分光光度测定总黄酮法的适用性

为建立测定天南星总黄酮含量的方法,通过比较黄酮及苷、黄酮醇及3位苷共12个化合物的NaNO2-Al(NO3)3-NaOH法和AlCl3-KAc法的紫外和可见光谱,分析了分光光度测定总黄酮法的适用性.结果显示,与相应方法的有关原理相矛盾,尤其是芹菜素及苷在两方法中均未有相应现象产生.为此,进行了新方法研究,比较了各黄酮在三乙胺介质中的紫外可见光谱,结果显示, 黄酮及苷和3-黄酮醇苷最大吸收均红移;将三乙胺法应用于天南星,方法验证结果符合含量测定要求,对照品夏佛托苷在1.54～21.5 mg/L范围内与吸光度有良好线性关系(r=0.9997),平均回收率为99.3%(RSD=1.1%, n=9).方法重现性好,可操作性强.适用性研究表明, 3种方法均只适用于部分黄酮类成分分析.     

γ-Al2O3改性对AlCl3/γ-Al2O3催化剂性能的影响

采用HCl和NaOH改性γ-Al2O3载体制备AlCl3/γ-Al2O3固载催化剂,用吡啶-FTIR和吡啶-TPD技术分析了催化剂的表面酸性(酸中心类型、酸强度和酸量),并以1-癸烯齐聚作为探针反应,研究了催化剂的稳定性以及催化剂对聚合反应的影响.结果表明,催化剂含有两种酸类型,即Lewis酸和Br(o)nsted酸,与未改性的催化剂相比,氢氧化钠改性载体制备的催化剂,酸量增大了47％,催化剂催化1-癸烯的齐聚反应活性增加了11.4％;而经盐酸改性制备的催化剂酸量增大112％,催化剂的活性增加了33.6％.酸强度依AlCl3/γ-Al2O3,AlCl3/γ-Al2O3(NaOH),AlCl3/γ-Al2O3 (HCl)的顺序增强.     

含氮试剂对p-DCC/AlCl_3引发异丁烯正离子聚合的影响

以对-二枯基氯(DCC)/AlCl3体系引发异丁烯在二氯甲烷(CH2Cl2)正己烷(Hex)(40/60,V/V)混合溶剂中进行正离子聚合,探讨了DCC用量、含氮试剂2,6-二叔丁基吡啶(DtBP)和三苯胺(TPA)对异丁烯正离子聚合转化率、产物分子量及其分布的影响.结果表明,DCC和体系中微量水均可与AlCl3产生竞争络合,形成两种活性中心并引起相继的竞争引发,聚合产物的GPC谱图呈双峰分布,分子量分布宽;增加DCC用量有利于DCC与AlCl3的络合,致使链增长反应主要通过DCC与AlCl3络合形成的活性中心引发,但聚合产物分子量相对较低,分子量分布较宽;使用DtBP,可有效地抑制微量水引发及活性链向单体的转移反应,使分子量分布明显变窄,基本实现DCC的控制引发;采用DtBP与TPA共同调节聚合反应,可使聚合产物分子量分布变窄的同时,进一步提高分子量,从而得到相对较高分子量(Mw=103200)和单峰分子量分布(Mw/Mn=2.09)的聚异丁烯产物.     

NiMgAl三元类水滑石的制备研究

在Ni(NO3) 2-Mg(NO3) 2-Al(NO3) 3-NaOH体系中，研究了共沉淀法制备NiMgAl三元类水滑石的合成规律。考察了pH值、Ni/Mg/Al比、沉淀生成温度及水热处理条件对合成NiMgAl-HTLcs的影响，借助XRD 、ICP、 FT-IR对合成样品进行表征。实验结果表明，合成NiMgAl-HTLcs的适宜pH范围为5.5～7.0，Ni/Mg=2.0～4.0，水热处理条件为100 ℃，7 h。通过对合成物热行为研究表明，NiMgAl-HTLcs结构开始破坏温度为300 ℃，经焙烧后可得Ni元素高度分散的复合氧化物。     

