油纸复合介质中水分子扩散行为的分子动力学模拟

对不同温度下水分子在油纸复合介质中的扩散行为进行了分子动力学模拟研究. 通过分析水分子与纤维素形成的氢键发现, 油中的水分子在模拟过程中会逐渐扩散到纤维素内并与之形成氢键, 而纤维素内的水分子则与纤维素形成氢键后被束缚于纤维素中. 通过分析水分子的扩散系数发现, 由于油和纤维素的极性不同, 使得水分子在油和纤维素两种单介质中的扩散行为有较大差别, 而在复合介质中的扩散系数受水分子在油和纤维素中的比例影响较大, 两者表现出很强的相关性. 水分子和两介质的相互作用与两介质的极性也存在很大的关系, 且不同温度下水分子与两介质的相互作用能和水分子在油和纤维素中的比例也表现出了较强的相关性. 不同温度下水分子的不同分布弱化了温度对扩散系数的影响.     

ZIF-8材料中CH4/H2吸附与扩散的分子模拟

采用平衡分子动力学和巨正则系综蒙特卡洛模拟方法对多孔沸石咪唑酯骨架材料(ZIF-8)中CH4和H2分子的吸附与扩散特性进行了比较研究.结果表明,采用柔性力场能够很好地复制ZIF-8在不同压力或温度条件下的晶体结构,也能准确地计算不同温度下CH4和H2分子在ZIF-8中的扩散系数,特别是高温下CH4分子因能够摆脱ZIF-8骨架笼口的空间限制而使其扩散系数出现大幅提升.同时,该力场也能粗略地模拟CH4和H2分子在ZIF-8中的等温吸附曲线,通过自编程序得到吸附和扩散平衡时CH4和H2分子在ZIF-8单元晶胞内的几率密度分布数据,并利用VMD软件可视化.结果显示CH4和H2分子在ZIF-8中的优先吸附位置均在大孔中心靠近咪唑环的区域,但CH4分子的优先吸附位置有两个不同层次,而H2分子的优先吸附位置只有一个层次,说明CH4和H2分子在ZIF-8中存在着不同的吸附机理.     

水和醇类分子及其混合物在纳米孔道材料中的传输扩散

随着计算机科学技术的飞速发展,理论计算特别是分子动力学模拟技术在研究受限流体的性质时发挥着独特的作用.本文综述了近年来水和醇类分子及其混合物在纳米孔道材料中传输扩散的研究进展,包括单组分水、甲醇和乙醇等在多种纳米孔道材料中的传输扩散,以及甲醇/水和乙醇/水等混合物在碳纳米管和沸石膜中的吸附和分离,讨论了体系温度、分子浓度以及纳米孔道材料结构等因素对水和醇类分子传输扩散过程的影响.     

反渗透过程中双壁碳纳米管通水阻盐性能的分子动力学模拟

采用分子动力学模拟方法, 探究了非常规双壁碳纳米管(DWCNT)在反渗透过程中, 不同内外管间距对管道内水分子与盐离子运动行为的影响. 本文采用0.5 mol·L^-1氯化钠水溶液模拟海水, 内管始终采用CNT(8,8)型, 并对盐水层施加恒力模拟反渗透压. 重点考察盐离子数量分布与通水情况, 计算水分子平均力势, 并分析水分子氢键寿命与偶极矩分布. 结果表明, 管间距不仅影响上述各项性质, 还会改变盐离子与水分子在碳管中的渗透特性. 模拟结果显示, 小尺寸DWCNT可以有效实现盐水分离但水通量较小, 大尺寸DWCNT的水容量较大但阻盐效率不高, 而中尺寸DWCNT (即: 管间距为0.815 nm)则具有最佳的通水阻盐性能. 本文试图从分子层面揭示了DWCNT通水阻盐机理, 并为人们设计新型海水淡化渗透膜提供理论指导.     

