Spectrophotofluorimetric Study of the Interaction between Trazodone Hydrochloride and Bovine Serum Albumin

Abstract

The binding of trazodone hydrochloride (TZH), an antidepressant drug, to bovine serum albumin (BSA) has been investigated by fluorescence spectroscopic analysis. The fluorescence emission of BSA (λ_em=350 nm) was quenched by TZH while that of this ligand was enhanced (λ_em=443 nm). The spectral behavior was consistent with the static quenching mechanism, and the apparent binding constant, K _a (1.05×10⁴ l mol^?1) as well as binding site number, n (～1), were estimated. Thermodynamic parameters obtained from the measured data at different temperatures showed that the binding of TZH to BSA involved predominantly hydrophobic interactions as well as smaller contributions from electrostatic forces. Phenylbutazone and ibuprofen were utilized as competitive markers for sites I and II, respectively, in the interaction of TZH with BSA. This competitive displacement procedure indicated that the likely binding was site I, i.e., subdomain IIA, and this was supported by the observation that up to 50% of this site marker, phenylbutazone, could be exchanged with TZH whilst only a few percent of ibuprofen were so affected.     

Binding of the bioactive component isothipendyl hydrochloride with bovine serum albumin

The binding of isothipendyl hydrochloride (IPH) to bovine serum albumin (BSA) was investigated by fluorescence spectroscopy combined with UV-visible absorption and circular dichroism (CD) techniques under simulative physiological conditions for the first time. The quenching mechanism of fluorescence BSA by IPH was discussed. The binding parameters have been evaluated by fluorescence quenching method. The thermodynamic parameters, ΔH°, ΔS° and ΔG° calculated at different temperatures indicated that the hydrophobic force played a major role in the interaction of IPH to BSA. The distance, r between donor (BSA) and acceptor (IPH) was obtained according to the Förster's theory of non-radiation energy transfer and was found to be 2.21 nm. Experimental results showed that the α-helicity of BSA decreased from 66.4% (in free BSA) to 39.1% (in bound BSA). The effect of common ions on the binding constant was also investigated.     

盐酸鸟嘌呤与牛血清白蛋白的相互作用

应用荧光光谱、紫外-可见分光光度法研究了盐酸鸟嘌呤(GH)与牛血清白蛋白(BSA)的相互作用。结果表明:GH能猝灭BSA的荧光强度,其猝灭机理为静态猝灭。采用位点结合模型公式和热力学公式计算了结合常数、结合位点数及结合类型。用同步荧光技术研究GH对BSA构象的影响。     

Interaction Between Levamisole Hydrochloride and Bovine Serum Albumin and the Influence of Alcohol: Spectra

The interaction between levamisole hydrochloride (LH) and bovine serum albumin, BSA, has been studied by a spectral method under physiological conditions. For 1:n complexes, the relationship between fluorescence quenching intensity and concentration of the quenchers can be deduced on the basis of the modified Stern–Volmer equation. The binding constants and corresponding thermodynamic parameters ΔH _m, ΔG _m and ΔS _m at different temperatures were calculated. The experimental results demonstrated that the combination reaction of LH and BSA was a static quenching process because a 1:1 complex was formed, and the main dominant binding forces were hydrogen bonding and van der Waals forces. Meanwhile, the polarity of the tyrosine residue (Tyr) or tryptophan residue (Trp) micro-region was not obviously affected by the interaction. Furthermore, the binding constant increase when alcohol was added.     

Interaction between Xanthoxylin and Bovine Serum Albumin

在模拟生理条件下,采用荧光光谱法、圆二色光谱法和红外光谱法研究了花椒油素(XT)与牛血清白蛋白（BSA）的相互作用。结果表明花椒油素与牛血清白蛋白之间发生动态和静态联合猝灭,二者间的的猝灭常数(K)在286, 298和310 K分别为3.31 × 105, 到2.03 × 105 和 0.94 × 105 L∙mol-1. 热力学参数表明, 花椒油素与牛血清白蛋白间以疏水作用力为主。圆二色光谱和红外光谱法表明加入花椒油素后,牛血清白蛋白的二级结构发生了变化,其中α-螺旋减少了3.9%。另外,我们还研究了共存离子对两者结合的影响。     

Study of the interaction between terazosin and serum albumin: Synchronous fluorescence determination of terazosin

The interactions between terazosin and bovine serum albumin (BSA) were studied by spectrofluorimetry. The binding constants of terazosin with BSA were measured at different temperatures. The effects of various metal ions on the binding constants of terazosin with BSA were also studied. The optimum conditions of synchronous fluorometric determination of terazosin were studied and the method was successfully applied to the determination of terazosin added to serum and urine samples (3σ detection limit 0.21 mg l⁻¹).     

