介孔氧化镍的合成、表征和在电化学电容器中的应用

以十二烷基硫酸钠为模板剂, 采用尿素为沉淀剂, 用均匀沉淀法, 适当控制尿素的水解速度, 制备具有介孔结构的氢氧化镍胶体, 在不同温度下焙烧处理得到孔分布集中的氧化镍介孔分子筛. 结果表明, 在523 K下焙烧得到的氧化镍BET比表面达到477.7 m²•g^－1. 结构表征还显示, 介孔氧化镍的孔壁为多晶结构, 其孔结构形成机理应为准反胶束模板机理. 循环伏安法表明用NiO介孔分子筛制备的电极有很好的电容性能. 与浸渍法和阴极沉淀法制得的NiO相比, 这种介孔结构的NiO能够大量用来制作电化学电容器电极, 并且保持较高的比电容量和良好的电容性能.     

Proton-Conducting Phosphosilicate Films Prepared Using Template for Pore Structure

Ordered mesoporous glass films were prepared using an interfacial silica-surfactant self-assembly technique and their porous and proton conducting properties were investigated. Gel films were deposited on substrates by dip-coating of the mixed-solution of hydrolyzed-alkoxide and non-ionic surfactant C₁₆H₃₃(OCH₂CH₂)₁₀OH. Cubic-orderd mesostructure was formed by dipping the solution, the ordered structure of which decayed gradually with increasing the aging period of the solution and disappeared after aging of 120 h. The resulting ordered mesoporous films obtained following heating at 400°C exhibited surface area and average pore diameters of 1030 m²/g and 2.5 nm, respectively. The obtained glass films exhibited proton conductivity of 10^{– 3} S/cm at 80°C in 70% RH.     

Structural analysis of water adsorbed in silica gel

The melting point, T _f of water in a pore decreases as the surface area to pore volume ratio of the pore decreases. Analysis of water absorbed in the pores of silica gels using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dielectric relaxation spectroscopy (DRS) shows that the thickness of the bound, non-freezing water layer adjacent to the pore surface increases as its temperature increases, but that it is independent of the surface silanol concentration, [Si_sOH]. In contrast, the thickness decreases as the cylindrical pore radius r _H decreases. Thus, the increase in the bound water thickness from 0.45 nm for gels with r _H =1.2 nm to 1.2 nm for gels with r _H =7.5 nm is due to the increase from –53°C to –7°C of the temperature (e.g., the melting point T _f ) at which the bound water thickness was measured, and not due to the increase in t _H or the decrease in [Si_sOH]. The T _f of bulk water measured in a DSC was –0.3°C. The boiling point T _v of bulk water measured in a DSC was 81.3°C. T _v increased to 94°C in 7.5 nm pores and to 109°C K in 1.2 nm pores.     

Modification of Non-Hydrolytic Sol-Gel Derived Alumina by Solvent Treatments

The effect of wetting non-hydrolytic derived alumina xerogels with water and organic solvents in the 20–70°C range on the alumina's properties was investigated. Wetting with organic solvents does not affect the alumina. However, contact with water was found to change the sharp crystallization at 800°C to a continuous crystallization starting at 450°C. Water treatment for a day at room temperature (RT) followed by second calcination decreased the surface area by 10%. This decrease in surface area is less pronounced with increasing wetting periods. On the other hand water treatment at 50–70°C followed by a second calcination resulted in a surface area increase of up to 15%. Upon water treatment the total pore volume has decreased from 0.65 (cm³/gr) to 0.48 (cm³/gr) and the average pore size decreased from 6.8 nm to 4.1 nm. The Cl content was found to be uneffected by the water treatment, remaining at 2.5% wt. Wetting with water at elevated temperature (70°C) accelerated the morphological changes, eliminating the crystallization peak at 800°C in one hour. A dissolution-reprecipitation mechanism is suggested to explain the results. In addition, Mass-Spectroscopy of the effluent gas during heat treatment revealed the emission of CO₂ and water upon phase transition into -Al₂O₃, at 1150–1300°C.     

The Inherent Electrochemistry of Nickel/Nickel‐Oxide Nanoparticles

The direct detection of nanoparticles is at the forefront of research owing to their environmental and toxicological applications. Herein, we studied the inherent electrochemistry of Ni and NiO nanoparticles and proposed a simple and direct electrochemical method for the determination of the concentrations of both nickel (Ni) and nickel oxide (NiO) nanoparticles in alkaline solution. A highly sensitive voltammetry technique was used to measure the oxidative signal of Ni(OH)₂ that formed spontaneously on the surface of Ni and NiO nanoparticles in alkaline media. Detection limits of 220 μg mL^?1 for Ni and 13 μg mL^?1 for NiO nanoparticles were obtained. Ni and NiO nanoparticles are used as electrode modifiers or as electrochemical signal labels in various biosensing applications. Therefore, methods to rapidly quantify the amount of Ni and NiO nanoparticles are of widespread potential use.     