分子在ITQ-3分子筛窄孔道内扩散的过渡态理论模型

建立了一个基于过渡态理论的分子在ITQ-3窄孔道方向扩散的模型. 该模型中, 由于分子从空腔中的一个吸附位越过势垒到相邻的另一个空腔中的吸附位需要克服很大的势垒能, 因而分子在势垒处可以简化处理为只存在排斥势, 可得到扩散系数依赖温度和Lennard-Jones作用参数的解析关系. 用分子动力学方法对CF₄在ITQ-3上扩散进行了模拟并验证了解析关系的合理性. 分子动力学模拟计算得到的扩散活化能、势垒能和吸附位势能与实际值相吻合. 模拟结果也显示了扩散系数依赖于附载量, 表现为先增大后减小的变化模式. 扩散活化能的计算证实了这一变化机理, 即当附载量增加时, 由于处于空腔中的分子彼此抬高了势能, 降低了扩散活化能, 使得扩散系数随附载量的增加而增大, 之后由于堵塞效应, 扩散系数随附载量的增加而逐步减小.     

水蒸气在高分子膜中吸附和传递行为的研究进展

水蒸气作为一种可凝聚性气体,导致它在高分子膜中的渗透行为比其它非凝聚性气体复杂。简要综述了水蒸气分子在高分子膜中的溶解和扩散行为,在不同的水蒸气活度下,考察了水蒸气在高分子膜中的溶解系数、扩散系数和渗透系数。分析了水分子与膜之间的相互作用,及水分子的成簇机理。     

聚丙烯酰胺稀溶液的分子模拟

聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)是一类重要的线性水溶性聚合物,具有"百业助剂"之称,因此对其溶液性质的研究意义重大.在溶液质量浓度约为1g·mL-1的基础上,分别构建了含有不同水分子数的溶液模型.采用分子动力学(MD)方法模拟分析了不同温度下非离子型的聚丙烯酰胺(PAM-H)和阴离子型的聚丙烯酰胺(HPAM)在纯水溶液及含不同质量分数NaCl的水溶液中的回旋半径(Rg).结果发现,不同温度下PAM-H和HPAM的抗盐性能的模拟结果与实验数据基本吻合,水分子数不同的溶液模型所得模拟结果趋势没有明显变化,为了提高模拟效率,选取含有2000个水分子的溶液模型分析HPAM链中氧负离子及氧原子的径向分布函数,从微观结构模拟说明了HPAM水溶液粘度随NaCl质量分数增加而减小,且HPAM比PAM-H具有较好的增粘效果及较差的抗盐性能的原因.     

受限于纳米碳管中的乙醇分子的结构和扩散的分子模拟研究

利用分子模拟研究了常温常压下受限于(8,8) (管径1.081 nm)和(15,15) (管径 2.035 nm)单壁纳米碳管中的乙醇分子. 对受限分子的径向密度分布和氢键等静态性质以及扩散性质进行了分析. 结果显示在管内乙醇分子的平均氢键数目和主体相一致. 乙醇分子在(8,8)碳管内具有高度有序的结构, 而在(15,15)碳管内由于空间的增大导致结构有序度的降低, 其中分子取向已呈随机分布. 进一步对扩散系数的分析发现, 在管内乙醇分子的轴向扩散系数低于主体相, 特别在(8,8)碳管内乙醇分子几乎丧失了轴向扩散能力.     

以荷电化碳纳米管构筑正渗透膜用于海水淡化的分子动力学模拟

受传统膜科学中分离膜的荷电化可提升膜盐水分离效能的启发,在前期工作基础上尝试以荷电化碳纳米管CNT(8,8)为水通道仿生构筑正渗透膜,利用分子动力学模拟的方法研究水分子在膜中的传递行为.模拟中,以0.5mo·lL-1氯化钠溶液模拟海水,1mo·lL-1的氯化镁溶液为汲取液,考察不同电量电荷修饰对碳纳米管正渗透膜中水分子密度分布、扩散系数以及水通量的影响.结果显示,电荷修饰对碳纳米管中水分子的密度分布和扩散速率以及水通量影响较显著,当碳纳米管管口荷电量为-0.3e时,碳纳米管膜可获得最大水通量.     