荧光法研究盐酸多赛平与牛血清白蛋白的相互作用

应用荧光共振能量转移(FRET)技术研究了生理条件下,盐酸多赛平(DH)和牛血清白蛋白(BSA)的相互作用.结果表明DH经非辐射能量转移猝灭BSA的荧光.分析荧光猝灭光谱数据,由Stern-Volmer方程、double-reciprocal方程和热力学公式,求得20℃时该反应的标准焓变、标准熵变、标准吉布斯自由能变分别为-15.16kJ.mol-1,37.20J.mol-1.K-1,-26.06kJ.mol-1.结合反应的结合常数为4.42×104,DH在BSA分子上色氨酸残基所在区域的结合位点数为1.75,其作用距离为3.70nm.并从同步荧光光谱考察了DH对BSA构象的影响.     

Studies on Thermodynamics Features of the Interaction between Imidacloprid and Bovine Serum Albumin

At different temperatures, the interactions between imidacloprid （IMI） and bovine serum albumin （BSA） were investigated with a fluorescence quenching spectrum, a synchronous fluorescence spectrum, a three-dimensional fluorescence spectrum and an ultraviolet-visible spectrum. The average values of bonding constants （KLB： 3.424 × 10^4 L,mol^-1）, thermodynamic parameters （△H： 5.188 kJ,mol^-1, △G^（○—）：-26.36 kJ,mol^-1, △S： 103.9 J,K^-1,mol^-1） and the numbers of bonding sites （n： 1.156） could be obtained through Stern-Volmer, Lineweaver-Burk and ther- modynamic equations. It was shown that the fluorescence of BSA could be quenched for its reactions with IMI to form a certain kind of new compound. The quenching belonged to a static fluorescence quenching, with a non-radiation energy transfer happening within a single molecule. The thermodynamic parameters agree with △H〉 0, △S〉0 and△G^（○-）〈0, suggesting that the binding power between IMI and BSA should be mainly a hydrophobic interaction.     

Spectrometric study of the interaction between Alpinetin and bovine serum albumin using chemometrics approaches

The binding interaction of Alpinetin (APT) with bovine serum albumin (BSA) was studied by fluorescence, UV-visible and synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy (SFS) under simulated physiological conditions. The measured complex spectra were resolved by multivariate curve resolution-alternating least squares (MCR-ALS), yielding a host of data and information, which otherwise would have been impossible to obtain. The extracted profiles corresponded to the spectra of the single species in the APT/BSA mixture. In addition, the presence of the APT-BSA complex was demonstrated, and it was shown that the associated quenching of the fluorescence from the BSA protein resulted from the formation of APT-BSA complex via a static mechanism. The binding constant (K_a(ave) = 2.34 × 10⁶ L mol⁻¹) and the number of sites (n = 1) were obtained by fluorescence methods as were the thermodynamic parameters (ΔH⁰, ΔS⁰ and ΔG⁰). This work suggested that the principal binding between APT to BSA was facilitated by hydrophobic interactions. The thermodynamic parameters for APT were compared to those from the structurally similar Chrysin and Wogonin molecules. It appeared that the entropy parameters were relatively more affected by the small structural changes. SFS from the interaction of BSA and APT showed that the ligand affected the conformation of BSA. The competitive interaction of APT and site makers with BSA indicated site I as the binding area of APT in BSA.     

Investigation of the Interaction between Nitrite Ion and Bovine Serum Albumin Using Spectroscopic and Molecular Docking Techniques

The interaction between nitrite ion and bovine serum albumin (BSA), in an aqueous environment, was studied using spectroscopic methods, including fluorescence quenching technique, synchronous fluorescence, UV? Vis spectrophotometry and Resonance Rayleigh Scattering (RRS), and molecular docking technique. The experimental results showed that nitrite ion effectively quenched the intrinsic fluorescence of BSA with the static quenching. The ion‐BSA binding constant was determined to be 3.69×10³ L mol^?1. As the results showed the stoichiometry of binding nitrite ion to BSA was 1 : 1. Furthermore the thermodynamic parameters and nature of the binding force were calculated. The negative ΔH^o and ΔS^o values of reaction between nitrite ion and BSA indicated the predominant forces in the ion‐BSA interactions are hydrogen bonding interactions. Based on the Förster’s theory of non‐radiative energy transfer, the binding distance between nitrite ion and the inner tyrosine and tryptophan residue of BSA were determined to be 2.16 nm. Furthermore binding site of this ion on BSA was carried out by molecular docking technique.     

