稳定同位素技术在果汁中的应用

近年来,稳定同位素技术已发展成为解决食品掺假及产地溯源问题的一个强有力的手段.本文主要介绍了稳定同位素技术的基本原理,测试方法标准以及稳定同位素技术在果汁的真伪鉴别及产地溯源中的研究现状及实际应用.     

石斛中主要特征成分测定研究进展

石斛作为我国传统的中草药,具有较好的生理活性。石斛中主要的特征成分包括酚类、碱类和香豆素类化合物,对这些化合物的化学结构、检测方法、检测灵敏度及检测方法的精密度和准确度进行综述,为石斛的质量控制、产地溯源及真伪鉴别等提供技术支撑。     

数据融合策略在食品产地溯源中的应用进展

产地溯源技术可有效识别食品来源,在保护消费者权益和维护产品声誉方面具有重要作用。产地溯源常用的检测手段包括光谱、质谱、色谱和传感器技术等,但是对于化学组成较复杂的食品,单一的分析技术通常无法获得足够的化学信息,而数据融合策略可以通过对不同检测技术获取的数据进行处理及联合,获取更多的有用信息,提高在产地溯源过程中的鉴别效果。目前,数据融合策略已经广泛应用于食品产地溯源领域。本文介绍了包括光谱、质谱、色谱和传感器技术等产地溯源检测技术,总结了基于这些技术的数据融合策略在食品产地溯源中的应用现状,并对数据融合策略在食品产地溯源方面的发展前景进行了展望,以期为食品产地溯源的研究及发展提供参考。     

水产品溯源中的同位素技术研究进展

水产品质量参差不齐,养殖方式多种多样,产地来源也各不相同,普通消费者难以从外观和口感来鉴别其真实来源。近年来,同位素质谱技术被认为是最可靠、最常用的溯源手段。综述了同位素质谱技术及其联合脂肪酸组成和元素组成在水产品溯源中的应用研究进展,并对其发展趋势进行了展望。     

稳定同位素质谱技术在香精香料鉴别研究中的应用

稳定同位素质谱技术作为产地溯源和真伪鉴别的有效技术之一,近年来被越来越多的应用于食品研究工作中。本文简要介绍了稳定同位素质谱技术的基本原理和常用的稳定同位素分馏机理,对稳定同位素质谱技术在香精香料鉴别研究中的国内外进展进行了综述,并对该技术的发展进行了展望。旨在促进稳定同位素质谱技术在香精香料鉴别研究中的应用,推动稳定同位素数据库及鉴别技术体系的建立和完善。     

基于质谱的蛋白质组学技术在食品真伪鉴别及品质识别方面的应用

蛋白质组学作为后基因组时代的一个新研究方向,近几年发展迅速,目前已应用于多个领域,在食品品质检测和安全控制方面成为有力的研究工具。蛋白质组学为食品科学的相关研究打开了新思路,不仅可以鉴定蛋白质种类,还可进行蛋白质定量,为分析不同物种、产地、成熟阶段的食品蛋白质组分和含量提供了可能。蛋白质组学研究手段多样,质谱是常用技术之一。该文介绍了蛋白质组学的概念、分类、研究技术以及常见蛋白质数据库,综述了基于质谱的蛋白质组学技术在真伪鉴别和品质检测方面的应用,涉及海鲜、肉制品、奶制品、保健食品及高附加值食品等多种食品,并对蛋白质组学的发展进行了展望。     

利用DNA条码对农产品产地溯源研究——黑木耳产地分子溯源

以黑木耳为例,利用DNA条码(ITS条码)对采自5个不同产地的24份黑木耳样品进行了产地溯源的分子检测研究。实验结果表明ITS条码能清楚溯源分别采自东北和未知地1的10个黑木耳样品,但未能溯源分别采自湖北、四川和未知地2的14个黑木耳样品,可能是产自湖北、四川和未知地2的样品DNA突变率低,积累的突变低于ITS条码的分辨率。因此,对于地理标志农产品的分子溯源应扫描多种基因片段以获得更多的DNA突变位点,提高DNA条码对农产品产地的溯源灵敏度。     