界面水分子扩散对超高分子量聚乙烯摩擦学性能影响的反应分子动力学模拟研究

采用基于反应力场(ReaxFF)的分子动力学模拟方法,研究了摩擦界面水分子向超高分子量聚乙烯(UHMWPE)基体扩散和渗透的基本过程.分子模拟结果表明：摩擦过程中,水分子稳定吸附在Fe板表面,并与聚乙烯链形成分子内摩擦,使聚乙烯分子产生剪切变形.当Fe板表面存在纳尺度外凸结构时,其在UHMWPE表面的耕犁作用更为显著,使摩擦界面的内摩擦力显著增加.当摩擦速度增加时,摩擦界面原子温度显著升高.在水润滑条件下,界面水分子逐渐扩散到UHMWPE基体中,引起相邻聚乙烯链之间的原子距离增加,这导致聚乙烯链之间的相互作用强度降低.此外,摩擦界面处还伴随着水分子中氢氧键断裂,并引起相应原子的电荷跃变.此时,水氧原子与Fe原子形成Fe―O化合物,且具有与Fe₂O₃相似的晶体结构.水分子扩散进入UHMWPE内时,还引起其周围聚乙烯分子的电荷发生改变,造成UHMWPE表层原子电荷分布不均匀.     

分子筛膜反应器的研究进展

分子筛膜具有规整的微孔结构(<1 nm), 耐高温高压、 抗有机溶剂, 在液相和气相小分子分离中受到广泛关注. 分子筛膜可以与催化反应耦合于一体构成膜反应器, 使反应过程与组分分离同时进行, 促进反应平衡移动, 达到反应强化的效果. 本文概述了近十年不同类型分子筛膜反应器在催化反应中的应用研究进展, 并对分子筛膜反应器未来的发展趋势进行了展望.     

A molecular-dynamics study of lipid bilayers: effects of the hydrocarbon chain length on permeability

In this paper, we investigate the effects of the hydrocarbon chain length of lipid molecules on the permeation process of small molecules through lipid bilayers. We perform molecular-dynamics simulations using three kinds of lipid molecules with different chain length: dilauroylphosphatidylcholine, dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine, and dipalmiltoylphosphatidylcholine. Free-energy profiles of O2, CO, NO, and water molecules are calculated by means of the cavity insertion Widom method and the probability ratio method. We show that the lipid membrane with longer chains has a larger and wider energy barrier. The local diffusion coefficients of water across the bilayers are also calculated by the force autocorrelation function method and the velocity autocorrelation function method. The local diffusion coefficients in the bilayers are not altered significantly by the chain length. We estimate the permeability coefficients of water across the three membranes according to the solubility-diffusion model; we find that the water permeability decreases modestly with increasing chain length of the lipid molecules.     

The nature of permeability anisotropy and catalytic activity

The phenomena of permeability anisotropy and an increase in the rates of catalytic reactions in porous membranes modified with highly dispersed catalytic systems were analyzed. A model of stochastic gas motions was proposed; this model is based on the hypothesis of the specific interaction of molecules with the inner surface of pores resulting in a nonisotropic distribution of molecules over traveling directions. The effects of asymmetric gas transfer in porous and gradient-porous membranes were considered to explain differences in the rates of heterogeneous catalytic reactions in a nanoporous membrane reactor under changes in the direction of supplying a reaction mixture. From the model proposed, it follows that the transversal diffusion of gas molecules is most probable in the porous medium of a ceramic membrane with a pore-size distribution gradient from large to small pores along the flow direction. This diffusion results in an increase in the frequency of molecular collisions with the wall of a microchannel and, correspondingly, in an increase in the contact time. The model proposed explains the intensification of a number of heterogeneous catalytic reactions performed in the porous media of catalytic porous membranes.     

