Similarities and differences in the structures of 5‐bromo‐6‐hydroxy‐7,8‐dimethylchroman‐2‐one and 6‐hydroxy‐7,8‐dimethyl‐5‐nitrochroman‐2‐one

The title compounds, C₁₁H₁₁BrO₃, (I), and C₁₁H₁₁NO₅, (II), respectively, are derivatives of 6‐hydroxy‐5,7,8‐trimethylchroman‐2‐one substituted at the 5‐position by a Br atom in (I) and by a nitro group in (II). The pyranone rings in both molecules adopt half‐chair conformations, and intramolecular O—H...Br [in (I)] and O—H...O_nitro [in (II)] hydrogen bonds affect the dispositions of the hydroxy groups. Classical intermolecular O—H...O hydrogen bonds are found in both molecules but play quite dissimilar roles in the crystal structures. In (I), O—H...O hydrogen bonds form zigzag C(9) chains of molecules along the a axis. Because of the tetragonal symmetry, similar chains also form along b. In (II), however, similar contacts involving an O atom of the nitro group form inversion dimers and generate R₂²(12) rings. These also result in a close intermolecular O...O contact of 2.686 (4) Å. For (I), four additional C—H...O hydrogen bonds combine with π–π stacking interactions between the benzene rings to build an extensive three‐dimensional network with molecules stacked along the c axis. The packing in (II) is much simpler and centres on the inversion dimers formed through O—H...O contacts. These dimers are stacked through additional C—H...O hydrogen bonds, and further weak C—H...O interactions generate a three‐dimensional network of dimer stacks.     

2,4‐Dimethyl‐1,3‐thiazole‐5‐carboxylic acid: an X‐ray structural study at 100 K and Hirshfeld surface analysis

The crystal structure of the title thiazolecarboxylic acid derivative, C₆H₇NO₂S, (I), has been determined from single‐crystal X‐ray analysis at 100 K. In the crystal packing, an interplay of O—H...N and C—H...O hydrogen bonds connects the molecules to form C(6)R₂²(8) polymeric chains, which are further linked via weak C—H...O hydrogen bonds into a two‐dimensional supramolecular framework. The relative contributions of different interactions to the Hirshfeld surface in (I) and a few related thiazolecarboxylic acid derivatives indicate that the H...H, N...H and O...H contacts can account for about 50–70% of the total Hirshfeld surface area in this class of compound.     

Hydrogen‐bonding motifs in 3‐carboxyanilinium bromide and iodide

In the title compounds, C₇H₈NO₂⁺·Br⁻, (I), and C₇H₈NO₂⁺·I⁻, (II), the asymmetric unit contains a discrete 3‐carboxyanilinium cation, with a protonated amine group, and a halide anion. The compounds are not isostructural, and the crystal structures of (I) and (II) are characterized by different two‐dimensional hydrogen‐bonded networks. The ions in (I) are connected into ladder‐like ribbons via N—H...Br hydrogen bonds, while classic cyclic O—H...O hydrogen bonds between adjacent carboxylic acid functions link adjacent ribbons to give three characteristic graph‐set motifs, viz. C₂¹(4), R₄²(8) and R₂²(8). The ions in (II) are connected via N—H...I, N—H...O and O—H...I hydrogen bonds, also with three characteristic graph‐set motifs, viz. C(7), C₂¹(4) and R₄²(18), but an O—H...O interaction is not present.     

2‐Ethyl‐6‐methylpyridin‐3‐ol and its salt bis(2‐ethyl‐3‐hydroxy‐6‐methylpyridinium) succinate

The title compounds, C₈H₁₁NO, (I), and 2C₈H₁₂NO⁺·C₄H₄O₄²⁻, (II), both crystallize in the monoclinic space group P2₁/c. In the crystal structure of (I), intermolecular O—H...N hydrogen bonds combine the molecules into polymeric chains extending along the c axis. The chains are linked by C—H...π interactions between the methylene H atoms and the pyridine rings into polymeric layers parallel to the ac plane. In the crystal structure of (II), the succinate anion lies on an inversion centre. Its carboxylate groups interact with the 2‐ethyl‐3‐hydroxy‐6‐methylpyridinium cations via intermolecular N—H...O hydrogen bonds with the pyridine ring H atoms and O—H...O hydrogen bonds with the hydroxy H atoms to form polymeric chains, which extend along the [01] direction and comprise R₄⁴(18) hydrogen‐bonded ring motifs. These chains are linked to form a three‐dimensional network through nonclassical C—H...O hydrogen bonds between the pyridine ring H atoms and the hydroxy‐group O atoms of neighbouring cations. π–π interactions between the pyridine rings and C—H...π interactions between the methylene H atoms of the succinate anion and the pyridine rings are also present in this network.     

