硼氢化钠水解制氢的研究

采用置换镀的方法在泡沫镍基体上获得不同载钌量的NaBH4水解制氢催化剂。实验结果表明，NaBH4水解制氢反应为零级反应，氢气生成速率随载钌量的增加而变快；当泡沫镍表面完全被钌覆盖时，载钌量为6%，相应的催化能力最强。与离子交换树脂载钌催化剂相比，泡沫镍载钌催化剂更稳定、耐用。实验还证实，30%比35%的NaBH4水溶液在相同的催化剂作用下更易发生水解反应；NaBH4水溶液中加入少量的NaOH有助于提高钌催化剂的催化性能。通过对NaBH4储氢体系的能量计算，说明采用该氢源体系的微型燃料电池的能量密度有望达到甚至超过锂离子电池的比能量水平。     

钌/氮掺杂石墨烯催化硼氢化钠水解制氢的研究

本文采用原位合成法制备了钌/氮掺杂石墨烯(Ru/NGR)催化剂,并采用X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)等手段对催化剂的结构形貌进行了表征。将Ru/NGR催化剂应用于硼氢化钠水解制氢体系,考察了钌的负载量、硼氢化钠的浓度、反应温度等对硼氢化钠产氢的催化性能的影响。研究结果表明:当温度为25℃,硼氢化钠浓度为2 wt%,钌负载量为3.9%时,产氢速率可达32.95 L·(gRu·min)^-1。通过对Ru/NGR催化剂催化硼氢化钠水解反应动力学数据研究研究得出该催化剂的活化能为46 kJ·mol^-1。     

泡沫金属微反应器内富氢重整气中CO选择性甲烷化

在微反应器中,用泡沫金属镍为载体负载4Ni-2Ru/ZrO2双金属催化剂,用于选择性甲烷化去除富氢重整气中的CO。考察了催化剂负载方法、焙烧温度和空速等对CO选择性甲烷化的影响,借助X射线衍射(XRD)、程序升温还原(H2-TPR)等手段对催化剂制备方法与催化性能的关系进行了探讨。结果表明,直接将4Ni-2Ru/ZrO2催化剂涂布在泡沫镍片上,350℃下焙烧,反应温度为260℃,空速为2 000 h-1~6 000 h-1,可将富氢转化气中CO降至30×10-6以下,其中空速为5 000 h-1,可将CO出口浓度降至7×10-6,CO2的转化率低于1.5%。反应温度在260℃~300℃,CO的转化率在99.6%以上,CO出口浓度在50×10-6以下。     

泡沫镍载碳化钨催化剂上的析氢反应

结合直接化学还原法和交替微波法制备了泡沫Ni载Ni-WC催化剂,用X射线衍射、扫描电镜和透射电镜对催化剂进行了表征,研究了其析氢电催化性能.结果表明,在相同条件下,泡沫Ni载Ni-WC催化剂的析氢起始电位与泡沫Ni相比降低了60 mV左右.电解质浓度和温度对泡沫Ni载Ni-WC催化剂的析氢电催化活性有很大影响.     

泡沫铝负载钌基催化剂应用于N2O的低温催化分解研究

将导热性能良好的泡沫铝作为载体,羰基钌为前驱体制备了一系列不同形态的钌基催化剂应用于N2O的低温催化分解研究.采用XRD、XPS、SEM、TEM、BET、H2-TPR等方法对催化剂进行了表征,于石英管固定床反应器上对催化剂性能进行了评价.重点考察了泡沫铝作为催化剂载体的可行性、载体的处理方法对催化剂活性的影响以及RuO2、Ru、Ru3(CO)12所表现出的活性差异.结果表明:泡沫铝作为催化剂载体,能够促进N2O的催化分解;泡沫铝经H2O2处理有利于提高其对活性中心的附着力,提高催化活性;N2O浓度为1%,Ru负载量为0.3%,活性中心分别为Ru3(CO)12、Ru、RuO2时,N2O完全转化温度依次为285、380和415℃;活性较高的Ru3(CO)12/泡沫铝催化剂在长时间作用后活性组分转变为RuO2.     

