非晶态合金作催化材料的研究IV. 超细非晶态Ni-B催化剂的制备及催化性能研究

采用化学还原法制备了非晶态Ni-B超细粒子催化剂, 所含两种粒子的粒径分别为5~20nm和150nm左右。对环戊二烯常压液相加氢反应的活性测试结果表明, 该催化剂具有很高的活性和选择性, 并且在加氢反应中具有替代Raney Ni和Pd/C催化剂的工业应用潜力。动力学测量表明, 在该催化剂上, 环戊二烯选择加氢生成环戊烯的反应为零级, 环戊烯生成环戊烷的反应为近似一级。     

非晶态合金作催化材料的研究 Ⅳ.超细非晶态Ni-B催化剂的制备及催化性能研究

采用化学还原法制备了非晶态Ni-B超细粒子催化剂,所含两种粒子的粒径分别为5～20nm和150nm左右.对环戊二烯常压液相加氢反应的活性测试结果表明,该催化剂具有很高的活性和选择性,并且在加氢反应中具有替代Raney Ni和Pd/C 催化剂的工业应用潜力.动力学测量表明,在该催化剂上,环戊二烯选择加氢生成环戊烯的反应为零级,环戊烯生成环戊烷的反应为近似一级.     

载体对环戊二烯在负载型钯催化剂上选择加氢的作用

制备了几种负载型的钯加氢催化剂, 考察了它们对环戊二烯加氢反应动力学行为的影响。环戊二烯对环戊烯的加氢有抑制作用, 抑制作用的主要原因是环戊二烯的配位能力远大于环戊烯, 催化剂的载体通过其配体效应可以影响两者配位能力之比(K_D/K_E)和反应速度常数之比(k_2/k_4), 从而改变催化剂的选择性和活性。     

朕接有硫醚基的二氧化硅固载的钯金属催化剂对环戊二烯的选择性氢化

本文合成了联接有硫醚基的二氧化硅固载的金属钯催化剂.结果表明:(1)该催化剂在常温常压下对环戊二烯具有较高的催化氢化活性,并能选择性地生成环戊烯.在环戊二烯转化100%时,生成环戊烯的选择性达97.7%.(2)该催化剂有良好的稳定性,可多次重复使用,保持高活性和选择性不变.经透射电镜观察,远红外分析以及X—光光电子能谱分析测定,催化剂的活性中心是颗粒大小为10—60(?)的钯金属微粒.     

部分中毒Pd／C催化剂上环戊二烯的加氢反应

用固定床反应器考察了Pd/C催化剂硫化前后环戊二烯的加氢性能，Pd/C催化剂经硫化后，生成环戊烯的得率由75％上升到97％。确定了最佳硫化条件。应用微型脉冲反应器和程序升温表面反应（TPSR）研究了硫化特性，发现硫在Pd/C催化剂在存在着两种吸附状态，吸附在对应于TPSR中低温峰位上的硫不影响加氢反应活性，吸附在对应于高温峰位上的硫引起催化剂催化活性下降。     

非晶态金属合金作催化材料的研究V. Ni-W-P非晶态合金微粒催化加氢活性研究

首次用化学还原法制备了非晶态Ni-W-P合金微粒。应用X射线衍射(XRD)、差热分析(DSC)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等方法对该微粒进行了表征。考察了该微粒催化环戊二烯加氢的活性, 并与Ni0P非晶态合金对比, 发现少量的W的加入改变了Ni-P的加氢活性。     

非晶态金属合金作催化材料的研究I:N-P非晶态合金对苯乙烯加氢活性的研究

本文用X射线光电子能谱(XPS), X射线衍射(XRD)和连续微型反应器等方法研究了以骤冷法制备的Ni-P非晶态催化剂的表面结构和加氢活性。结果表明, 非晶态Ni-P对于苯乙烯催化加氢具有很高的反应活性, 优于晶态Ni-P, 更优于Ni片, 催化剂表面不同的预处理条件, 对反应活性影响很大。XPS结果表明, 在适当的预处理条件下, 非晶态Ni-P被部分氧化;随着氧化态被还原, 反应活性逐渐下降。     

非晶态金属合金作催化材料的研究I:N-P非晶态合金对苯乙烯加氢活性的研究

本文用X射线光电子能谱(XPS), X射线衍射(XRD)和连续微型反应器等方法研究了以骤冷法制备的Ni-P非晶态催化剂的表面结构和加氢活性。结果表明, 非晶态Ni-P对于苯乙烯催化加氢具有很高的反应活性, 优于晶态Ni-P, 更优于Ni片, 催化剂表面不同的预处理条件, 对反应活性影响很大。XPS结果表明, 在适当的预处理条件下, 非晶态Ni-P被部分氧化;随着氧化态被还原, 反应活性逐渐下降。     

非晶态金属合金作催化材料的研究V. Ni-W-P非晶态合金微粒催化加氢活性研究

首次用化学还原法制备了非晶态Ni-W-P合金微粒.应用X射线衍射(XRD)、差热分析(DSC)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等方法对该微粒进行了表征.考察了该微粒催化环戊二烯加氢的活性,并与Ni-P非晶态合金对比,发现少量的W的加入改变了Ni-P的加氢活性.     