SO2对NO催化氧化过程的影响Ⅲ.γ-Al2O3载体酸碱性的影响

研究反应温度为423 K时SO2对载体γ-Al2O3上NO氧化过程的影响.在基本弄清了载体对SO2的吸附有利于SO2促进NO氧化反应的基础上,考察了不同浓度的NaOH和H2SO4预处理的γ-Al2O3 对 SO2的吸附能力及对NO的氧化性能.结果显示,与未处理的γ-Al2O3相比,经高浓度(1 mol*L-1)的酸碱处理后γ-Al2O3对SO2的吸附能力发生了显著的变化,但在SO2气氛中对NO的氧化能力都明显减退,尤其是酸处理对γ-Al2O3的吸附和催化性能有破坏作用.低浓度(0.1 mol*L-1)酸碱处理对γ-Al2O3吸附SO2的能力影响不大,但SO2对NO氧化反应的增强效应有明显改善,特别是酸处理后γ-Al2O3上NO的氧化转化率能在较长时间内保持较高水平.说明对于SO2气氛中NO的氧化,载体需要适当的酸碱中心.     

AlCl_3/γ-Al_2O_3催化剂的制备及其催化脱除焦化苯中噻吩的性能

采用气相负载法制备了AlCl3/γ-Al2O3催化剂,考察了γ-Al2O3的粒径、温度、时间、AlCl3加入量和载气流量等制备条件对催化剂上噻吩与烯烃烷基化反应活性的影响,并采用Raman光谱、X射线衍射和N2吸附-脱附等技术对样品进行了表征,用气相色谱-质谱联用仪对反应产物进行了定性分析.结果表明,AlCl3主要通过与γ-Al2O3表面–OH结合而有效负载并均匀分布于其表面,制得的AlCl3/γ-Al2O3催化剂对噻吩和烯烃的烷基化反应具有较好的催化能力,反应产物主要是烷基噻吩.在200°C,将3g的AlCl3用100ml/min的N2向10g的γ-Al2O3(0.198～0.246mm)上负载5h,制得的AlCl3/γ-Al2O3催化剂活性最高,在液剂比为20ml/g时,噻吩脱除率可达62.11%.     

硝酸盐对羰基硫与气溶胶表面非均相反应的影响

利用原位漫反射傅里叶红外光谱(DRIFTS)对硝酸盐与α-Fe2O3形成的混合气溶胶与羰基硫(COS)的非均相反应进行研究,并比较了不同硝酸盐(NaNO3、KNO3和NH4NO3)和α-Fe2O3的混合物与COS反应的情况.结果表明:NaNO3质量分数为4％的混合颗粒物与COS反应具有最高的反应活性,相比纯α-Fe2O3的反应速率提高了约5倍;含等质量分数(24％)硝酸盐的混合物和纯α-Fe2O3对COS的转化能力依次为:α-Fe2O3/KNO3＞α-Fe2O3/NaNO3＞α-Fe2O3/NH4NO3＞α-Fe2O3,而纯NaNO3、KNO3和NH4NO3颗粒与COS不发生反应.说明硝酸盐的存在很大程度上提高了COS在α-Fe2O3颗粒物表面的转化能力.     

固载化AlCl_3催化剂上α-蒎烯异构化反应

分别以SiO2和γ-Al2O3为载体采用两步气相法制备了固载化AlCl3催化剂,并首次将其用于α-蒎烯液相异构化反应.结果表明,该催化剂对α-蒎烯异构化反应具有非常高的催化活性,其中AlCl3/SiO2催化剂在40oC反应时α-蒎烯转化率和主产物(莰烯、柠檬烯和异松油烯)选择性分别为98.4%和93.7%;AlCl3/γ-Al2O3催化剂活性更高,在30oC反应时,即可获得95.5%的α-蒎烯转化率和94.4%的主产物选择性.固载化AlCl3催化剂的高活性与其强酸性有关.     

HNO3-Al（NO3）3溶液分离包头混合稀土精矿的研究

根据Al3+与F-能形成稳定的络合离子[AlF6]3-,采用HNO3-Al(NO3)3溶液络合浸出包头混合稀土精矿中的氟碳铈矿。热力学分析结果表明:HNO3-Al(NO3)3体系对稀土精矿浸出反应为自发过程。考察了HNO3浓度、Al(NO3)3浓度、液固比、搅拌速度、温度、搅拌时间这些因素对稀土精矿浸出的影响。实验结果表明:在HNO3浓度3 mol·L-1,Al(NO3)3浓度1.5 mol·L-1,液固比30∶1,搅拌速度300 r·min-1,温度100℃,搅拌时间90 min的条件下,稀土精矿中氟碳铈矿的浸出率达到92.18%,氟碳铈矿与独居石基本分离。通过产物层受界面交换和扩散混合控制的新缩小核模型可用来描述浸出过程的动力学,计算推导出了反应的宏观动力学方程。     