载铂Sr(Zr1－xYx)O3－δ-TiO2异质结光催化剂模拟太阳光催化产氢

利用光化学还原法制备载铂Sr(Zr_1－xY_x)O_3－δ-TiO₂ (Pt-SZYT)异质结光催化剂, 采用XRD, SEM, UV-Vis, PL对催化剂的形貌及性能进行表征. 以工业有机污染物草酸为电子给体, 模拟太阳光下光催化产氢为探针, 评价了催化剂的活性. 研究了载铂量、草酸浓度对催化剂产氢活性的影响, 并探讨了Pt-SZYT催化剂产氢活性与光致发光(PL)性能的关系, 以及催化剂的连续使用效果. 结果表明: 模拟太阳光条件下, Pt-SZYT催化剂具有良好稳定的光催化产氢活性, 催化剂的最佳载铂量为0.90 wt%. PL分析表明Pt-SZYT的光催化产氢活性越高, 其荧光强度越弱. 草酸50 mmol•L^－1, 催化剂用量1.0 g•L^－1时, 催化剂(w＝0.90%) Pt-SZYT-70的平均产氢速率为1.68 mmol•h^－1.     

预处理方法对Ru/SBA-15催化丙三醇氢解反应性能的影响(英)

使用浸渍法结合不同预处理方法制备了一系列的Ru/SBA-15催化剂,并将其应用于丙三醇氢解反应中.使用N_2吸附-脱附、X射线衍射、CO化学吸附以及透射电子显微镜等方法对所制备Ru/SBA-15进行了表征.结果表明,催化剂前驱体经过空气焙烧后再经H_2还原的Ru/SBA-15催化剂上Ru的分散度较低,而直接使用H_2处理较高.同时,随着H_2还原温度提高,Ru分散度逐渐降低.保持反应活性接近时,随着Ru分散度的降低,TOF增加.表明Ru/SBA-15催化剂上丙三醇氢解是结构敏感反应.     

Ru-La_2O_3/γ-Al_2O_3催化剂合成、表征及CO选择氧化

采用浸渍法制备系列Ru-La2O3/γ-Al2O3复合氧化物催化剂,通过XRD、H2-TPR、CO-TPR、XPS、BET等方法对催化剂进行表征,考察La2O3的加入量、预处理方法对催化剂上CO选择氧化性能的影响.结果表明,110-170℃时Ru1La6/Al2O3催化剂上CO转化率达到99%以上,氧气利用率达55.7%以上.和Ru/Al2O3相比,Ru1La6/Al2O3催化剂在较低温度具有高活性,活性温度区间变宽.适量La2O3的加入促进了活性组分在载体表面分散,提高了催化剂的活性.经氢气预处理的Ru1La6/Al2O3催化剂活性最佳,催化剂上Ru物种结合能降低,表面钌物种活性位增多,且表面晶格氧浓度增大,更有利于CO气体在催化剂表面上的氧化反应.     

3NaBH4/ErF3复合储氢材料的制备及吸放氢特性

采用高能球磨法制备了3NaBH4/ErF3复合储氢材料, 并研究了其相结构和储氢性能. X射线衍射(XRD)显示, NaBH4和ErF3在球磨过程中未发生反应; 同步热分析(TG-DSC)测试结果表明, 3NaBH4/ErF3体系在420℃开始放氢, 比相同测试条件下纯NaBH4的放氢温度降低了约100℃, 放氢量为3.06%(质量分数). 压力-成分-温度(Pressure-Composition-Temperature, PCT)性能测试结果显示, 3NaBH4/ErF3复合储氢材料在较低的温度(355~413℃)及平台氢压(<1 MPa)下即拥有良好的可逆吸放氢性能, 最高可逆吸氢量可达到2.78%(质量分数), 吸氢后体系重新生成了NaBH4相. 计算得吸氢焓变仅为-36.8 kJ/mol H2; 而放氢焓变为-180.8 kJ/mol H2. NaBH4在ErF3的作用下提高了热动力学性能, 并实现了可逆吸放氢.     

预处理方法对Ru/SBA-15催化丙三醇氢解反应性能的影响(英)

使用浸渍法结合不同预处理方法制备了一系列的Ru/SBA-15催化剂,并将其应用于丙三醇氢解反应中.使用N₂吸附-脱附、X射线衍射、CO化学吸附以及透射电子显微镜等方法对所制备Ru/SBA-15进行了表征.结果表明,催化剂前驱体经过空气焙烧后再经H₂还原的Ru/SBA-15催化剂上Ru的分散度较低,而直接使用H₂处理较高.同时,随着H₂还原温度提高,Ru分散度逐渐降低.保持反应活性接近时,随着Ru分散度的降低,TOF增加.表明Ru/SBA-15催化剂上丙三醇氢解是结构敏感反应.     