A hydrogen‐bonded chain of rings in 5‐amino‐1‐(4‐methoxybenzoyl)‐3‐methylpyrazole and a three‐dimensional hydrogen‐bonded framework in 5‐amino‐3‐methyl‐1‐(2‐nitrobenzoyl)pyrazole

The molecules of 5‐amino‐1‐(4‐methoxybenzoyl)‐3‐methylpyrazole, C₁₂H₁₃N₃O₂, (I), and 5‐amino‐3‐methyl‐1‐(2‐nitrobenzoyl)pyrazole, C₁₁H₁₀N₄O₃, (II), both contain intramolecular N—H...O hydrogen bonds. The molecules of (I) are linked into a chain of rings by a combination of N—H...N and N—H...π(arene) hydrogen bonds, while those of (II) are linked into a three‐dimensional framework structure by N—H...N and C—H...O hydrogen bonds.     

trans‐Diaquabis(nicotinamide‐κN)bis(salicylato‐κO)cobalt(II)

The title compound, [Co(C₇H₅O₃)₂(C₆H₆N₂O)₂(H₂O)₂], forms a three‐dimensional hydrogen‐bonded supramolecular structure. The Co^II ion is in an octahedral coordination environment comprising two pyridyl N atoms, two carboxylate O atoms and two O atoms from water molecules. Intermolecular N—H...O and O—H...O hydrogen bonds produce R₂²(8), R₂²(12) and R₂²(14) rings, which lead to two‐dimensional chains. An extensive three‐dimensional supramolecular network of C—H...O, N—H...O and O—H...O hydrogen bonds and C—H...π interactions is responsible for crystal structure stabilization. This study is an example of the construction of a supramolecular assembly based on hydrogen bonds in mixed‐ligand metal complexes.     

The effect of hydrogen bonding on the conformations of 2‐(1H‐indol‐3‐yl)‐2‐oxoacetamide and 2‐(1H‐indol‐3‐yl)‐N,N‐dimethyl‐2‐oxoacetamide

In the title compounds, C₁₀H₈N₂O₂, (I), and C₁₂H₁₂N₂O₂, (II), the two carbonyl groups are oriented with torsion angles of −149.3 (3) and −88.55 (15)°, respectively. The single‐bond distances linking the two carbonyl groups are 1.528 (4) and 1.5298 (17) Å, respectively. In (I), the molecules are linked by an elaborate system of N—H...O hydrogen bonds, which form adjacent R²₂(8) and R⁴₂(8) ring motifs to generate a ladder‐like construct. Adjacent ladders are further linked by N—H...O hydrogen bonds to build a three‐dimensional network. The hydrogen bonding in (II) is far simpler, consisting of helical chains of N—H...O‐linked molecules that follow the 2₁ screw of the b axis. It is the presence of an elaborate hydrogen‐bonding system in the crystal structure of (I) that leads to the different torsion angle for the orientation of the two adjacent carbonyl groups from that in (II).     

Hydrogen‐bonded dimers in 3‐amino‐4‐anilino‐1H‐isochromen‐1‐one and a hydrogen‐bonded sheet in 3‐amino‐4‐[methyl(phenyl)amino]‐1H‐isochromen‐1‐one

The molecules of 3‐amino‐4‐anilino‐1H‐isochromen‐1‐one, C₁₅H₁₂N₂O₂, (I), and 3‐amino‐4‐[methyl(phenyl)amino]‐1H‐isochromen‐1‐one, C₁₆H₁₄N₂O₂, (II), adopt very similar conformations, with the substituted amino group PhNR, where R = H in (I) and R = Me in (II), almost orthogonal to the adjacent heterocyclic ring. The molecules of (I) are linked into cyclic centrosymmetric dimers by pairs of N—H...O hydrogen bonds, while those of (II) are linked into complex sheets by a combination of one three‐centre N—H...(O)₂ hydrogen bond, one two‐centre C—H...O hydrogen bond and two C—H...π(arene) hydrogen bonds.     