不同产地川党参微量元素的聚类分析

用原子吸收火焰法（FAAS）测定了28个不同产地和采收时间的川党参的7种微量元素,用DPS8．5版软件对测试结果进行聚类分析。结果显示,除重庆武隆县以外的川党参都非常接近,该法可简便地鉴别不同产地和采收时间的川党参真伪。     

桑叶HILIC特征指纹图谱研究

应用亲水色谱法(HILIC)建立了桑叶药材的指纹图谱,并对10批桑叶样品进行分析,为桑叶药材的真伪鉴别及质量控制提供了新方法。采用HILIC XBridgeTMAmide色谱柱,以乙腈-水(含0.2%甲酸、20mmol/L甲酸铵、20%甲醇)为流动相,梯度洗脱,流速为0.8 mL/min,柱温为25℃,检测波长为322 nm,进样量为20μL。该方法具有良好的精密度、重现性和稳定性,检测的10批桑叶指纹图谱有17个共有峰,4个特征峰,采用ESI-TOF/MS对4个特征峰进行了指认,结合相似度分析可以用于不同产区桑叶药材的鉴别。桑叶HILIC指纹图谱有望成为桑叶药材真伪鉴别及质量控制的有力工具。     

SPME/GC-MS鉴别沉香真伪方法研究

采用固相微萃取/气相色谱-质谱联用(SPME/GC-MS)对沉香的成分进行研究,建立以特征成分鉴别沉香真伪的方法。通过SPME富集沉香的气味成分,GC-MS测定其化学组成,确定天然沉香的6种特征成分,并通过面积归一化确定特征成分在气味成分中的相对含量;通过沉香样品中气味成分的种类及其相对含量与天然沉香特征成分对比,判断沉香的真伪。SPME/GC-MS法具有样品用量小、操作简便快速、检测灵敏度高、特征性强、结果准确可靠的特点,适用于沉香气味成分的分析及真伪鉴别,且不破坏沉香收藏品的整体结构,已成功用于沉香药材及其工艺品等的真伪鉴别。     

Chromatography in authenticity and traceability tests of vegetable oils and dairy products: a review

The new applications of various chromatographic techniques such as gas-liquid chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography and electrophoretic methods employed for the analysis in macro- and micro-components in vegetable oils and dairy products are compiled and critically evaluated. The employment of these methods for authenticity tests and traceability is discussed.     

龙井茶特征香气成分分析及种类判别

采用顶空固相微萃取(HS-SPME)和气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用技术分析了39份龙井茶叶中的挥发性成分,结合质谱数据库与保留指数,从24份西湖核心区龙井茶中获得了200余种挥发性化合物,这些挥发性成分中主要含有醇类、酯类、酮类、杂环类等化合物,经筛选得到26种共有组分.并采用主成分分析法(PCA)对24份西湖核心区龙井茶和15份疑似龙井茶进行了有效区分.该方法适用于茶叶的品质鉴定、真假识别、产地溯源等方面的研究,也为其他产品的挥发性成分分析提供参考.     