Palladium nanoclusters supported on propylurea-modified siliceous mesocellular foam for coupling and hydrogenation reactions

This paper describes the synthesis, characterization and applications of palladium (Pd) nanoparticles supported on siliceous mesocellular foam (MCF). Pd nanoparticles of 2-3 nm and 4-6 nm were used in reactions involving molecular hydrogen (such as hydrogenation of double bonds and reductive amination), transfer hydrogenation of ketones and epoxides, and coupling reactions (such as Heck and Suzuki reactions). They successfully catalyzed all these reactions with excellent yield and selectivity. This heterogeneous catalyst was easily recovered by filtration, and recycled several times without any significant loss in activity and selectivity. The palladium leaching in the reactions was determined to be much less than the FDA-approved limit of 5 ppm. Furthermore, the catalyst can be stored and handled under normal atmospheric conditions. This immobilized catalyst allows for ease of recovery/reuse and minimization of waste generation, which are of great interest in the development of green chemical processes.     

Cu/S-TiO2光催化剂的制备及其可见光催化性能

分别采用化学镀铜法、化学还原法、浸渍法制备了3种Cu负载的S-TiO2光催化剂,综合利用UV-Vis、XRD、XPS、EXAFS、SEM和FESEM技术对制备的Cu/S-TiO2光催化材料的结构和光电子性能进行了表征.结果表明,化学镀铜法和浸渍法负载的铜物种为Cu2O和CuO,化学还原法制备的铜为Cu和Cu2O.化学镀铜法制备的Cu/S-TiO2光催化剂不仅对可见光具有很强的吸收能力,而且负载的铜物种连续、均匀地分散在S-TiO2表面,这种结构有利于光生电子的捕获、转移和分离.因此,化学镀铜法制备的Cu/S-TiO2在不同可见光波段(λ>420 nm,λ>500 nm)条件下光催化重整甲醇水溶液制氢反应中都表现出最高的催化活性,同时在模拟太阳光条件下以及稳定性实验的测试中也表现出优秀的性质,因此对其催化作用/反应机理进行了探讨.     

Well‐Dispersed Pt Cubes on Porous Cu Foam: High‐Performance Catalysts for the Electrochemical Oxidation of Glucose in Neutral Media

The investigation of highly efficient catalysts for the electrochemical oxidation of glucose is the most critical challenge to commercialize nonenzymatic glucose sensors, which display a few attractive superiorities including the sufficient stability of their properties and the desired reproducibility of results over enzyme electrodes. Herein we propose a new and very promising catalyst: Pt cubes well‐dispersed on the porous Cu foam, for the the electrochemical oxidation reaction of glucose in neutral media. The catalyst is fabricated in situ on a homemade screen‐printed carbon electrode (SPCE) substrate through initially synthesizing the three‐dimensional (3D) porous Cu foam using a hydrogen evolution assisted electrodeposition strategy, followed by electrochemically reducing the platinic precursor simply and conveniently. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) proofs demonstrate that Pt cubes, with an average size (the distance of opposite faces) of 185.1 nm, highly dispersed on the macro/nanopore integrated Cu foam support can be reproducibly obtained. The results of electrochemical tests indicate that the cubic Pt‐based catalyst exhibits significant enhancement on the catalytic activity towards the electrooxidation of glucose in the presence of chloride ions, providing a specific activity 6.7 times and a mass activity 5.3 times those of commercial Pt/C catalysts at ?0.4 V (vs. Ag/AgCl). In addition, the proposed catalyst shows excellent stability of performance, with only a 2.8 % loss of electrocatalytic activity after 100 repetitive measurements.     

冷等离子体处理制备NiO/SrTiO3及其光催化水分解制氢性能研究

利用辉光放电等离子体处理改进常规浸渍法制备了NiO/SrTiO3光催化剂. XRD、XPS和TEM分析证明, 金属颗粒在载体表面的分散性得到极大提高, 并在反应中具有很好的稳定性. XPS、热重和XRD分析表明, 等离子体处理使浸渍的Ni(NO3)2在常温下分解为晶化度较低的NiO团簇, 该团簇可能与载体具有较强的相互作用. 在光催化反应中, 高分散的金属可以促进电荷传递, 并提供更多的表面活性位. 对于水分解制氢和甲醇溶液转化制氢反应, 该催化剂的活性分别是常规催化剂的1.3倍和1.8倍.     