4‐(3‐Azaniumylpropyl)morpholin‐4‐ium chloride hydrogen oxalate: an unusual example of a dication with different counter‐anions

The mixed organic–inorganic title salt, C₇H₁₈N₂O²⁺·C₂HO₄⁻·Cl⁻, forms an assembly of ionic components which are stabilized through a series of hydrogen bonds and charge‐assisted intermolecular interactions. The title assembly crystallizes in the monoclinic C2/c space group with Z = 8. The asymmetric unit consists of a 4‐(3‐azaniumylpropyl)morpholin‐4‐ium dication, a hydrogen oxalate counter‐anion and an inorganic chloride counter‐anion. The organic cations and anions are connected through a network of N—H...O, O—H...O and C—H...O hydrogen bonds, forming several intermolecular rings that can be described by the graph‐set notations R₃³(13), R₂¹(5), R₁²(5), R₂¹(6), R₂³(6), R₂²(8) and R₃³(9). The 4‐(3‐azaniumylpropyl)morpholin‐4‐ium dications are interconnected through N—H...O hydrogen bonds, forming C(9) chains that run diagonally along the ab face. Furthermore, the hydrogen oxalate anions are interconnected via O—H...O hydrogen bonds, forming head‐to‐tail C(5) chains along the crystallographic b axis. The two types of chains are linked through additional N—H...O and O—H...O hydrogen bonds, and the hydrogen oxalate chains are sandwiched by the 4‐(3‐azaniumylpropyl)morpholin‐4‐ium chains, forming organic layers that are separated by the chloride anions. Finally, the layered three‐dimensional structure is stabilized via intermolecular N—H...Cl and C—H...Cl interactions.     

Hydrogen bonding in two ammonium salts of 5‐sulfosalicylic acid: ammonium 3‐carboxy‐4‐hydroxybenzenesulfonate monohydrate and triammonium 3‐carboxy‐4‐hydroxybenzenesulfonate 3‐carboxylato‐4‐hydroxybenzenesulfonate

The structures of two ammonium salts of 3‐carboxy‐4‐hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid (5‐sulfosalicylic acid, 5‐SSA) have been determined at 200 K. In the 1:1 hydrated salt, ammonium 3‐carboxy‐4‐hydroxybenzenesulfonate monohydrate, NH₄⁺·C₇H₅O₆S⁻·H₂O, (I), the 5‐SSA⁻ monoanions give two types of head‐to‐tail laterally linked cyclic hydrogen‐bonding associations, both with graph‐set R₄⁴(20). The first involves both carboxylic acid O—H...O_water and water O—H...O_sulfonate hydrogen bonds at one end, and ammonium N—H...O_sulfonate and N—H...O_carboxy hydrogen bonds at the other. The second association is centrosymmetric, with end linkages through water O—H...O_sulfonate hydrogen bonds. These conjoined units form stacks down c and are extended into a three‐dimensional framework structure through N—H...O and water O—H...O hydrogen bonds to sulfonate O‐atom acceptors. Anhydrous triammonium 3‐carboxy‐4‐hydroxybenzenesulfonate 3‐carboxylato‐4‐hydroxybenzenesulfonate, 3NH₄⁺·C₇H₄O₆S²⁻·C₇H₅O₆S⁻, (II), is unusual, having both dianionic 5‐SSA²⁻ and monoanionic 5‐SSA⁻ species. These are linked by a carboxylic acid O—H...O hydrogen bond and, together with the three ammonium cations (two on general sites and the third comprising two independent half‐cations lying on crystallographic twofold rotation axes), give a pseudo‐centrosymmetric asymmetric unit. Cation–anion hydrogen bonding within this layered unit involves a cyclic R₃³(8) association which, together with extensive peripheral N—H...O hydrogen bonding involving both sulfonate and carboxy/carboxylate acceptors, gives a three‐dimensional framework structure. This work further demonstrates the utility of the 5‐SSA⁻ monoanion for the generation of stable hydrogen‐bonded crystalline materials, and provides the structure of a dianionic 5‐SSA²⁻ species of which there are only a few examples in the crystallographic literature.     