Permeability of the outer membrane of bacteria.

The outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria is an attractive system for the study of the structure-function relationships in biological membranes. This membrane has, inter alia, the task of regulating the inflow of nutrients and outflow of waste products. Investigations with the aid of mutants showed that there are at least two general pathways for the diffusion of small molecules across the outer membrane: one for hydrophobic and one for hydrophilic compounds. In the case of the “hydrophobic pathway” the hydrophobic compound dissolves in the interior of the membrane and then crosses the membrane in accordance with the partition coefficient. In wild-type forms of enteric bacteria this pathway cannot be used—presumably owing to the absence of regions with phospholipid bilayers. Small hydrophilic molecules, on the other hand, penetrate the membrane through water-filled pores.     

Template synthesized molecularly imprinted polymer nanotube membranes for chemical separations

In this report, we describe the synthesis of a molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) nanotube membrane, using a porous anodic alumina oxide (AAO) membrane by surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). The use of a MIP nanotube membrane in chemical separations gives the advantage of high affinity and selectivity. Furthermore, because the molecular imprinting technique can be applied to different kinds of target molecules, ranging from small organic molecules to peptides and proteins, such MIP nanotube membranes will considerably broaden the application of nanotube membranes in chemical separations and sensors. This report also shows that the ATRP route is an efficient procedure for the preparation of molecularly imprinted polymers. Furthermore, the ATRP route works well in its formation of MIP nanotubes within a porous AAO membrane. The controllable nature of ATRP allows the growth of a MIP nanotube with uniform pores and adjustable thickness. Thus, using the same route, it is possible to tailor the synthesis of MIP nanotube membranes with either thicker MIP nanotubes for capacity improvement or thinner nanotubes for efficiency improvement.     

具有不对称孔道结构的小介孔二氧化硅粒子的合成及其高分子杂化膜的构建

利用手性阴离子酸表面活性剂, 采用软模板法制备了具有不对称孔道结构的小介孔二氧化硅(SiO₂)粒子. 将小介孔SiO₂粒子引入聚偏四氟乙烯(PVDF)和聚酰亚胺(PI)中构建了两种有机/无机杂化膜. 利用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、 透射电子显微镜(TEM)、 扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和比表面积分析等表征了小介孔SiO₂粒子和有机/无机杂化膜的微结构, 并通过超滤实验和气体渗透实验分别考察两种杂化膜的性能. 研究结果表明, 表面含有大量亲水基团的小介孔SiO₂粒子具有规则有序排列的孔道结构, 该孔道结构呈现螺旋扭曲和不对称性. 构建的两种有机/无机杂化膜的极性显著提升, 进而有效增强了PVDF杂化膜的膜通量和抗污染性能及PI杂化膜对CO₂气体的分离性能, 克服了高分子膜的博弈效应(Trade-off效应). 另外, SiO₂的小介孔孔道还可以在PI杂化膜中引入优先通过CO₂分子的限域传质通道, 加速了CO₂气体在杂化膜中扩散. 但过多小介孔SiO₂粒子的加入导致其在高分子基质中团聚, 削弱杂化膜的极性和亲水性, 从而降低了两种杂化膜的分离性能.     

In situ study of diffusion and interaction of water and mono- or divalent anions in a positively charged membrane using two-dimensional correlation FT-IR/attenuated total reflection spectroscopy

