明嘉靖朝北京太庙改建规划方案生成之始末

近年来,基于BiVO_4光阳极的光电催化分解水技术引起人们的关注.我们通过水热-氨化法制备出Ni_3N纳米颗粒,首次将其作为助催化剂修饰到BiVO_4光阳极上光电催化分解水.实验表明, Ni_3N纳米颗粒成功负载到BiVO_4光阳极表面并可有效抑制表面电荷复合以及提高光电催化分解水性能.在1.23 V v. RHE处光电流密度可达3.23mA/cm~2.此外, Ni_3N/BiVO_4光阳极的最大值ABPE值达0.88%,并呈现出良好的稳定性.     

四角星形BiVO4/Bi2O3催化剂的制备及性能

采用水热法合成具有四角星形貌的钒酸铋,再将钒酸铋浸渍在碱溶液里二次水热,制备出BiVO_4/Bi_2O_3催化剂。采用X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM),紫外-可见漫反射(UV-Vis DRS)等方法对样品进行表征。可见光下,BiVO_4/Bi_2O_3复合物的光催化降解罗丹明B性能及光电流响应均优于纯BiVO_4。这是由于BiVO_4/Bi_2O_3复合材料形成了异质结构,有效抑制了光生电子与空穴的复合效率。     

电解液成分、厚度及表面改性对旋涂法制备的BiVO_4膜层光电化学性能的影响（英文）

采用旋涂法在FTO(SnO_2∶F)导电玻璃衬底上沉积得到BiVO_4多孔薄膜用以光解水,改变前驱体的浓度和旋涂次数以调控薄膜的厚度。研究了电解液成分、膜层厚度及表面改性等因素对刚经历过退火处理的BiVO_4薄膜光电化学(PEC)性能的影响。结果表明:通过在电解液中添加适量的空穴吞噬剂Na_2SO_3,或对表面进行Co-Pi改性均能有效改善BiVO_4薄膜的PEC活性。这些措施均能有效抑制固液界面处的载流子复合反应。经Co-Pi改性的BiVO_4薄膜在0.6 V(vs SCE)偏压下,0.1 mol·L~(-1) Na_2SO_4+0.1mol·L~(-1)Na_2SO_3的电解液中展现出最高的光电流密度(4.3 m A·cm~(-2))。此外,选用一个代表性BiVO_4薄膜作为光阳极制备了一个PEC生物传感器,在检测谷胱甘肽(GSH)上表现出比较高的灵敏度。本研究证实了BiVO_4薄膜的PEC性能严重依赖着光俘获效率和载流子输运过程。     

二氰胺钴、镍调控钒酸铋界面载流子传输及光催化产氧研究（英文）

光催化水分解反应是解决当前世界范围严峻的能源与环境问题的一种有效途径.光催化分解水过程可以分为产氢和产氧两个半反应.产氧反应过程复杂,动力学缓慢,是光催化分解水的限速步骤,因此需要探索性能优异的水氧化催化剂(WOCs)来提高产氧半反应的效率.钒酸铋近年来被广泛研究并应用于光催化产氧领域.钒酸铋拥有合适的带宽(2.4 eV)以及较好的稳定性,但是其应用受到其严重的电子空穴复合率、较低的电荷传输能力以及较差的反应动力学的限制.以往研究表明,通过构建复合光催化体系可以有效促进光生电荷的分离与传输,提高材料的光催化性能.因此,我们提出构建新型的BiVO_4/M(dca)_2(M=Co,Ni)复合体系,其中,BiVO_4作为光敏化剂,M(dca)_2作为水氧化催化剂.红外测试和紫外可见测试的结果表明,M(dca)_2通过物理吸附的方式附着在BiVO_4表面,形成BiVO_4/M(dca)_2复合光催化剂体系.复合体系的产氧活性相较于纯BiVO_4有明显的提升.光催化产氧测试结果表明,BiVO_4/Co(dca)2和BiVO_4/Ni(dca)_2复合体系的产氧活性分别可达508.1和297.7μmol/(h·g),而纯BiVO_4的产氧活性只有252.2μmol/(h·g).进一步的稳定性测试结果表明,BiVO_4/Co(dca)2复合体系在30 h的测试过程中能够保持稳定的活性.ICP-MS和XPS的表征结果证明了催化过程中分子催化剂良好的稳定性,排除了反应过程中生成氧化物进而促进产氧活性的可能.对该复合体系的一系列电化学表征证明,M(dca)_2有效改善了BiVO_4/电解液界面的电荷传输性能,从而促进了光催化产氧性能.其中,莫特-肖特基测试表明,M(dca)_2的加入增大了能带弯曲,提高了空穴传递的驱动力,阻抗谱的测试证明了复合体系具有较低的界面电阻,有利于载流子的迁移.通过对复合体系光生载流子分离和注入效率的表征,可以证明,在BiVO_4/M(dca)_2复合体系中,光生空穴能够有效地从BiVO_4迁移到M(dca)_2,进而参与光催化产氧反应并且光催化活性有明显的提升.其中,由于Co(dca)2能够更加有效地改善BiVO_4/电解质的水氧化反应动力学过程,其活性显著优于BiVO_4/Ni(dca)_2体系和纯BiVO_4.此外,基于实验结果和各项表征,我们进一步提出了BiVO_4/Co(dca)2光催化产氧反应的反应机理:光照条件下,BiVO_4中电子跃迁至导带,进而被牺牲剂消耗,而价带上的空穴则传递至分子催化剂进行化学反应,其中,分子催化的反应机理遵循水亲核攻击的模型.     

