LiF-KCl熔盐溶液的Monte Carlo法计算机模拟研究 II: 熔体结构与物性的关系

本文用Monte Carlo法对互易盐系LiF-KCl熔盐溶液的局部结构作了计算机模拟。计算了该熔盐溶液的总势能和势能分布。在1200K模拟温度下, 该熔盐溶液中大部份离子组成各种形式的离子团。根据模拟的互易盐系熔盐溶液模型, 讨论了熔体局部结构和物性之间的关系。     

LiF-KCl熔盐溶液的Monte Carlo法计算机模拟研究——Ⅱ.熔体结构与物性的关系

本文用Monte Carlo法对互易盐系LiF-KCl熔盐溶液的局部结构作了计算机模拟。计算了该熔盐溶液的总势能和势能分布。在1200K模拟温度下,该熔盐溶液中大部分离子组成各种形式的离子团。根据模拟的互易盐系熔盐溶液模型,讨论了熔体局部结构和物性之间的关系。     

离子交换与离子排斥色谱柱串联体系中阳离子的多峰现象及其机理

 研究了串联柱体系中阳离子的“多峰现象”。在阳离子交换柱后面接上阴离子分析用的离子排斥柱构成一个串联柱体系，当以酒石酸（ＴＡ）和吡啶二羧酸（ＰＤＣ）的混合溶液作淋洗液时，每一种阳离子同时出现３个色谱峰。这是因为从阳离子交换柱流出的阳离子与有络合作用的两种淋洗剂阴离子形成络合物，使流动相中淋洗剂阴离子浓度减少以及两种淋洗剂阴离子在离子排斥柱中被保留且保留值不同。     

ZnCl2熔盐的分子动力学模拟

近年来，若干作者根据几种粒子间函数，对ZnCl2熔盐结构做过分子动力学模拟［1－3］其出的Zn－Cl和Cl－Cl离子间的偏径向分布函数与中子衍射实测值符合较好，但Zn－Zn离子间距以及Zn－Zn间配位数计算值多偏高．鉴于Busing势函数在多价卤化物馆盐的分子动力学计算中应用效果较好[4],我们试用Busing势函数为基础对ZnCl2熔盐结构和能量做分子动力学计算．1研究方法计算所用粒子势为Busing势函数此处，Zi为离子的电行数（ZZn。＋＝2，Zcl－＝1），几；是离子有效半径，人为＊离子的“硬度”参数·据文献问，f二0．005071，尸zn。十二0．…     

Monte Carlo法计算机模拟研究冰晶石—氧化铝熔体结构

冰晶石-氧化铝熔液是由各类离子质点组成的相当复杂的混合物,研究此熔盐系的离子结构对探讨铝电解机理和氧化铝在冰晶石熔液中的溶解机理具有重要意义,由于冰晶石-氧化铝的熔点高和腐蚀严重,一些衍射技术难以用于此熔盐系液态微观结构性质的研究。计算机模拟技术已用于水溶液和熔盐溶液结构和性质的研究。本文用Monte Carlo法计算机模     

LiF-KCl熔盐溶液的Monte Carlo法计算机模拟研究——Ⅰ.径向分布函数和热力学性质

本文用Monte Carlo法对互易盐系LiF—KCl熔盐溶液的结构和性质进行了计算机模拟。计算了各离子的偏径向分布函数和摩尔容积、热焓、混合热等热力学性质。若干计算结果与实测值大体相符,计算表明:LiF—KCl熔盐混合后,Li~+,F~-离子间平均距离显著减小,熔体内自由体积作不均匀分布。本文还讨论了这一结构特点的成因和意义。     

LiF-KF熔盐溶液局部结构的计算机模拟研究

本文用Monte Carlo法对同离子系LiF-KF熔盐溶液的局部结构进行了计算机模拟,介绍了计算方法和模型。计算了LiF, KF及Lif-KF混合前后正-正离子, 正-负离子, 负-负离子间位能变化, 各类离子的近邻离子排布规律, 以及各种形式离子团的组成比例。本文还讨论了在熔盐瞬时结构中存在的静电场的微区涨落。     

双月桂酸三乙醇胺酯水溶液的囊泡性质研究

研究了具有非离子和阳离子双重特性的表面活性剂──双（月桂酸）三乙醇胺酯在稀盐酸溶液中未成囊泡的性质．发现只有当溶液pH值小于4．2时，囊泡才能形成，而在溶液pH值2~3范围内，囊泡稳定性和“耐盐”能力最佳．这些特性被归之于此化合物酸性水解作用的结果．     