4,6‐Diaminopyrimidine‐2(1H)‐thione hemihydrate: a three‐dimensional hydrogen‐bonded framework

In the title compound, C₄H₆N₄S·0.5H₂O, there are two independent pyrimidinethione units, both of which lie across mirror planes in the space group Cmca. Hence, the H atoms bonded to the ring N atoms in each molecule are disordered over two symmetry‐related sites, each having an occupancy of 0.5. The water molecule lies across a twofold rotation axis parallel to [010]. The molecular components of (I) are linked by seven independent hydrogen bonds, of N—H...N, N—H...S, N—H...O and O—H...S types. A combination of disordered N—H...N hydrogen bonds and ordered N—H...S hydrogen bonds links the pyrimidinethione units into a continuous tubular structure. The water molecule acts as both a double donor of hydrogen bonds and a double acceptor, forming hydrogen bonds with components of four distinct pyrimidinethione tubes, thus linking these tubes into a three‐dimensional structure.     

Two polymorphs of bis(2‐carbamoylguanidinium) fluorophosphonate dihydrate

Two polymorphs of bis(2‐carbamoylguanidinium) fluorophosphonate dihydrate, 2C₂H₇N₄O⁺·FO₃P²⁻·2H₂O, are presented. Polymorph (I), crystallizing in the space group Pnma, is slightly less densely packed than polymorph (II), which crystallizes in Pbca. In (I), the fluorophosphonate anion is situated on a crystallographic mirror plane and the O atom of the water molecule is disordered over two positions, in contrast with its H atoms. The hydrogen‐bond patterns in both polymorphs share similar features. There are O—H...O and N—H...O hydrogen bonds in both structures. The water molecules donate their H atoms to the O atoms of the fluorophosphonates exclusively. The water molecules and the fluorophosphonates participate in the formation of R⁴₄(10) graph‐set motifs. These motifs extend along the a axis in each structure. The water molecules are also acceptors of either one [in (I) and (II)] or two [in (II)] N—H...O hydrogen bonds. The water molecules are significant building elements in the formation of a three‐dimensional hydrogen‐bond network in both structures. Despite these similarities, there are substantial differences between the hydrogen‐bond networks of (I) and (II). The N—H...O and O—H...O hydrogen bonds in (I) are stronger and weaker, respectively, than those in (II). Moreover, in (I), the shortest N—H...O hydrogen bonds are shorter than the shortest O—H...O hydrogen bonds, which is an unusual feature. The properties of the hydrogen‐bond network in (II) can be related to an unusually long P—O bond length for an unhydrogenated fluorophosphonate anion that is present in this structure. In both structures, the N—H...F interactions are far weaker than the N—H...O hydrogen bonds. It follows from the structure analysis that (II) seems to be thermodynamically more stable than (I).     

Three‐dimensional networks in bis(imidazolium) 2,2′‐dithiodibenzoate and 4‐methylimidazolium 2‐[(2‐carboxyphenyl)disulfanyl]benzoate

Cocrystallization of imidazole or 4‐methylimidazole with 2,2′‐dithiodibenzoic acid from methanol solution yields the title 2:1 and 1:1 organic salts, 2C₃H₅N₂⁺·C₁₄H₁₀O₄S₂²⁻, (I), and C₄H₇N₂⁺·C₁₄H₁₀O₄S₂⁻, (II), respectively. Compound (I) crystallizes in the monoclinic C2/c space group with the mid‐point of the S—S bond lying on a twofold axis. The component ions in (I) are linked by intermolecular N—H...O hydrogen bonds to form a two‐dimensional network, which is further linked by C—H...O hydrogen bonds into a three‐dimensional network. In contrast, by means of N—H...O, N—H...S and O—H...O hydrogen bonds, the component ions in (II) are linked into a tape and adjacent tapes are further linked by π–π, C—H...O and C—H...π interactions, resulting in a three‐dimensional network.     

Hydrogen bonding between aromatic H and F groups leading to a stripe structure with R‐ and S‐columns: the crystal structure of (2,7‐dimethoxynaphthalen‐1‐yl)(3‐fluorophenyl)methanone and comparison with its 1‐aroylnaphthalene analogues

