交叉脱氢偶联反应*

发现高效高选择性的有机合成反应是有机合成化学研究中一个重要的发展方向。传统的有机合成化学是建立在官能团相互转化基础上的,又称官能团化学。非活泼化学键（如C-H键）的直接官能团化省去了一步甚至多步制备官能团化的反应底物,因此,非活泼化学键活化是提高有机合成反应效率的一个重要发展方向。交叉脱氢偶联（Cross-Dehydrogenative-Coupling,CDC）反应就是直接利用不同反应底物中的C-H键,在氧化条件下,进行脱氢偶联反应形成C-C键。交叉脱氢偶联反应实现了更短的合成路线和更高的原子利用效率,为直接利用简单的原料进行高效的复杂的有机合成任务提供了一种新的思路和手段。     

铁催化芳烃与苄位碳氢键的脱氢交叉偶联反应

碳氢键的官能团化是当今有机化学最重要的研究领域之一, 发展环境友好的催化体系来实现碳氢键选择性地官能团化是合成化学家长期追求的目标(Chem. Rev. 1997, 97, 2879和Nature 2008, 451, 417). 以贵金属钯、钌、铱等作为催化剂的碳氢键的官能团化已有很多报道, 但高昂的价格和相对较高的毒性限制了这些反应的工业化. 相对而言, 使用廉价、无毒的过渡金属铁作为催化剂的碳氢键的官能团反应报道较少. 北京大学化学与分子工程学院施章杰发展了利用便宜、无毒的铁盐作为催化剂, 在温和条件下同时实现不同分子中sp2和sp3两种C—H活化, 首次实现了苄位sp3 C—H的直接“交叉脱氢芳基化”的催化过程. 此工作不仅提供了一条简单、高效的途径构建三芳基甲烷类化合物的方法, 成为绿色化学的一个重要的例子, 同时为实现不同种类的C—H活化提供了新思路.     

烯胺酮α-官能团化反应的研究进展

烯胺酮是一类非常重要的有机合成砌块,具有易获得、储存方便、反应多样性等优点.更重要的是,烯胺酮是许多杂环化合物的重要前体.最近,通过C—H活化对烯胺酮进行过渡金属催化或无过渡金属的α-官能团化反应已成为构建官能化烯胺酮或杂环化合物的一种更为原子和步骤经济的策略,并引起了许多有机化学家的关注.根据成键类型,该综述分为五个部分:C—C键的形成、C—O键的形成、C—N键的形成和C—X键的形成以及C—S/C—Se键的形成.主要对烯胺酮α位官能团化反应进行了综述,从反应机理、反应体系、底物范围等角度系统地综述了烯胺酮α位官能团化反应的进展.     

光/电化学氧化诱导C–H键官能团化

C–H键活化及其官能团化一直被认为是合成化学的圣杯,光/电氧化诱导C–H键官能团化反应为追求更为绿色、原子经济性、步骤经济性更高的现代合成化学提供了新思路.我们借助可见光或电化学氧化诱导策略实现了直接C–H键官能团化,即底物无需预官能团化,无需外加氧化剂,可直接实现碳–碳以及碳–杂键的构建.通过光/电化学氧化诱导策略使得反应在更为温和的条件下进行,能够兼容更多官能团,并且为合成化学提供一条新的途径.近些年,该策略已经应用于不同化学环境C–H官能团化构建多种化学键.本文结合该领域的代表性工作,重点介绍本课题组近些年在光/电氧化诱导C–H键官能团化反应上的研究进展,并对这一领域的前景进行了展望.     

重氮化合物转化中的氮基团保留反应研究进展

重氮化合物是一类非常重要的有机合成中间体, 它在有机合成化学以及药物设计研发、化学生物学、材料化学等领域具有重要的应用价值. 传统的重氮化合物的转化反应类型包括了Wolff重排, 经由过渡金属卡宾或者类卡宾中间体的插入反应, 催化的环丙烷化反应, 以及近年来发展的过渡金属催化的经由卡宾中间体的交叉偶联反应等. 重氮化合物除了发生作为卡宾前体的经典反应之外, 它们还可以经由氮基团保留的转化过程, 在目标分子中保留重氮基团或者其它含氮原子的官能团. 该种策略提供了一种高效而选择性地构筑含氮功能分子、尤其是官能化的氮杂环的合成途径. 其中, 不对称的C-N键的选择性构筑, 以及不对称的氮杂环分子的组装, 仍然具有重要的合成价值和重大的挑战意义. 本篇综述根据反应的机理和类型, 将这部分研究工作分为六部分内容进行介绍.     