BiVO4/ZnFe2O4同型异质结光阳极的构筑及其光电催化分解水性能

光生电子-空穴对的复合被认为是限制BiVO₄材料光电催化转换效率的重要原因之一。基于此,通过简单的水热-煅烧方法构筑了BiVO₄/ZnFe₂O₄同型异质结光阳极,BiVO₄/ZnFe₂O₄复合光阳极在1.23 V(vs RHE)下的光电流密度为3.33 mA·cm^-2,较纯BiVO₄提升了2倍(1.20 mA·cm^-2)。相关的结构及性能测试表明,BiVO₄和ZnFe₂O₄形成了带隙错开的n-n异质结,使得光生载流子得到有效分离,更有效地参与水氧化过程,进而提高了BiVO₄的光电催化水分解性能。     

BiVO_4电催化水氧化制备过氧化氢

以FTO镀层电极为基体,经电沉积制得BiOI镀层后化学法转化得到BiVO_4电极,并以BiVO_4电极为阳极催化水分子发生二电子氧化过程产生过氧化氢。研究结果表明,碳酸氢盐作为电解质溶液时,对过氧化氢的产生有促进作用。测定结果表明,在2 mol·L~(-1) KHCO_3溶液中,在3.39 V (vs RHE)阳极电位下电解,则过氧化氢的生成速率最高,达到3.73×10~(-7) mol·cm~(-2)·min~(-1);在3.19 V (vs RHE)阳极电位下电解,则电流效率最高达到10.13%;电极连续使用寿命达到240 min以上。     

电喷雾沉积WO_(3)/Fe_(2)TiO_(5)复合光阳极及其光电催化水裂解性能北大核心CSCD

构建异质结是改善半导体光响应和载流子传输的有效途径之一。采取电喷雾沉积法,在掺氟的二氧化锡玻璃(FTO)上先后制备了WO_(3)和Fe_(2)TiO_(5)纳米结构薄膜,并研究了其作为光阳极的光电催化性能。薄膜表面复杂的微纳米结构有效地增加了对光的捕获能力和化学反应比表面积;二者在界面处形成的异质结有效地抑制了光生载流子的复合,加速了电荷的转移,提升了光电催化水裂解性能。在1.23 V和1.6 V(vs. RHE)处,其光电流密度相比纯Fe_(2)TiO_(5)电极分别提升了1.4和4.6倍。     