Li2O﹒2B2O3-H2O过饱和溶液20℃结晶动力学研究

盐水溶液中存在过饱和现象，硼酸盐溶液的过饱和即是一例．其中，镁础酸盐体系过饱和溶液在不同浓度和温度条件下的液固相关系曾有多次报道［‘－’］；给出过许多有益的结果，也探讨了镁硼酸盐的结晶反应机理并拟合出相应的结晶动力学方程．这些工作对认识盐水溶液过饱和现象有重要意义．为了更广泛地认识和了解不同棚酸盐水溶液中的过饱和现象，本文采用动力学方法，首先对Li20·2B203－HZO过饱和溶液结晶过程进行了研究．1实验初始反应溶液中Li。O／BZO。（摩尔比）为1／2，按此配比计算并称取需要量的Li0H·H。O（A．R．）、H。…     

KBPh4从水到直链一元醇中的标准迁移自由能

四苯硼钠（NaBPh4）与四苯硼钾（KBPh4）均属典型的大阴离子强电解质，并且具有相似的分子结构和相同的晶型［1］，但二者在溶液中的热力学行为却明显不同，为了系统和定量地研究二者在相同溶剂中热力学性质的差别，本文继前文［2］对KBPh4从水到7种直链一元醇中的标准迁移自由能进行研究．1实验部分1．1仪器与试剂UV－365型分光光度计（日本岛津制作所）；CS501型超级恒温槽（重庆实验设备厂）．NaBPh4和所用醇溶剂及提纯方法同前文［2］；KCl（S·P）；KBPh4是通过NaBPh4水溶液与过量5％的KCI水溶液反应而得，产物先经水洗涤…     

Atomistic mechanisms of phase separation and formation of solid solutions: model studies of NaCl, NaCl-NaF, and Na(Cl1-xBrx) crystallization from the melt

The crystallization of sodium chloride from its melt and mixtures with other sodium halides is investigated by means of transition path sampling molecular dynamics simulations. From this we explore the nucleation mechanisms of both the solidification and the melting process at the atomistic level of detail. By incorporation of impurities the nucleation picture of the eutectic mixtures changes considerably. Doping the NaCl crystal with fluoride ions, we observed the substitutional defects to act as favored nucleation centers for the melting transition. This phenomenon plays a critical role during the solidification process of NaCl-NaF melts of low NaF concentration and is demonstrated to account for the segregation of fluoride ions. While NaCl-NaF corresponds to a eutectic system, we also investigated NaCl-NaBr mixtures. The bromide ions were observed to behave very similarly to chloride ions. As a consequence, no phase separation occurs and Na(Cl1-xBrx) solid solutions are formed. At the example of these two prototypes we demonstrate the study of the atomistic mechanisms related to phase separation processes and solid solution formation during the nucleation and growth of crystals from multinary melts.     

间对二氯苯在盐水溶液中活度系数的研究

本文用紫外可见分光度法测定了25℃下间位和对位二氯苯在NaF,NaCI,KBr,Na~2CO~3,K~2So~4,Et~4NBr水溶液中的活度系数,Logf-c~5关系符合Setschenow 盐效应经验公式,盐效应次序为,Na~2CO~3>K~2So~4>NaF>NaCi>NaBr>Et~4NBr. 通过比较发现:二氯苯的偶极矩对盐效应几乎没有影响,本文选取Debye-Mcaulay( DMT)和Conway-Desnoyers-smith(CDST)静电作用理论,定表标粒子理论(SPT)及改进前后的内压力理论IPT和XIPT),计算出理论值,与实验值进行比较, 证实的内压力理论计算值更接近实际.     

Existence of oriented ion-hydroxide clusters in concentrated aqueous NaCl solution at pH 13

We probe the local electronic structure at solvated Na+ ions in 1 M aqueous NaCl solutions as a function of pH. A dramatic change in the Na+ white line intensity in X-ray absorption is observed for high pH values, reflecting a changing local electronic structure at the Na+ ions when OH- is present. Given the relative abundance of sodium and hydroxide ions, we conclude that one OH- affects at least 2.4+/-0.6 Na+ ions in an electronically noticeable way at pH 13. From the experimental data we infer that spatially extended clusters or networks incorporating Na+ and OH- can exist in the electrolyte solution. The experimental data are complemented by molecular dynamics simulations, which indicate the presence of structured clusters incorporating Na+, OH-, and solvent molecules.     