非晶态金属合金作催化材料的研究——Ⅰ Ni-P非晶态合金对苯乙烯加氢活性的研究

本文用X射线光电子能谱(XPS),X射线衍射(XRD)和连续微型反应器等方法研究了以骤冷法制备的Ni-P非晶态催化剂的表面结构和加氢活性。结果表明,非晶态Ni-P对于苯乙烯催化加氢具有很高的反应活性,优于晶态Ni-P,更优于Ni片,催化剂表面不同的预处理条件,对反应活性影响很大。XPS结果表明,在适当的预处理条件下,非晶态Ni-P被部分氧化;随着氧化态被还原,反应活性逐渐下降。     

Pd/C和Raney Ni催化剂的制备及其催化活性比较

制备了Pd/C和Raney Ni催化剂,其结构和性能经XRD,BET和SEM表征。并以呋喃加氢制备四氢呋喃为探针反应,对两种催化剂的催化活性进行了比较,探讨了反应温度、反应压力和催化剂用量对转化率和选择性的影响,结果表明:Raney Ni的催化活性优于Pd/C。     

Stereochemistry and mechanism of catalytic hydrogenation of substituted methylenecyclohexanes

Substituted alkylmethylenecyclohexanes were hydrogenated over several transition metal catalysts. The ratios of the epimeric products were almost unity over freshly prepared Raney Ni but the axial Me counterparts were favoured over aged catalyst. The axial Me products were also preferred on Pt or Rh catalysts. Pd catalysed hydrogenation gave predominantly the equatorial Me isomers at high catalyst ratio, while the axial Me counterparts were favoured at the early stage of the reaction at a catalyst-substrate ratio of 1:20. The change of the ratio of epimeric products depending on the amount of catalyst is due to the rapid migration of exo-cyclic double bond to the inside of the cyclohexane ring at high catalyst ratio. The mechanism of hydrogenation is discussed in terms of the modified Horiuti-Polanyi mechanism.     

Hydrogenation of Cinnamaldehyde to Cinnamyl Alcohol over An Ultrafine Co—B Amorphous Catalyst

A novel Co-B amorphous alloy catalyst in the form of ultrafine particles was prepared by chemical reduction of CoCl2 with aqueous NaBH4, which exhibited excellent activity and selectivity during the hydrogenation of cinnamaldehyde to cinnamyl alcohol in liquid phase. The optimum yield of cinnamyl alcohol was 87.6%, much better than the yield of using Raney Ni, Raney Co and other Co-based catalysts.     

Liquid phase glucose hydrogenation to -glucitol over an ultrafine Ru-B amorphous alloy catalyst

A Ru-B amorphous alloy catalyst in the form of ultrafine particles was prepared by chemical reduction of RuCl₃ with borohydride in aqueous solution, whose amorphous structure was confirmed by XRD, DSC, and SAED. Heating pretreatment resulted in the rapid crystallization and the deep decomposition of the Ru-B amorphous alloy as well as the abrupt decrease in the surface area due to the gathering of small particles at high temperature. XPS spectra revealed that partial electrons transferred from the alloying B to the metallic Ru in the as-prepared Ru-B sample. In comparison with other catalysts, the as-prepared Ru-B amorphous catalyst exhibited excellent activity and perfect selectivity to -glucitol as well as superior lifetime during the liquid phase glucose hydrogenation, showing its potential application in industrial process. The higher activity of the Ru-based catalysts than that of other metal catalysts, such as Co-B and Ni-B amorphous catalysts as well as Raney Ni catalysts, demonstrated that the metallic Ru was more active than both metallic Ni and Co for the glucose hydrogenation. Meanwhile, the Ru-B amorphous catalyst exhibited higher activity than its corresponding crystallized Ru-B and pure Ru powder catalysts, showing the promoting effects of both the amorphous structure and the electronic interaction between the metallic Ru and the alloying B, which was briefly discussed based on the kinetic studies and various characterizations.     