无定形氧化铁层在纳米多孔BiVO_4的光电化学分解水反应中的作用（英文）

通过"人工光合成"过程,将太阳能转化成氢能的形式加以存储和利用,是替代传统化石能源的清洁能源的制备有效途径.其中,光电化学分解水是氢能制备的最有潜力的路径之一.n型BiVO_4由于具有丰富的储量、较窄的带隙以及合适的能带位置,被称为光电化学领域的研究热点.然而,未修饰的BiVO_4光阳极性能并不理想,主要原因在于载流子复合严重、导电性差以及表面催化动力学低等性质的制约.科研工作者们针对这些方面已进行了非常多的研究,例如与电子传输层的复合、产氧电催化剂的担载以及异质结的构建等.其中表面动力学和电荷分离的同时提升是更理想的改善BiVO_4光阳极性能的方法.我们在上述研究基础上,采用光化学沉积法在纳米多孔BiVO_4电极表面担载无定形氧化铁层,将电极在1.23 V vs.RHE电位下的光电流提升至2.52 m A/cm2,是初始光电化学性能的3倍.采用间歇光照计时电流(i-t)测试,电化学交流阻抗谱(EIS),X射线光电子能谱(XPS),原位和非原位的X射线精细结构能谱(in-situ and ex-situ XAFS)等表征手段研究了无定形氧化铁层的成分和光电化学反应过程中的价态变化,从而分析出光电化学性能提升的原因.间歇光照i-t测试和EIS测试结果表明,无定形氧化铁沉积在BiVO_4使电荷累积减少,复合率降低.XPS测试结果发现无定形氧化铁层存在少量的二价铁成分.通过原位XAFS测试发现,BiVO_4/Fe Ox电极中Fe原子的价态在光照和施加外加偏压条件下会有价态的升高,而撤去光照和偏压后Fe原子的价态状态与最初非原位的测试结果重合.这样的结果证明了无定型氧化铁层在光电化学反应过程中由于二价铁成分的存在,能够很好的通过价态改变实现空穴的吸附和传输,即吸附空穴,被空穴氧化成三价或四价,同时结合自身电催化活性,促进表面分解水反应的进行.而水的氧化反应结束时,则伴随着二价铁离子的再生成.这种反应机理为开发更高效的电催化剂,匹配光电极使用,有着重大的指导意义.     

Ag_2CO_3/BiVO_4复合微米片光催化剂的制备、表征及光催化机理

采用水热法制备粒径为1~2μm的BiVO_4微米片,然后在微米片表面沉积不同含量的Ag_2CO_3颗粒,制备Ag_2CO_3/BiVO_4复合微米片光催化剂。利用X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、红外光谱(FTIR)、紫外-可见漫反射光谱(UV-Vis DRS)、光致发光(PL)光谱、瞬态光电流-时间响应对催化剂进行表征。以可见光为光源,罗丹明B为降解对象进行光催化活性测试。结果表明,复合适量Ag_2CO_3有利于提高光催化剂的比表面积,改善催化剂的表面性能。活性测试结果表明,当复合10%(w/w)Ag_2CO_3时,Ag_2CO_3/BiVO_4光催化活性最佳,比纯BiVO_4提高4.4倍。光致发光(PL)光谱、瞬态光电流-时间响应测试结果表明,复合Ag_2CO_3能有效抑制光生电子与空穴的复合。自由基捕获实验结果表明,该体系的活性氧物质为空穴和羟基自由基。Ag_2CO_3/BiVO_4复合光催化剂活性提高的原因,是较宽带隙的Ag_2CO_3与较窄带隙的BiVO_4形成的异质结有效抑制了光生电子与空穴的复合,同时两者适宜的能带结构保证产生更多的空穴,从而具有更强的氧化能力。     

硫化钴装饰BiVO4光阳极提升其光电化学水分解性能

太阳能驱动的光电化学(PEC)水分解可以有效地将太阳能转化为化学能,作为解决环境排放和能源危机最具前景的途径之一,已经引起了科学界的广泛关注.PEC水分解系统由两个半反应组成:在光阳极上的析氧反应(OER)和光阴极上的析氢反应(HER).PEC系统的太阳能转化效率主要由光阳极/电解质界面的OER过程所决定,这是一个非常复杂且涉及质子偶联的多步四电子转移过程.钒酸铋(BiVO₄)是应用于PEC水分解的典型且具有实际应用前景的光阳极材料之一.然而,由于不良的表面电荷转移、电荷在光阳极/电解质结面处的表面复合以及缓慢的OER动力学等因素,导致BiVO₄的PEC性能受到严重限制.本文开发了一种新颖有效的解决方案,以低成本、高电导率和具有快速电荷转移能力的硫化钴装饰来提升BiVO₄光阳极的PEC活性,X射线多晶衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)等表征,研究结果表明CoS成功装饰于BiVO₄表面.采用紫外-可见吸收光谱(UV-VisDRS)研究了BiVO₄和复合光阳极CoS/BiVO₄的光学性质,结果表明,与纯的BiVO₄相比,CoS/BiVO₄光阳极在可见光范围内光吸收能力有所增强.将制备的BiVO₄和CoS/BiVO₄光阳极应用于PEC分解水实验中,结果表明,相对于1.23 V可逆氢电极,在光照下,CoS/BiVO₄光阳极的光电流密度显著提升,可高达3.2 m Acm^-2,是纯BiVO₄的2.5倍以上.与纯BiVO₄相比,CoS/BiVO₄光阳极的起始氧化电位显示出负向偏移0.2 V,表明析氧过电势得到有效减小.入射光子转换效率(IPCE)测试结果表明,CoS/BiVO₄光阳极的入射光子转换效率在500 nm之前的可见光范围内得到明显提升,其中,CoS/BiVO₄的IPCE值在380 nm处达到最大.此外,由于CoS的装饰作用,CoS/BiVO₄光阳极的电荷注入效率和电荷分离效率均得到较大的提升,分别达到75.8%(相较于纯BiVO₄光阳极的36.7%)和79.8%(相较于纯BiVO₄光阳极的66.8%).电化学阻抗谱(EIS)测试结果表明,通过CoS的装饰,CoS/BiVO₄光阳极的界面电荷转移电阻得到有效降低,证明其界面电荷转移动力学得到有效提升.光致发光光谱测试结果表明,CoS的装饰显著提高了BiVO₄的光生电子-空穴对的分离效率,进一步证明BiVO₄表面的CoS装饰在其PEC分解水中起着非常积极的作用.本文为通过表面修饰设计应用于PEC水分解的有效的光阳极提供了新思路.     