Study of the Binding of Herbacetin to Bovine Serum Albumin by Fluorescence Spectroscopy

In this paper, the interaction between herbacetin and BSA was investigated by fluorescence and three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy under simulated physiological conditions. It was proved that the fluorescence quenching of BSA by herbacetin was mainly the result of the formation of a herbacetin–BSA complex. The modified Stern–Volmer quenching constant and the corresponding thermodynamic parameters ΔH ⁰, ΔG ⁰ and ΔS ⁰ were calculated at different temperatures. The results indicated that electrostatic interactions were the predominant intermolecular forces in stabilizing the complex. The distance r=3.23 nm between the donor (BSA) and acceptor (herbacetin) was obtained according to Förster’s nonradioactive energy transfer theory. The synchronous fluorescence and three-dimensional fluorescence spectra results showed that the hydrophobity of amino acid residues increased in the presence of herbacetin. These results revealed that the microenvironment and conformation of BSA changed during the binding reaction.     

Eu3+存在下盐酸头孢替安与牛血清白蛋白相互作用的研究

运用荧光光谱、紫外吸收光谱研究了Eu3+存在下盐酸头孢替安(Cefotiam Hydro-chloride,CH)与牛血清白蛋白(BSA)的相互作用.CH对BSA具有荧光猝灭作用,其猝灭机制为静态猝灭,BSA发射峰蓝移,二者之间的作用力主要为疏水作用和弱的静电作用.Eu3+的存在使得BSA发射峰蓝移程度降低,猝灭常数、结合常数、结合位点数减小,但没有改变CH对BSA的猝灭机制,热力学参数ΔH和ΔS都增大.从热力学参数的变化及Eu3+的竞争作用分析了Eu3+对CH与BSA作用影响的原因.     

银盘电极盐酸柔红霉素电化学行为及其与BSA的相互作用

应用线性扫描伏安法和循环伏安法研究盐酸柔红霉素在银盘电极上的电化学行为及其与牛血清白蛋白(BSA)的相互作用.结果表明,在pH6.50的Britton-Robinson缓冲溶液中,盐酸柔红霉素有一灵敏的还原峰,峰电位Ep-0.64V(vs.SCE),缓冲液加入BSA后盐酸柔红霉素的还原峰峰电流下降,据此建立了BSA的电化学测定方法.在优化条件下,峰电流与BSA浓度于1.0×10-8～1.0×10-4mol·L-1(r=0.9965)范围内呈线性关系,检出限为5.0×10-9mol·L-1.同时还测定了盐酸柔红霉素与BSA的结合比和结合常数.     

Interaction between Glyoxal-bis-(2-hydroxyanil) and Bovine Serum Albumin in Solution

The interaction between glyoxal-bis-(2-hydroxyanil) (GBH) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) was studied by spectroscopic methods including fluorescence spectroscopy, circular dichroism (CD) and UV–visible absorption spectra. The mechanism for quenching the fluorescence of BSA by GBH is discussed. The number of binding sites n and observed binding constant K _b were measured by the fluorescence quenching method. The thermodynamic parameters ΔH ^θ , ΔG ^θ , and ΔS ^θ were calculated at different temperatures and the results indicate that hydrogen bonding and van der Waals forces played major roles in the reaction. The distance r between the donor (BSA) and acceptor (GBH) molecules was obtained according to Förster’s theory of non-radiation energy transfer. Synchronous fluorescence and three-dimensional fluorescence spectra were used to investigate the structural change of BSA molecules that occur upon addition of GBH, and these results indicate that the secondary structure of BSA molecules is changed by the presence of GBH.     

Multi-spectroscopic Study on the Interaction between CdTe Quantum Dots and Bovine Serum Albumin

The interaction between CdTe quantum dots (QDs) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) was systematically investigated by fluorescence, UV‐vis absorption and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy under physiological conditions. The experimental results showed that the fluorescence of BSA could be quenched by CdTe QDs with a static quenching mechanism, indicating that CdTe QDs could react with BSA. The quenching constants according to the modified Stern‐Volmer equation were obtained as 1.710×10⁶, 1.291×10⁶ and 1.010×10⁶ L·mol^?1 at 298, 304, and 310 K, respectively. ΔH, ΔS and ΔG for CdTe QDs‐BSA system were calculated to be ?33.68 kJ·mol^?1, 6.254 J·mol^?1·K^?1 and ?35.54 kJ·mol^?1 (298 K), respectively, showing that electrostatic interaction in the system played a major role. According to F?rster theory, the distance between Trp‐214 in BSA and CdTe QDs was given as 2.18 nm. The UV‐vis, synchronous fluorescence and CD spectra confirmed further that the conformations of BSA after addition of CdTe QDs have been changed.     