有机硅试剂参与过渡金属催化的C-H官能团化反应形成C-C键的研究进展

作为一类重要的有机金属试剂,有机硅试剂在有机合成化学的C—C键形成中得到了广泛应用.综述了近年来有机硅试剂参与的过渡金属催化下C—H官能团化反应形成C—C键的研究进展,重点介绍了Pd催化下C—H官能团化的Hiyama偶联反应.     

铑催化的串联分子内胺化/硅-碳(sp~3)键活化合成共轭硅杂环化合物

正共轭硅杂环化合物在太阳能电池、有机发光材料、荧光探针等领域都得到了广泛的关注和研究.其传统合成方法中因为往往需要计量的锂试剂或格氏试剂,官能团耐受性受到了极大的限制.近年来,包括北京大学化学与分子工程学院席振峰教授在内的一些科学家开拓的碳-硅键活化反应代表了一种构建含硅化合物的新方向.在此策略指引下,清华大学药学系何伟课题组设计了如下图所示的铑催化的串联分子内胺化/硅-碳(sp~3)键活化反应来快速高效合成共轭硅杂环化合物.研究发现,添加剂对该串联反应中关键的碳-硅键活化的化学选择性有重要的影响:在质子源(正辛醇)的作用下会发生硅-碳(sp~3)键活化得到共轭硅杂环化合物2,而在π酸(3,3-丙烯醛)存在时则发生硅-碳(sp~2)     

过渡金属催化的C—H键官能团化构建吲哚结构的研究进展

吲哚结构是构成许多天然产物和生物活性分子的重要骨架,在生物医药、材料化工等领域具有广阔的应用前景.近年来,利用绿色高效的过渡金属催化的C—H键官能团化反应构建吲哚结构的方法学受到化学家们的广泛关注,取得了很大的进展.本综述介绍了几类重要的过渡金属催化下C—H键官能团化构建吲哚单元的反应模式,总结了该领域近年来的主要研究进展,并对其在含吲哚结构的天然产物和生物活性分子合成中的应用做简要概述.     

超分子体系中的分子识别研究(一)──氨基酸修饰β-环糊精对客体分子TNS的包结配位研究

近年来 ,环糊精作为一类重要的分子受体 (主体 )选择性结合底物 (客体 )形成超分子配合物已经成为化学和生物化学等领域的研究热点之一 .在β-环糊精分子中引入特定的官能团 ,可以扩展对客体分子的识别能力 .因此 ,许多工作都致力于环糊精的化学修饰研究 [1～ 3] .我们曾报道的由亲电或亲核试剂修饰后的β-环糊精 ,不仅改变了主体原有的分子键合能力 ,而且扩展了主体对一些模型底物的分子识别能力 [4 ,5] .有关氨基酸修饰β-环糊精的报道尚不多见 .最近 ,我们应用紫外和圆二色谱等手段研究了色氨酸修饰的β-环糊精对客体分子的配位包结作用 …     

氨基甲酸酯在C—H键活化中的应用

氨基甲酸酯广泛存在于天然产物、药物和农药分子中,同时也是一种常见的C—H键活化导向官能团。在过渡金属催化下,氨基甲酸酯可导向底物分子氨基邻位的C—H键活化,经六元环金属中间体,再与其他偶联试剂偶联实现新的官能团化。本文系统总结了其在C—H键活化反应中的应用,具体包括:(1)N-芳基氨基甲酸酯、氨基甲酸芳酯和氨基甲酸烯醇酯可在过渡金属Pd、Rh、Ru和Ir等催化下发生芳基邻位sp2C—H键活化与官能团化反应,得到卤化、芳基化、环化和烯基化产物;(2)氨基甲酸烯醇酯可在Rh催化下发生烯基β-位sp2C—H键活化与官能团化反应,得到烯基化和烯丙基化产物;(3)氨基邻位具有活性氢的N-烷基氨基甲酸酯可在Pd、Cu、Fe甚至无过渡金属催化下发生sp3C—H键活化与官能团化反应,得到酰氧化、烷基化和芳基化产物。在芳香sp2C—H键活化中,取代基的电子效应和空间位阻效应均对产物产率和选择性有重要影响。大多数情况下,给电子与空间位阻较小的取代基有利于反应的顺利进行。此外,当底物为N-烷氧羰基保护的苄胺、四氢异喹啉或1,2-二氢喹啉时,因氨基邻位独特的高活性,可在Cu、Fe甚至无金属催化剂或光催化下催化氨基邻位sp3C—H键活化反应,还可以实现不对称诱导,获得非常高的对映选择性。希望本文总结的内容能促进氨基甲酸酯在C—H键活化反应中的进一步应用。     