Boosting the Photoactivity of BiVO4 Photoanodes by a ZnCoFe-LDH Thin Layer for Water Oxidation

Monoclinic bismuth vanadate (BiVO₄) has been used as an efficient photoanode material for photoelectrochemical water oxidation owing to its suitable band gap and nontoxicity. Nevertheless, the practical application of BiVO₄ photoanode has been severely limited by the surface charge recombination and sluggish kinetic, which leads to the obtained photoactivity of BiVO₄ is much lower than its theoretical value. In this case, ZnCoFe-LDH thin layer is conformally decorated on the porous BiVO₄ photoanode through a simple electrodeposition process. The results show that a boosted photoactivity and a remarkably enhanced photocurrent density (3.43 mA cm⁻² at 1.23 V_RHE) are attained for BiVO₄/ZnCoFe-LDH. In addition, the optimized BiVO₄/ZnCoFe-LDH photoanode exhibits significant negative shift in the onset potential (0.51 V_RHE to 0.21 V_RHE), promotes charge separation efficiency (49.3% to 60.4% in the bulk, 29.6% to 61.9% on the surface at 1.23 V_RHE) and enhanced IPCE efficiency (25.5% to 54.7% at 425 nm) compared with that of bare BiVO₄ photoanode. It is demonstrated that the boosted photoactivity of BiVO₄/ZnCoFe-LDH photoanode is mainly ascribed to the synergy effects of the formation of p-n heterojunction between ZnCoFe-LDH and BiVO₄ to accelerate the photogenerated charge transfer and separation, broaden light absorption, as well as promote the surface water oxidation kinetics.     

Prussian Blue Type Cocatalysts for Enhancing the Photocatalytic Water Oxidation Performance of BiVO4

The efficiency of photocatalytic overall water splitting reactions is usually limited by the high energy barrier and complex multiple electron-transfer processes of the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Although bismuth vanadate (BiVO₄) as the photocatalyst has been developed for enhancing the kinetics of the water oxidation reaction, it still suffers from challenges of fast recombination of photogenerated electron-hole pairs and poor photocatalytic activity. Herein, six M^II-Co^III Prussian blue analogues (PBAs) (M=Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn) cocatalysts are synthesized and deposited on the surface of BiVO₄ for boosting the surface catalytic efficiency and enhancing photogenerated carries separation efficiency of BiVO₄. Six M^II-Co^III PBAs@BiVO₄ photocatalysts all demonstrate increased photocatalytic water oxidation performance compared to that of BiVO₄ alone. Among them, the Co−Co PBA@BiVO₄ photocatalyst is employed as a representative research object and is thoroughly characterized by electrochemistry, electronic microscope as well as multiple spectroscopic analyses. Notably, BiVO₄ coupling with Co−Co PBA cocatalyst could capture more photons than that of pure BiVO₄, facilitating the transfer of photogenerated charge carriers between BiVO₄ and Co−Co PBA as well as the surface catalytic efficiency of BiVO₄. Overall, this work would promote the synthesis strategy development for exploring new types of composite photocatalysts for water oxidation.     