Two-dimensional (2D) correlation analysis based on time-resolved FT-IR/attenuated total reflection (ATR) spectroscopy has been used to study the diffusion behavior of water and mono- or divalent anions in the positively charged membranes of different charge density. In 2D FT-IR/ATR spectra, the splitting of the water delta(OH) bending band in the spectral range 1700-1500 cm-1 indicates that there are three different states of water in the positively charged membrane, that is, the water molecules forming strong or weak hydrogen bonds with hydrophilic groups of the membrane and water molecularly dispersed with weaker hydrogen bonds. The wavenumber difference of the delta(OH) band in the low- and high-charge-density membrane indicates that water molecules form much stronger hydrogen bonds with hydrophilic groups in the high-charge-density membrane. The sequential order of the three water bands intensity changes shows that, in the process of water diffusion into the high-charge-density membrane, the hydrogen-bonding interaction between hydrophilic groups of the membrane and water molecules takes place gradually due to the highly cross-linked network structure of the membrane; in the process of water diffusion into the low-charge-density membrane, the strong hydrogen-bonding interaction between hydrophilic groups of the membrane and water molecules takes place instantaneously and this type of water easily diffuses due to the weak interactions between the water molecules and the membrane polymer. Furthermore, the diffusion processes of the electrolyte solution such as NaAc and Na2SO4 aqueous solutions in the positively charged membrane have also been examined.     

Structure and properties of the mesophase of syndiotactic polystyrene—III. Selective sorption of the mesophase of syndiotactic polystyrene

Syndiotactic polystyrene (sPS) has various crystalline forms such as α, β, γ, and δ forms, and a mesophase depending on the preparation method. In this study, we focused on the mesophase with the molecular cavity of sPS, which is obtained by step‐wise extraction of the guest molecules from the sPS δ form. To prepare the mesophase containing different shapes and sizes of the cavity, two kinds of the sPS δ form membrane cast from either toluene or chloroform solution were first prepared and then the guest molecules were removed by a step‐wise extraction method using acetone and methanol. We could succeed in the preparation of two kinds of mesophase with different shapes and sizes of the molecular cavity. Either toluene or chloroform vapor sorption to the sPS mesophase membranes was examined at 25 °C. Sorption analysis indicates that the mesophase with large molecular cavities can mainly sorb large molecules; on the other hand, the mesophase with small cavities can sorb only the small molecules, and is unable to sorb a large amount of large molecule because the cavity was too small to sorb the large molecules. Therefore, the sPS mesophase membrane has sorption selectivity based on the size of the molecular cavity. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 238–245, 2004     

Pervaporation separation of n-heptane/thiophene mixtures by polyethylene glycol membranes: Modeling and experimental

Gasoline desulfurization by membrane processes is a newly emerged technology, which has provided an efficient new approach for sulfur removal and gained increasing attention of the membrane and petrochemical field. A deep understanding of the solution/diffusion of gasoline molecules on/in the membrane can provide helpful information in improving or optimizing membrane performance. In this study, a desulfurization mechanism of polyethylene glycol (PEG) membranes has been investigated by the study of sorption and diffusion behavior of typical sulfur and hydrocarbon species through PEG membranes. A solution–diffusion model based on UNIFAC and free volume theory has been established. Pervaporation (PV) and sorption experiments were conducted to compare with the model calculation results and to analyze the mass transport behavior. The dynamic sorption curves for pure components and the sorption experiments for binary mixtures showed that thiophene, which had a higher solubility coefficient than n-heptane, was the preferential sorption component, which is key in the separation of thiophene/hydrocarbon mixtures. In all cases, the model calculation results fit well the experimental data. The UNIFAC model was a sound way to predict the solubility of solvents in membranes. The established model can predict the removal of thiophene species from hydrocarbon compounds by PEG membranes effectively.     

NMR approach to properties of polymeric membranes. Kinetics of membrane formation

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is used to characterize properties of polyetherimide membranes obtained from a phase inversion process. At the end of the phase inversion and prior to the subsequent thermal treatments, the membrane is made of a porous structure filled of solvent and nonsolvent molecules embedded in a concentrated polymer–solvent matrix in the glassy state. The confinement of the small solvent and non solvent molecules in the porous system leads to a restriction of their mobility. The kinetics of membrane formation is observed from NMR. It is found that the penetration of non-solvent and the propagation of the glassy phase into the system obey simple diffusion laws. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.