Stereochemistry and mechanism of catalytic hydrogenation of substituted cyclohexanones

Substituted alkylcyclohexanones were hydrogenated over several transition metal catalysts. The hydrogenation with freshly prepared Raney Ni gave predominantly the axial alcohols but catalyst to which sodium hydroxide was added or aged catalyst increased the stereoselectivity. In contrast to the PtO₂ hydrogenation in which the equatorial alcohols were favoured, more axial alcohols were obtained than the equatorial counterparts on Pt-black. On Pd catalyst the isomeric ratios of the cyclohexanols changed as the reaction progressed. This may be due to a decrease in the amount of hydrogen available caused by the strong adsorption of ketones on the catalyst. Rh catalyst gave more of the axial alcohols than any other catalyst used in the present study.     

急冷非晶态镍合金催化剂的研究开发和工业应用

Raney Ni催化剂是石油化学工业用量最大的催化剂之一,通过急冷技术将其晶态结构转变为非晶态结构,能够提高加氢活性.但非晶态合金热稳定性差、比表面积小限制了这类催化材料的工业应用.通过加入少量稀土元素,使非晶态 Ni 晶化温度提高200 K以上; 通过加入Al再碱抽Al,使非晶态Ni比表面积增加100倍以上; 通过加入功能助剂调节非晶态Ni的加氢选择性、增加抗酸碱腐蚀性和磁性,从而形成了系列非晶态Ni加氢催化剂 (商品名为 SRNA).其中,SRNA-1 用于药物中间体加氢; SRNA-2用于葡萄糖加氢制山梨醇; SRNA-3用于汽、柴油吸附脱硫; SRNA-4用于己内酰胺加氢精制; SRNA-5 用于苯甲酸加氢中替代Pd/C催化剂,使后者的用量减少了50%.     

The catalytic hydrogenolysis of benzylamine derivatives

The hydrogenolysis of optically active ethyl 2-amino-2-phenylpropionate (I), its N-methyl (II), and N,N-dimethyl (III) derivatives was studied using Raney Ni and Pd as the catalysts. The Raney Ni catalysed hydrogenolysis of II and III, as well as the reaction catalysed by Pd, occurred predominantly with inversion of configuration; this is not in accord with the hydrogenolysis of corresponding benzyl alcohols. This difference can be ascribed to the difference of the affinity for Ni between N and O atoms. The “SN_Ni” process may be inhibited in the Raney Ni catalysed hydrogenolysis of II and III since the amino group acts as a self-catalyst poison, and the “S_N2” process appears to be preferable to the “S_Ni” one. The predominance of the configurationally inversion was also observed in the Pd catalysed hydrogenolysis of I. These results over Pd are reasonable in reflecting that the N atom has not so high affinity for Pd. The hydrogenolysis of a quarternary ammonium bromide of I was also reported.     

Effect of Pd nanoparticle size on the catalytic hydrogenation of allyl alcohol

We report a particle size dependence for the rate of hydrogenation of allyl alcohol using 1.3-1.9 nm Pd dendrimer-encapsulated nanoparticle (DEN) catalysts. For particles with diameters of <1.5 nm and containing <147 Pd atoms, the modulation in catalytic activity is due to the electronic properties of the particle. For the larger particles, 1.5-1.9 nm in diameter and containing an average of 147-250 Pd atoms, the size effect is a result of geometrical constraints. Specifically, the hydrogenation reaction is shown to occur preferentially on the face atoms of the larger nanoparticles.     

纳米镍在硝基苯加氢中催化性能的研究

纳米镍在硝基苯加氢中催化性能的研究左东华，张志琨，崔作林（青岛化工学院纳米材料研究所，青岛２６６０４２）关键词纳米镍，催化加氢，硝基苯．硝基化合物加氢还原是化工生产中的一个重要化工单元反应，现今工业生产中大多采用Ｒａｎｅｙ－Ｎｉ作为催化剂。但由于在Ｒ...     

A resource recycling technique of hydrogen production from the catalytic degradation of organics in wastewater

A resource recycling technique of hydrogen production from the catalytic degradation of organics in wastewater by aqueous phase reforming (APR) has been proposed. It is worthy of noting that this technique may be a potential way for the purification of refractory and highly toxic organics in water for hydrogen production. Hazardous organics (such as phenol, aniline, nitrobenzene, tetrahydrofuran (THF), toluene, N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and cyclohexanol) in water could be completely de-graded into H2 and CO2 with high selectivity over Raney Ni, and Sn-modified Raney Ni (Sn-Raney-Ni) or Pd/C catalyst under mild conditions. The experimental results operated in tubular and autoclave reactors, indicated that the degradation degree of organics and H2 selectivity could reach 100% under the optimal reaction conditions. The Sn-Raney-Ni (Sn/Ni=0.06) and Pd/C catalysts show better catalytic performances than the Raney Ni catalyst for the degradation of organics in water into H2 and CO2 by the aqueous phase reforming process.