低温等离子体协助B_2O_3/γ-Al_2O_3 选择催化还原NO(英文)

研究了低温等离子体协助催化条件下甲烷选择性催化还原NO反应(SCR).反应气体经等离子体活化后,生成NO2,HCHO,CH3NO和CH3NO2等活性更高的中间产物.程序升温表面反应表明,这些中间产物可在等离子体后置催化装置上进一步反应,从而使NOx还原为N2.在考察的一系列催化剂(包括γ-Al2O3,Ag/γ-Al2O3,B2O3/γ-Al2O3,Ga2O3/γ-Al2O3,In2O3/γ-Al2O3等)中,B2O3/γ-Al2O3表现出最好的催化活性.当反应温度为300oC时,NOx转化率达到最高.与γ-Al2O3催化剂相比,在10wt%B2O3/γ-Al2O3催化剂上,300oC时,NOx转化为N2的转化率从33.4%提高至51.0%.催化剂的酸性对于经等离子体活化后的反应气体在催化剂上的SCR反应起到重要作用.同时,催化剂上吸附态NOx对于NOx的转化也起到一定作用.     

Application of LC-MS/MS method for the in vivo metabolite determination of oleuropein after intravenous administration to rat

A highly sensitive, specific and simple LC‐MS/MS method was developed to investigate in vivo bio‐transformation of oleuropein in rat. Rat urine samples collected after the intravenous administrations were determined using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization in the negative‐ion mode. The assay procedure involves a simple liquid–liquid extraction of parent oleuropein and the metabolite from rat urine with ethyl acetate. Chromatographic separation was operated with 0.1% formic acid aqueous and methanol in gradient program at a flow rate of 0.80 mL/min on an RP‐C₁₈ column with a total run time of 30 min. This method has been successfully applied to simultaneous determination of oleuropein and its metabolite in rat urine. Oxygenation was found to be the major metabolic pathway of the oleuropein in rat after intravenous administration. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The biotransformation of oleuropein in rats

A highly sensitive and specific LC‐MS/MS method was developed to investigate the in vivo bio‐transformation of oleuropein in rat. Rat feces and urine samples collected after oral administration were determined by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization in the negative‐ion mode. The assay procedure involves a simple liquid–liquid extraction of parent oleuropein and the metabolite from rat feces and urine with ethyl acetate. Chromatographic separation was operated with 0.1% formic acid aqueous and methanol in gradient program at a flow rate of 0.50 mL/min on an RP‐C₁₈ column with a total run time of 31 min. This method was successfully applied to simultaneous determination of oleuropein and its metabolites in rat feces and urine. De‐glucosylation, hydrolysis, oxygenation and methylation were found to comprise the major metabolic pathway of oleuropein in rat gastrointestinal tract and three metabolites were absorbed into the blood circulatory system within 24 h after oral administration. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Determination of Bitterness of Extra Virgin Olive Oils by Amperometric Detection

A flow injection system with amperometric detection at potentials poised at +0.4 and +0.9 V was used to evaluate intensity of the bitter taste in monovarietal Extra Virgin Olive Oils (EVOO). Results from the proposed method were based on the extraction of the bitter constituents of the virgin olive oil samples in methanol‐water, followed by the direct amperometric measurement. These potentials were selected according to the hydrodynamic voltammogram of oleuropein, one of the most prominent and bitter phenolic compound found in EVOO. The amperometric detection was applied on 32 monovariatal EVOO samples. Results were correlated with the phenolic profile measured by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The amperometric signal at +0.9 V mainly correlated with the total phenols of the samples (R²=0.81), whereas the signal at +0.4 V mainly correlated with oleuropein aglycone (3,4 DHPEA‐EDA, R²=0.79). Bitterness intensity of the samples was evaluated by a trained sensory panel of experts and the results compared to those obtained by the amperometric flow system. The best correlation with the bitter taste was achieved by the sensor at +0.4 V (R²=0.72). A calibration model based on partial least squares was built with three variables, namely the sensors set at +0.4 and +0.9 V and the total phenol content of the EVOO extracts. The model showed a moderate capacity to predict the bitterness of the EVOO samples using leave one out method, (R²=0.75) and in prediction of a test set of samples (R²=0.7). Such approach is very promising for future studies.     