Simple Access to Highly Functional Bicyclic γ‐ and δ‐Lactams: Origins of Chirality Transfer to Contiguous Tertiary/Quaternary Stereocenters Assessed by DFT

This paper describes the synthesis of both polysubstituted oxazolo‐pyrrolidinones and ‐piperidinones by a domino process. The methodology is based on the reaction between hydroxyl halogenoamides and Michael acceptors, which leads efficiently to bicyclic lactams. The process is compatible with unsymmetrical electron‐withdrawing groups on the Michael acceptor, which allows the formation of two contiguous and fully controlled tertiary and quaternary stereocenters. In the case of tetrasubstituted Michael acceptors, two adjacent quaternary stereocenters are formed in good yield. Starting from (R)‐phenylglycinol derived amides results in the formation of enantioenriched bicyclic lactams in low to good yields and with high levels of stereoselectivity, thus greatly increasing the scope and interest of this strategy. The origins of chirality transfer and diastereoselectivity were studied by DFT calculations and have been attributed to a kinetic control in one of the last two steps of the reaction sequence. This selectivity is dependent upon both the substituents on the Michael acceptor and the sodium cation chelation.     

Lewis acid-promoted cascade reaction for the synthesis of Michael acceptors and its application in a dimerization reaction

An efficient Lewis acid-promoted cascade reaction with dimethyl sulfoxide as a methylene source for the synthesis of Michael acceptors is reported. The key to developing this procedure is the selection of a mild base to modulate the equilibrium of various intermediates in order to drive the reaction forward to the formation of Michael acceptor and dimeric compound products. Extensive studies were performed to gain insight into a possible reaction mechanism.     

A highly enantio- and diastereoselective catalytic intramolecular Stetter reaction

A highly enantio- and diastereoselective intramolecular Stetter reaction has been developed. Subjection of alpha,alpha-disubstituted Michael acceptors to an asymmetric intramolecular Stetter reaction results in a highly enantioselective conjugate addition and a diastereoselective proton transfer. Available evidence suggests the diastereoselective protonation occurs via intramolecular delivery to the sterically more hindered face of the enolate. The scope of the trisubstituted Michael acceptors has been examined and found to be broad with respect to the size of the alpha-substituent and nature of the Michael acceptor. Aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes were examined and found to afford the desired product in good overall yield with high enantio- and diastereoselectivity.     

β-Silylacrylate as a Multipurpose Reagent in Organic Synthesis

Acrylates are well known electrophilic alkenes having multitude of applications in organic synthesis. They are very good acceptors in Michael addition reactions and are good enophile/dienophile/dipolarophile partners in cycloaddition reactions. Replacing the β-alkyl/aryl groups in acrylates by a silicon group would be interesting. In addition to the conventional reactions displayed by acrylates, β-silylacrylates (β-SAs) can show reactivity specifically related to the silicon group. Many conventional organic reactions such as hydrodimerization, organocatalytic asymmetric Michael additions, inter- and intra-molecular Diels–Alder reactions, and asymmetric 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions have been used to generate the complex chemical entities from β-SAs. Some of the reaction outcomes were vastly influenced by the silicon substituent. This review describes the practical synthesis β-SAs and their use as starting point in complex molecule generation including total synthesis of some natural products/bioactive molecules.     

Michael-type reaction of ethyl bromodifluoroacetate with alpha,beta- unsaturated carbonyl compounds in the presence of copper powder

We have reported that the reaction of ethyl bromodifluoroacetate (1) with alkenyl iodides in the presence of copper powder gives ethyl alkenyldifluoroacetates. As an extension of this reaction, reaction of 1 with Michael acceptors in the presence of copper powder was examined and found to give 1,4-addition products selectively, unless the acceptor has a group stabilizing a radical intermediate, such as a phenyl group.     