熔融LiF、KCl和互易系LiF-KCl的分子动力学模拟计算

The structure of molten LiF, KCl and LiF-KCl solution have been simulated by molecular dynamics method. The thermodynamic, structural and dynamic properties, such as the internal energy, temperature and pressure, the radial distribution function and structure factor, the mean square displacements, have been calculated.The structure have been studied with the following main results: 1, the partial radial distribution curve of Li~+-F~- ion pairs in LiF-KCl mixture exhibits a high first peak, whereas the first peak of the partial radial distribution function of L~+-Cl~- pairs in LiF-KCl mixture is lower than that of pure KCl melt. 2, there exists hole in molten salt, the size and the environment of the hole, the disintegration scheme and the mean lifetime of the hole are related to the radii of the ions.     

Melting, freezing, sublimation, and phase coexistence in sodium chloride nanocrystals

Calorimetry measurements, performed by multicollision induced dissociation, have been used to probe the melting of a number of (NaCl)nNa+ clusters with n=22-37. The clusters anneal at 225-325 K and melt at 750-850 K. (NaCl)22Na+ and (NaCl)37Na+, which can adopt geometries that are perfect fragments of the bulk lattice melt at around 850 K. The other clusters, which (except for n=31) must have defects, melt at temperatures which are up to 100 K lower than the perfect nanocrystals. The internal energy distributions become bimodal near the melting temperature. This is the signature of slow dynamic phase coexistence where clusters spontaneously jump back and forth between the solid and liquid states with an average period that is longer than required for thermal equilibration. The jump frequency must be between 10(4) and 10(7) s(-1) for the bimodal distribution to be observable in our experiments. The (NaCl)nNa+ clusters can dissociate by an unusual thermally activated process where melting and freezing raise the internal energy to generate hot solid clusters that can sublime before they cool to the ambient temperature.     

Activity measurements in the ternary system NaBr+NaClO4+H2O at 25°C

The activity coefficients of sodium bromide in the ternary system NaBr+NaClO₄+H₂O were determined at 25°C and constant ionic strength of 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, and 3 mol-kg^?1 from emf of the cell without, liquid junction $$ISE - Na|NaBr(m_A ), NaClO_4 (m_B ), AgCl_{(s)} 1 Ag$$ The experimental activity coefficients were comparatively analyzed by using the Harned, Scatchard, Pitzer and Lim-HOLL treatments. All these methods are adequate for the analysis of the experimental data. The results have been compared with those of Lanier for the system: NaCl+NaClO₄+H₂O. The Gibbs excess energy of mixing was obtained and qualitatively interpreted in terms of ionic interactions.     

Selective solid-liquid extraction of lithium halide salts using a ditopic macrobicyclic receptor

A ditopic salt receptor that is known to bind and extract solid NaCl, KCl, NaBr, and KBr into organic solution as their contact ion pairs is now shown by NMR and X-ray crystallography to bind and extract solid LiCl and LiBr as water-separated ion pairs. The receptor can transport these salts from an aqueous phase through a liquid organic membrane with a cation selectivity of K+ > Na+ > Li+. However, the selectivity order is strongly reversed when the receptor extracts solid alkali metal chlorides and bromides into organic solution. For a three-component mixture of solid LiCl, NaCl, and KCl, the ratio of salts extracted and complexed to the receptor in CDCl3 was 94:4:2, respectively. The same strong lithium selectivity was also observed in the case of a three-component mixture of solid LiBr, NaBr, and KBr where the ratio of extracted salts was 92:5:3. This observation is attributed to the unusually high solubility of lithium salts in organic solvents. The study suggests that ditopic receptors with an ability to extract solid salts as associated ion pairs may have application in separation processes.     

熔融NaCaF3、Na2CaF4和Na3CaF5的分子动力学模拟

通过分子动力学模拟，研究了熔盐溶液NaCaF_3、Na_2CaF_4和Na_4CaF_5体系，模拟表明，三种二元混合系的径向分布函数十分接近．由模拟所得到的摩尔混合焓很好地与实验值一致．混合焓与Na~+离子势阱深度之间表现出很好的线性关系．模拟表明，在Na_2CaF_4体系中，即NaF-CaF_2二元系处于低共熔混合组分比NaF:CaF_2＝2:1时，Na~+，Ca~(2+)和F~-离子的自扩散系数出现很大的反常．