Development of a multiplex DNA-based traceability tool for crop plant materials

The authenticity of food is of increasing importance for producers, retailers and consumers. All groups benefit from the correct labelling of the contents of food products. Producers and retailers want to guarantee the origin of their products and check for adulteration with cheaper or inferior ingredients. Consumers are also more demanding about the origin of their food for various socioeconomic reasons. In contrast to this increasing demand, correct labelling has become much more complex because of global transportation networks of raw materials and processed food products. Within the European integrated research project ‘Tracing the origin of food’ (TRACE), a DNA-based multiplex detection tool was developed—the padlock probe ligation and microarray detection (PPLMD) tool. In this paper, this method is extended to a 15-plex traceability tool with a focus on products of commercial importance such as the emmer wheat Farro della Garfagnana (FdG) and Basmati rice. The specificity of 14 plant-related padlock probes was determined and initially validated in mixtures comprising seven or nine plant species/varieties. One nucleotide difference in target sequence was sufficient for the distinction between the presence or absence of a specific target. At least 5% FdG or Basmati rice was detected in mixtures with cheaper bread wheat or non-fragrant rice, respectively. The results suggested that even lower levels of (un-)intentional adulteration could be detected. PPLMD has been shown to be a useful tool for the detection of fraudulent/intentional admixtures in premium foods and is ready for the monitoring of correct labelling of premium foods worldwide.     

Accreditation: worth the trouble?

 Since the late 1980s, much attention has been paid to the usefulness of ISO-9000 certification. At present more than 45000 companies and institutions worldwide have been granted an ISO-9000 certificate. In the field of quality assurance, however, the ISO-9000 series does not completely cover the aspect of traceability. Demonstrable traceability is a particular problem in quality assurance of products by chemical analysis. In this paper realisation of demonstrable traceability is discussed, using the field of gas analysis as an example. Attention is focused on the usefulness of accreditation for laboratories performing quality assurance analyses. The basic question is asked whether and, if so, when accreditation is worth the trouble in cases where demonstrable traceability is required. Received: 15 February 1996 Accepted: 6 March 1996     

Identification of Ensis siliqua samples and establishment of the catch area using a species-specific microsatellite marker

European Council Regulation 104/2000 states that fishery products must be labeled to indicate commercial designation of species, the production method, and the catch area. Therefore, traceability of seafood implies knowledge of the species offered to retail and their origin. Ensis siliqua is a bivalve intensively fished in Europe and sold in fresh and canned forms. Although several published methods clearly differentiate Ensis genus species, none of those assess the origin of the commercial samples. In the present study, a microsatellite marker (Esi-UDC3055F) was developed to establish the catch area of E. siliqua samples. Amplification yielded a fragment of 275 or 302 base pairs, depending on whether they were Iberian or Irish populations. The usefulness of this method was also assessed in commercial samples. The results of this study provide a reliable methodology for the identification of catch area in European E. siliqua commercial samples. The coupling of this methodology with existing techniques for razor clam species identification provides a powerful tool for traceability and labeling enforcement.     

Study of organic honey from the Northeast Portugal

Concerns about traces of numerous toxic substances and authenticity have prompted consumer demand for honey that is certified as organic, based on strict ecological, natural principles and traceability. The present study aims to characterize organic honey samples (n = 73) from Northeast Portugal, with respect to floral nectar origin, physicochemical parameters and microbial safety. The phenols and flavonoids contents, often referred to as responsible for honey's bioactive properties, were also assessed. All organic honey samples were classified as monofloral lavender (Lavandula sp.), exceeded in quality the international physicochemical standards and showed low microbiological counts (yeast, moulds and aerobic mesophiles), with negative results in respect to fecal coliforms, Salmonella and sulphite-reducing Clostridium spp. Correlation of the palynological, physicochemical and microbiological results is necessary to check the authenticity, quality and sanitation of honey. Although not required by international legislation, results of those assessments provide a complete outlook and elucidation of the organic honey's properties, which could promote its valorisation.     

