigated for the first time. The copolymerization kinetics were studied and the reactivity ratios were calculated to be r_NonOx = 7.1 ± 1.4 and r_PhOx = 0.02 ± 0.1 revealing the formation of gradient copolymers. The synthesis of a systematical series of NonOx–PhOx copolymers is described, whereby the amount of NonOx was increased in steps of 10 mol %. The thermal and surface properties were investigated for this series of well‐defined copolymers. The thermal properties revealed a linear decrease in glass transition temperature for copolymers containing up to 39 wt % NonOx. Furthermore, the melting temperature of the copolymers containing 0 to 55 wt % PhOx linearly decreased most likely due to disturbance of the NonOx crystalline domains by incorporation of PhOx in the NonOx part of the copolymer. The surface energies of spincoated polymer films revealed a strong decrease in surface energy upon incorporation of NonOx in the copolymers due to strong phase separation between NonOx and PhOx allowing the NonOx chains to orient to the surface. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 47: 6433–6440, 2009     

2‐(2‐Oxoimidazolidinyl)ethyl 2‐methyl­prop‐2‐enoate

In the crystal structure of the title compound, C₉H₁₄N₂O₃, the molecules are linked by N—H?O=C bonds into chains parallel to [001]. Large crystals are readily obtained, presumably because of the hydrogen bonds and an energetically stable conformation of the mol­ecule.     

(E)‐2‐Methyl‐3‐(2‐methyl‐2‐nitro­vinyl)‐1H‐indole and (E)‐3‐(2‐methyl‐2‐nitro­vinyl)‐2‐phenyl‐1H‐indole

In the title compounds, C₁₂H₁₂N₂O₂, (I), and C₁₇H₁₄N₂O₂, (II), respectively, the indole rings are planar and the vinyl groups lie out of the indole planes, making dihedral angles of 33.48 (5) and 41.31 (8)°, respectively. In (II), the dihedral angle between the phenyl and indole ring planes is 32.06 (6)°. In both mol­ecules, the double bond connecting the methyl­nitro­vinyl group and the indole nucleus adopts an E configuration. Notwithstanding the differences in space group [C2/c for (I) and P2₁2₁2₁ for (II)], the mode of packing of compounds (I) and (II) is determined by similar inter­molecular N—H⋯O hydrogen‐bonding inter­actions, forming chains that run parallel to [101] in (I) and [001] in (II).     

2－脱氧－烟酰胺基－β－D－氨基葡萄糖的合成和表征

A new nicotinic acid derivative,2-deoxy-2-nicotinoylamido-β-D-glucopyranose, was synthesized with β-configuration exclusively. The structure and properties of the product were characterized by ^1H NMR, PT-IR, MS, DSC and polarimeter. The details of ^1H NMR spectrum and the mass spectrum proved that there are a great amount of hydrogen bonds in the product.     

2‐[2‐(Pyrrolidin‐2‐yl)propan‐2‐yl]‐1H‐pyrrole and its amide derivative 1‐{2‐[2‐(1H‐pyrrol‐2‐yl)propan‐2‐yl]pyrrolidin‐1‐yl}ethanone

In the title compounds, C₁₁H₁₈N₂, (II), and C₁₃H₂₀N₂O, (III), the pyrrolidine rings have twist conformations. Compound (II) crystallizes with two independent molecules (A and B) in the asymmetric unit. The mean planes of the pyrrole and pyrrolidine rings are inclined to one another by 89.99 (11) and 89.35 (10)° in molecules A and B, respectively. In (III), the amide derivative of (II), the same dihedral angle is much smaller, at only 13.42 (10)°. In the crystal structure of (II), the individual molecules are linked via N—H...N hydrogen bonds to form inversion dimers, each with an R²₂(12) graph‐set motif. In the crystal structure of (III), the molecules are linked via N—H...O hydrogen bonds to form inversion dimers with an R²₂(16) graph‐set motif.     

Reaction of 6‐Methyl‐2‐Thiouracil and 6‐Phenyl‐2‐Thiouracil with Chloro‐β‐Dicarbonyl and Bromo‐β‐Dicarbonyl Compounds and Their Nitrile Analogs

Derivatives of 2‐methylidene‐1,3‐dihydropyrimidin‐4‐ones 2a , 2b , 2c , 2d , 2e , 2f , 2g were synthesized by interaction of 6‐methyl‐2‐thiouracil and 6‐phenyl‐2‐thiouracil 1a , 1b with some activated halogenides: diethyl bromomalonate, ethyl 2‐chloro‐3‐oxobutanoate, ethyl 2‐bromocyanoacetate, 2‐bromo‐5,5‐dimethylcyclohexan‐1,3‐dione, and bromomalononitrile. The boiling of 1a with ethyl 2‐bromocyanoacetate in mixture of ethanol and EtONa results in intramolecular cyclization and formation of thiazolo[3,2‐a]pyrimidin‐5‐one 3 . Interaction of 1a with 3‐chloropentane‐2,4‐dione and 2‐bromo‐1,3‐diphenylpropane‐1,3‐dione yielded corresponding S‐substituted thiopyrimidines 4a , 4b . In general, the products of 1b S‐alkylation are less prone to sulfur extrusion. Reaction of 1b with diethyl bromomalonate in the absence of EtONa stops at the S‐alkylation step, while in the presence of EtONa in ethanol or PPh₃ in dioxane 2‐(ethoxycarbonylmethyl)thio‐6‐phenyl‐1,3‐dihydropyrimidin‐4(1H)‐one 6 is formed exclusively. Molecular structure and crystal structure of 2‐(1,1‐diethoxycarbonylmethyliden)‐6‐methyl‐1,3‐dihydropyrimidin‐4(1H)‐one 2a are discussed.