A BiVO4 Photoanode with a VOx Layer Bearing Oxygen Vacancies Offers Improved Charge Transfer and Oxygen Evolution Kinetics in Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting

Sluggish oxygen evolution kinetics are one of the key limitations of bismuth vanadate (BiVO₄) photoanodes for efficient photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting. To address this issue, we report a vanadium oxide (VO_x) with enriched oxygen vacancies conformally grown on BiVO₄ photoanodes by a simple photo-assisted electrodeposition process. The optimized BiVO₄/VO_x photoanode exhibits a photocurrent density of 6.29 mA cm⁻² at 1.23 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode under AM 1.5 G illumination, which is ca. 385 % as high as that of its pristine counterpart. A high charge-transfer efficiency of 96 % is achieved and stable PEC water splitting is realized, with a photocurrent retention rate of 88.3 % upon 40 h of testing. The excellent PEC performance is attributed to the presence of oxygen vacancies in VO_x that forms undercoordinated sites, which strengthen the adsorption of water molecules onto the active sites and promote charge transfer during the oxygen evolution reaction. This work demonstrates the potential of vanadium-based catalysts for PEC water oxidation.     

钨掺杂BiVO4光阳极降解环丙沙星的表面态行为

采用简单浸渍的方法对BiVO₄光阳极进行表面钨(W)掺杂,以环丙沙星(CIP)为药品和个人护理产品(PPCPs)模型污染物,研究了W掺杂BiVO₄光阳极降解CIP的表面态行为。结果表明,低浓度W掺杂对BiVO₄光阳极的晶体结构、表面形貌和光吸收性能没有显著影响。但W掺杂取代了BiVO₄光阳极表面的V⁵⁺,能抑制BiVO₄光阳极表面V⁵⁺/V⁴⁺还原过程,减少复合中心表面态,同时引入更多氧空穴,增加活性位点表面态。CIP的降解反应受表面活性位点控制。表面W掺杂能有效促进CIP降解的电荷转移,提高BiVO₄光阳极光电催化降解性能。     

Effective Charge Carrier Utilization of BiVO4 for Solar Overall Water Splitting

Solar energy-driven overall water splitting (OWS) is an attractive way for generating clean and renewable green hydrogen. One key challenge is the construction of OWS systems with high solar energy conversion efficiencies, in which how to manipulate photoexcited charge carriers to efficiently participate in the reaction is the top priority. In recent years, bismuth vanadate (BiVO₄) has emerged as one of the most promising materials for photo(electro)catalytic OWS and considerable progress has been achieved. In this review, recent advances of BiVO₄-constituted OWS systems in both photoelectrocatalytic and photocatalytic approaches are presented in a mainline of effective charge carrier utilization. Various strategies for improved charge carrier utilization, including band structure engineering, improving charge separation, reducing charge recombination, and accelerating reaction kinetics, are summarized and analyzed in detail. Finally, perspective and outlook on further exploring the application potential of BiVO₄ are proposed.     

钨掺杂BiVO4光阳极降解环丙沙星的表面态行为

采用简单浸渍的方法对BiVO₄光阳极进行表面钨(W)掺杂,以环丙沙星(CIP)为药品和个人护理产品(PPCPs)模型污染物,研究了W掺杂BiVO₄光阳极降解CIP的表面态行为。结果表明,低浓度W掺杂对BiVO₄光阳极的晶体结构、表面形貌和光吸收性能没有显著影响。但W掺杂取代了BiVO₄光阳极表面的V⁵⁺,能抑制BiVO₄光阳极表面V⁵⁺/V⁴⁺还原过程,减少复合中心表面态,同时引入更多氧空穴,增加活性位点表面态。CIP的降解反应受表面活性位点控制。表面W掺杂能有效促进CIP降解的电荷转移,提高BiVO₄光阳极光电催化降解性能。     

Stable Cocatalyst-Free BiVO4 Photoanodes with Passivated Surface States for Photocorrosion Inhibition

Improving charge transport and reducing bulk/surface recombination can increase the activity and stability of BiVO₄ for water oxidation. Herein we demonstrate that the photoelectrochemical (PEC) performance of BiVO₄ can be significantly improved by potentiostatic photopolarization. The resulting cocatalyst-free BiVO₄ photoanode exhibited a record-high photocurrent of 4.60 mA cm⁻² at 1.23 V_RHE with an outstanding onset potential of 0.23 V_RHE in borate buffer without a sacrificial agent under AM 1.5G illumination. The most striking characteristic was a strong “self-healing” property of the photoanode, with photostability observed over 100 h under intermittent testing. The synergistic effects of the generated oxygen vacancies and the passivated surface states at the semiconductor–electrolyte interface as a result of potentiostatic photopolarization reduced the substantial carrier recombination and enhanced the water oxidation kinetics, further inhibiting photocorrosion.     