In the molecule of (2,7‐dimethoxynaphthalen‐1‐yl)(3‐fluorophenyl)methanone, C₁₉H₁₅FO₃, (I), the dihedral angle between the plane of the naphthalene ring system and that of the benzene ring is 85.90 (5)°. The molecules exhibit axial chirality, with either an R‐ or an S‐stereogenic axis. In the crystal structure, each enantiomer is stacked into a columnar structure and the columns are arranged alternately to form a stripe structure. A pair of (methoxy)C—H...F hydrogen bonds and π–π interactions between the benzene rings of the aroyl groups link an R‐ and an S‐isomer to form a dimeric pair. These dimeric pairs are piled up in a columnar fashion through (benzene)C—H...O=C and (benzene)C—H...OCH₃ hydrogen bonds. The analogous 1‐benzoylated compound, namely (2,7‐dimethoxynaphthalen‐1‐yl)(phenyl)methanone [Kato et al. (2010). Acta Cryst. E 66 , o2659], (II), affords three independent molecules having slightly different dihedral angles between the benzene and naphthalene rings. The three independent molecules form separate columns and the three types of column are connected to each other via two C—H...OCH₃ hydrogen bonds and one C—H...O=C hydrogen bond. Two of the three columns are formed by the same enantiomeric isomer, whereas the remaining column consists of the counterpart isomer. In the case of the fluorinated 1‐benzoylated naphthalene analogue, namely (2,7‐dimethoxynaphthalen‐1‐yl)(4‐fluorophenyl)methanone [Watanabe et al. (2011). Acta Cryst. E 67 , o1466], (III), the molecular packing is similar to that of (I), i.e. it consists of stripes of R‐ and S‐enantiomeric columns. A pair of C—H...F hydrogen bonds between R‐ and S‐isomers, and C—H...O=C hydrogen bonds between R(or S)‐isomers, are also observed. Consequently, the stripe structure is apparently induced by the formation of R...S dimeric pairs stacked in a columnar fashion. The pair of C—H...F hydrogen bonds effectively stabilizes the dimeric pair of R‐ and S‐enantiomers. In addition, the co‐existence of C—H...F and C—H...O=C hydrogen bonds makes possible the formation of a structure with just one independent molecule.     

trans‐Diaquabis(3‐hydroxybenzoato‐κO1)bis(nicotinamide‐κN1)copper(II)

The title compound, [Cu(C₇H₅O₃)₂(C₆H₆N₂O)₂(H₂O)₂], is a two‐dimensional hydrogen‐bonded supramolecular complex. The Cu^II ion resides on a centre of symmetry and is in an octahedral coordination environment comprising two pyridine N atoms, two carboxylate O atoms and two O atoms from water molecules. Intermolecular N—H...O and O—H...O hydrogen bonds produce R₂²(4), R₂²(8) and R₂²(15) rings which lead to one‐dimensional polymeric chains. An extensive two‐dimensional network of N—H...O and O—H...O hydrogen bonds and C—H...π interactions are responsible for crystal stabilization.     

Diaquabis(4‐fluorobenzoato‐κO)bis(nicotinamide‐κN)cobalt(II)

The title compound, [Co(C₇H₄FO₂)₂(C₆H₆N₂O)₂(H₂O)₂], is a three‐dimensional hydrogen‐bonded supramolecular complex. The Co^II ion resides on a centre of symmetry and is in an octahedral coordination environment comprising two pyridyl N atoms, two carboxylate O atoms and two O atoms from water molecules. Intermolecular N—H...O and O—H...O hydrogen bonds produce R₃²(6), R₂²(12) and R₂²(16) rings, which lead to two‐dimensional chains. An extensive three‐dimensional network of C—H...F, N—H...O and O—H...O hydrogen bonds and π–π interactions are responsible for crystal stabilization.     

Three different fluoro‐ or chloro‐substituted 1′‐deoxy‐1′‐phenyl‐β‐D‐ribofuranoses

Crystal structures are reported for three fluoro‐ or chloro‐substituted 1′‐deoxy‐1′‐phenyl‐β‐D‐ribofuranoses, namely 1′‐deoxy‐1′‐(2,4,5‐trifluorophenyl)‐β‐D‐ribofuranose, C₁₁H₁₁F₃O₄, (I), 1′‐deoxy‐1′‐(2,4,6‐trifluorophenyl)‐β‐D‐ribofuranose, C₁₁H₁₁F₃O₄, (II), and 1′‐(4‐chlorophenyl)‐1′‐deoxy‐β‐D‐ribofuranose, C₁₁H₁₃ClO₄, (III). The five‐membered furanose ring of the three compounds has a conformation between a C2′‐endo,C3′‐exo twist and a C2′‐endo envelope. The ribofuranose groups of (I) and (III) are connected by intermolecular O—H...O hydrogen bonds to six symmetry‐related molecules to form double layers, while the ribofuranose group of (II) is connected by O—H...O hydrogen bonds to four symmetry‐related molecules to form single layers. The O...O contact distance of the O—H...O hydrogen bonds ranges from 2.7172 (15) to 2.8895 (19) Å. Neighbouring double layers of (I) are connected by a very weak intermolecular C—F...π contact. The layers of (II) are connected by one C—H...O and two C—H...F contacts, while the double layers of (III) are connected by a C—H...Cl contact. The conformations of the molecules are compared with those of seven related molecules. The orientation of the benzene ring is coplanar with the H—C1′ bond or bisecting the H—C1′—C2′ angle, or intermediate between these positions. The orientation of the benzene ring is independent of the substitution pattern of the ring and depends mainly on crystal‐packing effects.     