Synthesis,crystal structure,and BSA interaction with a new Co(II) complex based on 5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine-2-carboxylic acid

Abstract

A new complex, Co(Htpc)₂(H₂O)₂ (1) (Htpc = 5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine-2-carboxylic acid), has been synthesized and characterized by X-ray single-crystal diffraction, elemental analysis, infrared spectral analysis, and thermogravimetric analysis. Meanwhile, the optimized geometric structure of the ligand was determined using the M06-2X functional of density functional theory (DFT) with the 6-311?+?G(d, p) basis set. The gap energies ΔE between the frontier molecular orbitals were computed in different solvent media (water, methanol and ethanol) using the time dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT)/M06-2X by applying the Polarizable Continuum Model (PCM). The coordination sphere around Co(II) is distorted octahedral with two chelating tpc^- ligands and two coordinated water molecules. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) binding properties of the ligand, CoCl₂·6H₂O and 1 were investigated by fluorescence and UV–Vis absorption spectroscopy, revealing 1 exhibits higher binding affinity with BSA than free ligand and CoCl₂·6H₂O. ΔG, ΔH and ΔS at 298 and 308?K manifested that van der Waals interactions and hydrogen bonds were the main forces in the binding process.     

Crystal structure and interaction with bovine serum albumin of the Cu(I/II) complex [C20H32Cu2I3N4] n

[C₂₀H₃₂Cu₂I₃N₄] _n was synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, ESI-MS spectrometry, and IR spectra. The crystal structure was determined by X-ray single-crystal diffraction. The binding of the complex with bovine serum albumin (BSA) was studied by fluorescence spectroscopy under simulated physiological conditions. The binding constant (K _b), the number of binding sites (n), and the corresponding thermodynamic parameters ΔH, ΔS, ΔG were calculated based on the van’t Hoff equation. The complex had strong ability to quench the fluorescence from BSA, and the quenching mechanism of this complex to BSA was static quenching. Hydrogen bonds and van der Waals forces are the interactions between the Cu(I/II) complex and BSA. According to the Förster non-radiation energy transfer theory, the binding average distance between the donor (BSA) and the acceptor (Cu(I/II) complex) was obtained. The effect of the complex on the BSA conformation was also studied by using synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy.     

Spectroscopic Studies on the Interaction of Vitamin C with Bovine Serum Albumin

The mechanism of binding of vitamin C (VC) with bovine serum albumin (BSA) was investigated by spectroscopic methods under simulated physiological conditions. VC effectively quenched the intrinsic fluorescence of BSA. The binding constants K _A, and the number of binding sites, n, and corresponding thermodynamic parameters ΔG ^Θ , ΔH ^Θ and ΔS ^Θ between VC and BSA were calculated at different temperatures. The primary binding pattern between VC and BSA was interpreted as being a hydrophobic interaction. The interaction between VC and BSA occurs through static quenching and the effect of VC on the conformation of BSA was also analyzed using synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy. The average binding distance, r, between the donor (BSA) and acceptor (VC) was determined based on Förster’s theory and was found to be 3.65 nm. The effects of common ions on the binding constant of VC-BSA were also examined.     

Fluorescent quantification of terazosin hydrochloride content in human plasma and tablets using second-order calibration based on both parallel factor analysis and alternating penalty trilinear decomposition

Two second-order calibration methods based on the parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) and the alternating penalty trilinear decomposition (APTLD) method, have been utilized for the direct determination of terazosin hydrochloride (THD) in human plasma samples, coupled with the excitation-emission matrix fluorescence spectroscopy. Meanwhile, the two algorithms combing with the standard addition procedures have been applied for the determination of terazosin hydrochloride in tablets and the results were validated by the high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. These second-order calibrations all adequately exploited the second-order advantages. For human plasma samples, the average recoveries by the PARAFAC and APTLD algorithms with the factor number of 2 (N = 2) were 100.4 ± 2.7% and 99.2 ± 2.4%, respectively. The accuracy of two algorithms was also evaluated through elliptical joint confidence region (EJCR) tests and t-test. It was found that both algorithms could give accurate results, and only the performance of APTLD was slightly better than that of PARAFAC. Figures of merit, such as sensitivity (SEN), selectivity (SEL) and limit of detection (LOD) were also calculated to compare the performances of the two strategies. For tablets, the average concentrations of THD in tablet were 63.5 and 63.2 ng mL⁻¹ by using the PARAFAC and APTLD algorithms, respectively. The accuracy was evaluated by t-test and both algorithms could give accurate results, too.     

荧光法研究3-氨基苯硼酸与牛血清白蛋白间的相互作用

为了了解分子印迹反应的机理和最适宜的反应条件, 应用荧光猝灭法研究了3-氨基苯硼酸(APBA)与牛血清白蛋白(BSA)的相互作用, 二者的反应受到体系pH值、离子强度等关键因素的影响. 实验结果表明: 适宜的离子强度和pH值为6.25时, APBA与BSA的色氨酸残基的荧光猝灭反应的物质的量比为2∶1, 表观结合常数K_A＝1.0×10¹¹ L²• mol^－2, 说明二者间形成了较强的化学键. 通过上述研究, 明晰了3-氨基苯硼酸与牛血清白蛋白之间的作用机理, 有助于分离或富集蛋白质中BSA组分, 从而能够改进印迹和洗脱的效率.