Enriched Surface Oxygen Vacancies of Photoanodes by Photoetching with Enhanced Charge Separation

A facile photoetching approach is described that alleviates the negative effects from bulk defects by confining the oxygen vacancy (O_vac) at the surface of BiVO₄ photoanode, by 10‐minute photoetching. This strategy could induce enriched O_vac at the surface of BiVO₄, which avoids the formation of excessive bulk defects. A mechanism is proposed to explain the enhanced charge separation at the BiVO₄ /electrolyte interface, which is supported by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The optimized BiVO₄ with enriched surface O_vac presents the highest photocurrent among undoped BiVO₄ photoanodes. Upon loading FeOOH/NiOOH cocatalysts, photoetched BiVO₄ photoanode reaches a considerable water oxidation photocurrent of 3.0 mA cm^?2 at 0.6 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode. An unbiased solar‐to‐hydrogen conversion efficiency of 3.5 % is realized by this BiVO₄ photoanode and a Si photocathode under 1 sun illumination.     

Concentration specific and tunable photoresponse of bismuth vanadate functionalized hexagonal ZnO nanocrystals based photoanodes for photoelectrochemical application

In the present work, dual layer BiVO₄/ZnO photoanode is instigated for photo-electrochemical (PEC) water splitting applications. Two different photocatalytic layers ZnO and BiVO₄, reduces charge carrier recombination and charge transfer resistance at photoanode/electrolyte junction. The concentration-specific, tunable and without ‘spike and overshoot’ features, photocurrent density response is originated by varying BiVO₄ concentration in the BiVO₄/ZnO photoanode. The crystal structure of ZnO (hexagonal wurtzite structure) and BiVO₄ (monoclinic scheelite structure) is confirmed by X-ray diffraction studies. The band gap of BiVO₄/ZnO was estimated to be ca. 2.42 eV through Kubler-Munk function F(R_∞) using diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. Electrochemical behavior of samples was analyzed with photocurrent measurements, electrochemical impedance, Mott-Schottky plots, bulk separation efficiency and surface transfer efficiency. The maximum photocurrent density of BiVO₄/ZnO photoanode was found to be 2.3 times higher than pristine ZnO sample.0.038 M BiVO₄/ZnO exhibited the highest separation efficiency of 72% and surface transfer efficiency of 64.7% at +1.23 V vs. RHE. Mott-Schottky study revealed the maximum charge carrier density in the same sample.     

Importance of catalyst–photoabsorber interface design configuration on the performance of Mo-doped BiVO4 water splitting photoanodes

Photoelectrochemical water splitting is mostly impeded by the slow kinetics of the oxygen evolution reaction. The construction of photoanodes that appreciably enhance the efficiency of this process is of vital technological importance towards solar fuel synthesis. In this work, Mo-modified BiVO₄ (Mo:BiVO₄), a promising water splitting photoanode, was modified with various oxygen evolution catalysts in two distinct configurations, with the catalysts either deposited on the surface of Mo:BiVO₄ or embedded inside a Mo:BiVO₄ film. The investigated catalysts included monometallic, bimetallic, and trimetallic oxides with spinel and layered structures, and nickel boride (Ni_xB). In order to follow the influence of the incorporated catalysts and their respective properties, as well as the photoanode architecture on photoelectrochemical water oxidation, the fabricated photoanodes were characterised for their optical, morphological, and structural properties, photoelectrocatalytic activity with respect to evolved oxygen, and recombination rates of the photogenerated charge carriers. The architecture of the catalyst-modified Mo:BiVO₄ photoanode was found to play a more decisive role than the nature of the catalyst on the performance of the photoanode in photoelectrocatalytic water oxidation. Differences in the photoelectrocatalytic activity of the various catalyst-modified Mo:BiVO₄ photoanodes are attributed to the electronic structure of the materials revealed through differences in the Fermi energy levels. This work thus expands on the current knowledge towards the design of future practical photoanodes for photoelectrocatalytic water oxidation.