Characterization of isomers of oleuropein aglycon in olive oils by rapid‐resolution liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray time‐of‐flight and ion trap tandem mass spectrometry

In this work, rapid‐resolution liquid chromatography (RRLC) coupled to electrospray ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (ESI‐TOF‐MS) and ion trap multiple mass spectrometry (IT‐MSⁿ) has been applied to separate and characterize eleven isomers of oleuropein aglycon in fourteen Spanish extra‐virgin olive oils. After the extra‐virgin olive oil sample had been dissolved in hexane and cleaned up by a diol‐bonded phase solid‐phase extraction (SPE) cartridge, the eluting extract was resolved in methanol and analyzed on an Angilent 1200 system with a 4.6 × 150 mm, 1.8 µm Zorbax Eclipse plus C18 column. Mass spectrometry was carried out on a Bruker Daltonics microTOF mass spectrometer and a Bruker Daltonics ion trap mass spectrometer. The characterization of isomers of oleuropein aglycon was based on accurate mass data and the isotope function of characteristic fragment ions in the studied compounds by TOF‐MS, and the fragment ions were further confirmed by IT‐MSⁿ. The fragmentation pathway of oleuropein aglycon was successfully elucidated and all possible transformations among isomers of oleuropein aglycon were suggested. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The Effect of Olive Fruit Fly Bactrocera oleae (Rossi) Infestation on Certain Chemical Parameters of Produced Olive Oils

Olives affected by active and damaging infestation (olive fruit fly Bactrocera oleae (Rossi)) were assayed for their chemical composition. Biophenols were determined by HPLC, sterols, triterpenic dialcohols, and fatty acids by gas chromatography analysis. The acquired data were statistically analyzed. Oils produced from “Istrska belica” fruit affected by active infestation compared to the oils made from fruit affected by damaging infestation showed higher amounts of total oleuropein biofenols (377.3 versus (vs.) 106.6 mg/kg), total biophenols (755 vs. 377 mg/kg), lignans (85.3 vs. 32.9 mg/kg), the dialdehydic form of decarboxymethyl oleuropein aglycone (DMO-Agl-dA) (148.3 vs. 49.0 mg/kg), its oxidized form (DMO-Agl-dA)ox (35.2 vs. 8.5 mg/kg), the dialdehydic form of oleuropein aglycone (O-Agl-dA) (61.1 vs. 8.0 mg/kg), the dialdehydic form of ligstroside aglycone (L-Agl-dA) (63.5 vs. 28.0 mg/kg), the aldehydic form of oleuropein aglycone (O-Agl-A) (40.6 vs. 8.4 mg/kg), and lower amounts of tyrosol (Tyr) (6.0 vs. 13. 9 mg/kg) and the aldehydic form of ligstroside aglycone (L-Agl-A) (13.8 vs. 40.3 mg/kg). Higher values of stigmasterol (2.99%) and lower values of campesterol (2.25%) were determined in oils affected by damaging infestation; an increase in triterpenic dialcohols was also observed (3.04% for damaging and 1.62% for active infestation). Oils affected by damaging infestation, compared to active infestation, showed lower amounts of oleic acid (73.89 vs. 75.15%) and higher amounts of myristic (0.013 vs. 0.011%), linoleic (7.27 vs. 6.48%), and linolenic (0.74 vs. 0.61%) acids.     

A novel bioanalytical method based on UHPLC‐HRMS/MS for the quantification of oleuropein in human serum. Application to a pharmacokinetic study

A highly sensitive, rapid and specific ultrahigh‐performance liquid chromatography, coupled to negative electrospray ionization high‐resolution tandem mass spectrometry, method was developed and validated in order to investigate the absorption of dietary oleuropein (OE) in human subjects. Serum samples were collected at predefined time points, after oral administration of an olive leaf extract enriched in OE (204.4 mg OE per capsule) to two subjects. Subsequently, samples were analyzed by the developed method after a simple solid‐phase extraction step. Chromatographic separation was operated with aqueous formic acid, 0.1% (v/v), and acetonitrile following a gradient program at a flow rate of 0.45 mL/min in an RP‐C₁₈ (50 × 2.1 mm, 1.9 μm) column with a total run time of 2.7 min. The method was validated and successfully applied to the determination of OE in human serum, with the pharmacokinetic analysis of the data revealing a biphasic response.     