Assembling an isomer grid: the isomorphous 4‐, 3‐ and 2‐fluoro‐N′‐(4‐pyridyl)benzamides

The three title isomers, 4‐, (I), 3‐, (II), and 2‐fluoro‐N′‐(4‐pyridyl)benzamide, (III), all C₁₂H₉FN₂O, crystallize in the P2₁/c space group (No. 14) with similar unit‐cell parameters and are isomorphous and isostructural at the primary hydrogen‐bonding level. An intramolecular C—H...O=C interaction is present in all three isomers [C...O = 2.8681 (17)–2.884 (2) Å and C—H...O117–118°], with an additional N—H...F [N...F = 2.7544 (15) Å] interaction in (III). Intermolecular amide–pyridine N—H...N hydrogen bonds link molecules into one‐dimensional zigzag chains [graph set C(6)] along the [010] direction as the primary hydrogen bond [N...N = 3.022 (2), 3.049 (2) and 3.0213 (17) Å]. These are augmented in (I) by C—H...π(arene) and cyclic C—F...π(arene) contacts about inversion centres, in (II) by C—F...F—C interactions [C...F = 3.037 (2) Å] and weaker C—H...π(arene)/C—H...F contacts, and in (III) by C—H...π(arene) and C=O...O=C interactions, linking the alternating chains into two‐dimensional sheets. Typical amide N—H...O=C hydrogen bonds [as C(4) chains] are not present [N...O = 3.438 (2) Å in (I), 3.562 (2) Å in (II) and 3.7854 (16) Å in (III)]; the C=O group is effectively shielded and only participates in weaker interactions/contacts. This series is unusual as the three isomers are isomorphous (having similar unit‐cell parameters, packing and alignment), but they differ in their interactions and contacts at the secondary level.     

Comparison of the hydrogen‐bond patterns in 2‐amino‐1,3,4‐thiadiazolium hydrogen oxalate, 2‐amino‐1,3,4‐thiadiazole–succinic acid (1/2), 2‐amino‐1,3,4‐thiadiazole–glutaric acid (1/1) and 2‐amino‐1,3,4‐thiadiazole–adipic acid (1/1)

The X‐ray single‐crystal structure determinations of the chemically related compounds 2‐amino‐1,3,4‐thiadiazolium hydrogen oxalate, C₂H₄N₃S⁺·C₂HO₄⁻, (I), 2‐amino‐1,3,4‐thiadiazole–succinic acid (1/2), C₂H₃N₃S·2C₄H₆O₄, (II), 2‐amino‐1,3,4‐thiadiazole–glutaric acid (1/1), C₂H₃N₃S·C₅H₈O₄, (III), and 2‐amino‐1,3,4‐thiadiazole–adipic acid (1/1), C₂H₃N₃S·C₆H₁₀O₄, (IV), are reported and their hydrogen‐bonding patterns are compared. The hydrogen bonds are of the types N—H...O or O—H...N and are of moderate strength. In some cases, weak C—H...O interactions are also present. Compound (II) differs from the others not only in the molar ratio of base and acid (1:2), but also in its hydrogen‐bonding pattern, which is based on chain motifs. In (I), (III) and (IV), the most prominent feature is the presence of an R₂²(8) graph‐set motif formed by N—H...O and O—H...N hydrogen bonds, which are present in all structures except for (I), where only a pair of N—H...O hydrogen bonds is present, in agreement with the greater acidity of oxalic acid. There are nonbonding S...O interactions present in all four structures. The difference electron‐density maps show a lack of electron density about the S atom along the S...O vector. In all four structures, the carboxylic acid H atoms are present in a rare configuration with a C—C—O—H torsion angle of ∼0°. In the structures of (II)–(IV), the C—C—O—H torsion angle of the second carboxylic acid group has the more common value of ∼|180|°. The dicarboxylic acid molecules are situated on crystallographic inversion centres in (II). The Raman and IR spectra of the title compounds are presented and analysed.