原位生长Pd/Ni(OH)2/NF复合催化剂及其析氢性能

采用水热合成法在泡沫镍上原位构建了低贵金属含量的钯/氢氧化镍纳米复合催化剂（Pd/Ni（OH）₂/NF）。通过扫描电镜,能谱仪,X射线衍射仪和X射线光电子谱仪等分析技术表征了催化剂的形貌和微观结构;运用线性扫描伏安法,电化学阻抗谱和计时电流法等手段研究了催化剂的催化析氢性能。实验结果显示复合催化剂具有特殊的微观构型,超薄的Ni（OH）₂薄片生长在泡沫镍表面,纳米尺寸的钯均匀地镶嵌在氢氧化镍薄片中。催化剂表面的氢氧化镍有利于促进水的解离,加快氢中间体的形成;均匀分散的钯极易吸附解离的氢中间体,快速地复合成氢气分子。我们发现复合催化剂能协同加快析氢反应过程,极大地降低析氢过电位,提高了析氢活性。此外,复合催化剂原位生长在泡沫镍上,有效地提高了催化电极的稳定性。     

Anthraquinone Covalently Modified Carbon Nanotubes for Efficient and Steady Electrocatalytic H2O2 Generation

Anthraquinone(AQ) modified carbon materials could be endowed with significantly improved oxygen reduction reaction(ORR) activity. However, the application of these materials in the generation of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) has been rarely investigated. For this motivation, AQ covalently modified carbon nanotube(AQ-CNT) was purposely synthesized for H₂O₂ generation. It was found that the cumulative H₂O₂ concentration reached up to 187.18 mg/(L·h) over AQ(40)-CNT catalyst, nearly 2.0 times higher than that over CNT, and being superior to those over most carbon materials reported. The enhanced activity stemmed from the improved mass transfer efficiency of oxygen and the enhanced electrocatalytic activity. Noteworthily, the AQ(40)-CNT material exhibited satisfactory stability for H₂O₂ generation, which was ascribed to the strong interaction force of C-N covalent bond. The present work could provide a vital idea for designing electrode material with simultaneously improved activity and stability for H₂O₂ generation.     

Potential‐Cycling Synthesis of Single Platinum Atoms for Efficient Hydrogen Evolution in Neutral Media

Single‐atom catalysts (SACs) have exhibited high activities for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) electrocatalysis in acidic or alkaline media, when they are used with binders on cathodes. However, to date, no SACs have been reported for the HER electrocatalysis in neutral media. We demonstrate a potential‐cycling method to synthesize a catalyst comprising single Pt atoms on CoP‐based nanotube arrays supported by a Ni foam, termed PtSA‐NT‐NF. This binder‐free catalyst is centimeter‐scale and scalable. It is directly used as HER cathodes, whose performances at low and high current densities in phosphate buffer solutions (pH 7.2) are comparable to and better than, respectively, those of commercial Pt/C. The Pt mass activity of PtSA‐NT‐NF is 4 times of that of Pt/C, and its electrocatalytic stability is also better than that of Pt/C. This work provides a large‐scale production strategy for binder‐free Pt SAC electrodes for efficient HER in neutral media.     

碳纳米纤维负载铁钴镍硼化物可控制备及其电催化析氢性能研究

通过乙醇催化燃烧法制备了碳纳米纤维（CNFs），采用化学沉积法在CNFs载体上负载铁钴镍硼化物（FeCoNiB），并以多种测试手段对其表征，研究了化学沉积工艺条件对FeCoNiB粒径、分散、成分及结构的影响，建立了碳纳米纤维负载的铁钴镍硼化物（FeCoNiB/CNFs）可控制备方法。采用电化学测试手段研究了FeCoNiB/CNFs在碱性环境下的氢气析出反应（HER）催化性能。结果表明，在100 mA/cm²的电流密度下，FeCoNiB/CNFs的过电位仅为366 mV，塔菲尔斜率低至41 mV/dec；在持续10 h的稳定性测试中电位衰减幅度很小，基本保持不变。这说明FeCoNiB/CNFs制备成本低，但其高稳定性可媲美贵金属的高催化活性HER催化剂；该研究可为非贵金属HER催化剂的研制及低成本电解水制氢技术的规模化应用提供参考。     

Protonic recognition and assembly for the creation of porous Brønsted acid catalysts with enhanced catalytic efficiency

Due to the high local concentration of substrates in confined space, porous solid Brønsted acids have been extensively explored for efficient acid-catalyzed reaction. However, the porous structures with strong Brønsted acids lack long-term stability due to chemical hydrolysis. Moreover, the products inhibition effect in confined rigid cavities severely obstructs subsequent catalysis. Here, tubular Brønsted acid catalyst with unique recognition of protons was presented by self-assembly of pH-responsive aromatic amphiphiles. The responsive assembly could mechanically transfer hydrogen ions from low-concentration acidic solution into tubular defined pores, thereby producing effective catalytic activity for Mannich reactions in mildly acidic solution. Notably, the tubular catalyst unfolded into flat sheets upon addition of triethylamine for efficient release of products, which could be recovered by subsequent acidification and the catalytic activity still remained. Therefore, the porous Brønsted acid with reversible assembly provides a new strategy for mass synthesis through increasing conversion times.