Sol-Gel Derived Nanocomposites and Nanoporous Oxide Powders and Related Coatings for the Reversible Chemisorption of Hydrogen Sulfide

Two types of nanocomposites and nanoporous powders and related coatings were prepared by the sol-gel route. These silica-based materials contain dispersed reactive oxides, ZnO and ZnCr₂O₄, respectively. Experiments evidenced their ability of reversible chemisorption of H₂S as ZnS. Their attractive porous characteristics (small pore size 2–2.5 nm, high specific surface area 900–1100 m²· g^–1, high porosity 50–60%) are not significantly modified during the successive treatments of H₂S chemisorption and oxide regeneration. These preliminary results encourage to pursue this study which aims at the preparation of nanofilters for the desulfurization of gas mixtures.     

Ionic conduction of a high-temperature modification of Lu<Subscript>2</Subscript>Ti<Subscript>2</Subscript>O<Subscript>7</Subscript>

A nanoceramic product of the composition Lu₂Ti₂O₇ is synthesized by a coprecipitation method with a subsequent sublimation drying and an annealing at 650–1650°C. The conduction of Lu₂Ti₂O₇ synthesized at 1650°C is ionic (10^–3 S cm^–1 at 800°C). Thus, a new material with a high ionic conduction has been discovered. The ordering in Lu₂Ti₂O₇ is studied by methods of RFA, RSA, IK spectroscopy, electron microscopy, and impedance spectroscopy. The existence of a low-temperature phase transition fluorite-pyrochlore at 800°C and a high-temperature conversion order-disorder at 1650°C are established.Translated from Elektrokhimiya, Vol. 41, No. 3, 2005, pp. 298–303.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Shlyakhtina, Ukshe, Shcherbakova.     

Electroconduction,Association, and Ion–Molecular Interactions in Nickel Chloride Solutions in Methanol at 5–55°C

Results of a conductimetric investigation of nickel chloride in methanol at 5–55°C and electrolyte concentrations of 0.1–5 mM are presented. Limiting equivalent conductivities by Ni²⁺ and Cl^– and constants of ionic association in the first step with the formation of ionic pair NiCl⁺ are determined for asymmetric electrolytes using an extended Lee–Wheaton equation. In dilute nickel chloride solutions in methanol the association of ions in the second step is inessential. The size of dynamic solvation sheaths of the ions and the short-range non-coulombic interion potential suggest that the Ni²⁺ ion forms a kinetically and energetically stable solvated complex with the nearest solvation layer being 400 pm thick and virtually temperature-independent. The nearest kinetically stable solvation sheath of the Cl^– ion comprises mostly hydroxyl groups of methanol molecules and its stability is severely dependent on temperature.     

Diffusion of deuterium into silicon single crystals: An investigation with SIMS

Summary Silicon single crystals were annealed at various temperatures between 25 and 350° C in a deuterium discharge and were subsequently analyzed with Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (SIMS). Beginning at the surface, the deuterium signal decays exponentially to the interior (decay length 30 nm under bombardment with 9-keV O ₂ ⁺ J ions). The influence of the bombarding energy on the decay length and the disappearance of the deuterium signal after a treatment with HF show that the deuterium profile is due to an ion beam-induced effect. It is concluded from investigations of boron-doped crystals (both implanted and diffused B) that a surface barrier exists for the indiffusion of deuterium, probably the native oxide layer. The permeation rate of deuterium through this barrier is 2×10¹¹ atoms/cm²s at 350° C and decreases strongly with decreasing temperature.

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Diffusion von Deuterium in Silicium-Einkristalle: eine Untersuchung mit SIMS

Zusammenfassung Silicium-Einkristalle wurden bei verschiedenen Temperaturen zwischen 25° C und 350° C in einer Deuteriumentladung getempert und anschließend mittels der Sekundärionen-Massenspektrometrie (SIMS) untersucht. Ausgehend von der Oberfläche nimmt das Deuteriumsignal exponentiell mit der Tiefe ab (Abklinglänge 30 nm bei 9 keV O ₂ ⁺ -Beschuß). Das Verschwinden dieses Oberflächenpeaks nach einer Behandlung mit HF und die Abhängigkeit der Abklinglänge von der Beschußenergie zeigen, daß ein Ionenstrahl-induzierter Effekt vorliegt. Untersuchungen Bor-dotierter Kristalle lassen auf die Existenz einer Oberflächenbarriere, wahrscheinlich die Oxidschicht, für die Eindiffusion von Deuterium schließen. Die Permeation von Deuterium durch diese Barriere beträgt 2×10¹¹ Atome/cm² s bei 350°C und nimmt mit abnehmender Temperatur stark ab.

     

Synthesis of nanostructured nickel oxide

The process of formation of nickel oxide nanostructured powders by annealing nickel hydroxide in the temperature range 200–700°C was studied. Nickel hydroxide was prepared by precipitation with alkali from nickel nitrate solutions. The annealing process was shown to be multi-step. In the first stage the hydrogel Ni (OH)₂·nH₂O decomposes and partial dehydration of hydroxide occurs. Sizes of the formed particles decrease. At the temperatures above 230°C, further hydrogel decomposition and coalescence of NiO particles proceed. In view of the structural rearrangement of powder at the high temperatures 400–700°C, dehydration process is monitored by the decrease of NiO particles surface area at their coalescence. According to the change in the dehydration mechanism, the hierarchically nanostructured material forms, whose particle sizes are in the range 4–5, 9–12, and 18–40 nm.