Michael, Michael-aldol and Michael-Michael reactions of enolate equivalents of butane-2,3-diacetal protected glycolic acid derivatives

Consecutive coupling reactions of butane-2,3-diacetal protected glycolic acid derivatives with Michael acceptors and aldehydes are reported. An enantiopure sample of this building block was used to kinetically resolve a chiral Michael acceptor present as a racemic mixture of enantiomers.     

Relative rates of Michael reactions of 2'-(phenethyl)thiol with vinyl sulfones,vinyl sulfonate esters,and vinyl sulfonamides relevant to vinyl sulfonyl cysteine protease inhibitors

[reaction: see text] The relative rates of Michael additions of 2'-(phenethyl)thiol to representative vinyl sulfonyl Michael acceptors were measured. The dependence of the reactivity of the Michael acceptor on the nature of the sulfonyl R substituent was determined in order to evaluate the effect of these substituents on the inactivation kinetics of comparably substituted vinyl sulfonyl cysteine protease inhibitors. The rates of these Michael additions vary over 3 orders of magnitude, with phenyl vinyl sulfonate esters (R = OPh) being ca. 3000-fold more reactive than N-benzyl vinyl sulfonamides (R = NHBn).     

Nucleophilic fluoroalkylation of terminal vinyl triflones with SO2CF3 as a removable activating group

Terminal vinyl triflones served as excellent Michael addition acceptors which readily reacted with difluoromethylene phosphabetaine and di- or mono-fluoroalkyl bromides to afford compounds containing CF₂ or CF groups. This fluoroalkylation is characterized by mild reaction conditions, ready availability of reagents and excellent functional-group tolerance.     

非富勒烯聚合物太阳电池研究进展

综述了以p-型共轭聚合物为给体、n-型有机半导体为受体的非富勒烯聚合物太阳电池光伏材料最新研究进展,包括n-型共轭聚合物和可溶液加工小分子n-型有机半导体(n-OS)受体光伏材料,以及与之匹配的p-型共轭聚合物给体光伏材料.介绍的n-型共轭聚合物受体光伏材料包括基于苝酰亚胺(BDI)、萘酰亚胺(NDI)以及新型硼氮键连受体单元的D-A共聚物受体光伏材料,目前基于聚合物给体(J51)和聚合物受体(N2200)的全聚合物太阳电池的能量转换效率最高达到8.26%.n-OS小分子受体光伏材料包括基于BDI和NDI单元的有机分子、基于稠环中心给体单元的A-D-A型窄带隙有机小分子受体材料等.给体光伏材料包括基于齐聚噻吩和苯并二噻吩(BDT)给体单元的D-A共聚物,重点介绍与窄带隙A-D-A结构小分子受体吸收互补的、基于噻吩取代BDT单元的中间带隙二维共轭聚合物给体光伏材料.使用中间带隙的p-型共轭聚合物为给体、窄带隙A-D-A结构有机小分子为受体的非富勒烯聚合物太阳电池能量转换效率已经突破12%,展示了光明的前景.最后对非富勒烯聚合物太阳电池将来的发展进行了展望.     

Molecular Acceptors Based on a Triarylborane Core Unit for Organic Solar Cells

Triarylboranes that exhibit p–π* conjugation serve as versatile building blocks to design n-type organic/polymer semiconductors. A series of new molecular acceptors based on triarylborane is reported here. These molecules are designed with a boron atom that bears a bulky 2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenyl (Mes*) substituent at the core and strong electron-withdrawing 2-(3-oxo-2,3-dihydroinden-1-ylidene)malononitrile (IC) units as the end-capping groups that are linked to the core by bithiophene bridges. Butyl or butoxy groups are introduced to the bithiophene units to tune the optoelectronic properties. These molecules show nearly planar backbones with highly localized steric hindrance at the core, low LUMO/HOMO energy levels, and broad absorption bands spanning the visible region, which are all very desirable characteristics for use as electron acceptors in organic solar cell (OSC) applications. The attachment of butyl groups to the bithiophene bridges brings about a slightly twisted backbone, which in turn promotes good solubility and homogeneous donor/acceptor blend morphology, whereas the introduction of butoxy groups leads to improved planarity, favorable stacking in the film state, and a greatly reduced band gap. OSC devices based on these molecules exhibit encouraging photovoltaic performances with power conversion efficiencies reaching up to 4.07 %. These results further substantiate the strong potential of triarylboranes as the core unit of small molecule acceptors for OSC applications.