Olive Pomace Phenolic Compounds Stability and Safety Evaluation: From Raw Material to Future Ophthalmic Applications

Nowadays, increasing interest in olive pomace (OP) valorization aims to improve olive’s industry sustainability. Interestingly, several studies propose a high-value application for OP extracts containing its main phenolic compounds, hydroxytyrosol and oleuropein, as therapy for ocular surface diseases. In this work, the stability and accessibility of OP total phenolic and flavonoid content, main representative compounds, and antioxidant activity were assessed under different pretreatment conditions. Among them, lyophilization and supercritical CO₂ extraction were found to increase significantly most responses measured in the produced extracts. Two selected extracts (CONV and OPT3) were obtained by different techniques (conventional and pressurized liquid extraction); Their aqueous solutions were characterized by HPLC-DAD-MS/MS. Additionally, their safety and stability were evaluated according to EMA requirements towards their approval as ophthalmic products: their genotoxic effect on ocular surface cells and their 6-months storage stability at 4 different temperature/moisture conditions (CPMP/ICH/2736/99), together with pure hydroxytyrosol and oleuropein solutions. The concentration of hydroxytyrosol and oleuropein in pure or extract solutions was tracked, and possible degradation products were putatively identified by HPLC-DAD-MS/MS. Hydroxytyrosol and oleuropein had different stability as standard or extract solutions, with oleuropein also showing different degradation profile. All compounds/extracts were safe for ophthalmic use at the concentrations tested.     

Seasonal variations in metabolite profiling of the fruits of Ligustrum lucidum Ait

The metabolite profiling of fruits of the herb Ligustrum lucidum Ait collected during different months has been performed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC/QTOFMS) and multivariate statistical analysis techniques. The markers such as oleuropein acid, neonuezhenide, specnuezhenide, oleuropein and ligustrosidic acid accountable for such variations were identified through the loadings plot of principal component analysis (PCA), and the tentative identification of the markers is completed by comparing the mass spectra and retention times with those of reference compounds and/or tentatively assigned by matching empirical molecular formulae and MS/MS data with those of the known compounds published. Furthermore, one of the chemical markers, such as specnuezhenide, which is water-soluble, biologically active and also the predominant compound in this crude drug, was quantified by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a tunable UV detector (UPLC-TUV). The developed UPLC method provides good linearity (r(2)=0.9991), repeatability (RSD=2.96%), intra- and inter-day precisions (RSD=0.21%, 0.96%), with accuracies of 99.18-100.26% and a recovery of specnuezhenide of 97.57%. The fruits of L. lucidum Ait collected from August to December were tested. The results clearly show that the fruits of L. lucidum Ait harvested in October have the highest yields of specnuezhenide. It is also noted that the variations of content of specnuezhenide obtained by both methods have a strong correlation. This suggests that the newly proposed strategy is a reliable and simple method for the rapid discrimination of subtle variations, within the same plant species or strains, due to different seasonal collection times.     

Determination of eight polyphenols and pantothenic acid in extra‐virgin olive oil samples by a simple,fast, high‐throughput and sensitive ultra high performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry method

A new ultra high performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry method for a fast and sensitive determination of eight polyphenols (hydroxytyrosol, catechin, epicatechin, epigallocatechin gallate, oleuropein, quercetin, rutin, tyrosol) and panthotenic acid in extra‐virgin olive oil was developed. The method does not require long sample pre‐treatment and presents the lowest limit of detection and limit of quantitation values present in literature. Inter‐ and intra‐day variability, linear dynamic range of the calibration curve, recovery and matrix effect were also determined and investigated. The method was applied to several oil samples of different type and origin. Given its accuracy, precision and rapidity, the method is characterized by an interestingly high throughput, reliability, and sensitivity.     

Electrophoretic identification and quantitation of compounds in the polyphenolic fraction of extra-virgin olive oil

A capillary zone electrophoresis method has been carried out to determine and quantitate some compounds of the polyphenolic fraction of virgin olive oil which have never previously been determined before using capillary electrophoresis, such as elenolic acid, ligstroside aglycon, oleuropein aglycon, and (+)-pinoresinol. The compounds were identified using standards obtained by semipreparative high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). A detailed method optimization was performed to separate the phenolic compounds present in olive oil using a methanol-water extract of Picual extra-virgin olive oil, and different extraction systems were compared (C18-solid phase extraction (SPE), Diol-SPE, Sax-SPE and liquid-liquid extraction). The optimized parameters were 30 mM sodium tetraborate buffer (pH 9.3) at 25 kV with 8 s hydrodynamic injection, and the quantitation was carried out by the use of two reference compounds at two different wavelengths.