LC/MS study of the UV filter hexyl 2‐[4‐(diethylamino)‐2‐hydroxybenzoyl]‐benzoate (DHHB) aquatic chlorination with sodium hypochlorite

The fate of modern personal care products in the environment is becoming a matter of increasing concern because of the growing production and assortment of these compounds. More and more chemicals of this class are treated as emerging contaminants. Transformation of commercially available products in the environment may result in the formation of a wide array of their metabolites. Personal care products in swimming pools and in drinking water reservoirs may undergo oxidation or chlorination. There is much data on the formation of more toxic metabolites from original low toxicity commercial products. Therefore, reliable identification of all possible transformation products and a thorough study of their physicochemical and biological properties are of high priority. The present study deals with the identification of the products of the aquatic chlorination of the hexyl 2‐[4‐(diethylamino)‐2‐hydroxybenzoyl]‐benzoate ultraviolet filter. High‐performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS) and HPLC/MS/MS with accurate mass measurements were used for this purpose. As a result, three chlorinated transformation products were identified. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Multielemental characterization of honey using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry fused with chemometrics

Honey is considered a desirable ingredient in a range of different foodstuffs because of its nutrient and therapeutic effect. The honey characteristics mainly depend on the type of vegetation visited by the bees and the climatic conditions in which the plants are growing. Therefore, the purity, floral and geographical origin and authenticity are important factors influencing the overall perception of honey and honey‐based products in terms of quality and price. An important parameter in this picture is the elemental composition of honey because it can be linked with the floral type of honey, floral plant density and the botanical origin of nectar and pollens. In this work, the concentration range variation of 18 elements (Al, As, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, K, Pb, Sr, Ti, V and Zn) was investigated in four varieties of honey (linden, acacia, rape, and sunflower) originating from Romania, because the elemental profile of honey may give important information to differentiate its geographical and varietal origin for authenticity purpose. All the determinations were carried out by inductively coupled plasma quadrupole mass spectrometry (ICP‐Q‐MS). The most abundant minerals decreased in the following order: K > Ca > Mg > Na, having the mean values of 248.70, 59.97, 20.54 and 11.92 mg kg^?1, respectively. The mineral content marks the differences in honey samples from different botanical origin and can be used as a tool for authentication purposes and also extends its applicability to assess the traceability of honey. Analysis of variance showed the preliminary relationships between the elements and samples. Further, the discrimination between different studied honey samples was achieved by principal component analysis (PCA). The multivariate analysis of the data allowed us to separate the honey samples into distinct groups according to their macroelement and microelement composition, emphasizing the origin of variation of element concentrations by honey type. Therefore, this approach might be potentially useful for the control of honey quality, origin or authenticity, and even to use the honey as environmental tracer.     

Identification of metabolomic markers of lavender and lavandin essential oils using mid-infrared spectroscopy

Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) and lavandin (sterile hybrid of L. angustifolia P. Mill. × Lavandula latifolia (L.f.) Medikus) are widely cultivated in the Mediterranean area for produce essential oils. In this study, 80 lavandin and 55 lavender essential oil samples from various varieties were analyzed. Firstly, a chemometric treatment of mid-infrared spectra was used to evaluate the capacity of Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) regression to discriminate French lavandin and lavender essential oil (EO) samples and their varieties (Abrial, Fine, Grosso, Maillette, Matherone, Sumian and Super), and secondly, to quantify the main compounds such as linalyl acetate, linalool, eucalyptol and camphor by PLS regression using reference data from gas chromatography. The examination of PLS and PLS-DA regression coefficients allowed the identification of metabolomic markers. The lavender/lavandin EOs and their varieties were very well classified (100% for lavender/lavandin EOs and between 98 and 100% for varieties). The calibration models obtained by PLS regression for the determination of the main compound contents revealed good correlation (≥0.86) between the predicted and reference values. This method can be used to control the authenticity and traceability of lavender/lavandin and their varieties. Finally, mid-infrared and Raman spectroscopy results were compared.     

Drugs and related topics

Drugs is a topic that was certainly an issue of discussion at this year's annual meeting. This Committee had the responsibility of organizing a half day symposium on "Pharmaceutical Authenticity and Safety" that took place September 12, 2005. This symposium aims at improving the critical points in the analytical pharmaceutical field related to traceability assessment, use of certified reference materials (CRMs), and proficiency testing implementation to get the highest quality of the obtained results. Recognized experts presented these topics. Also, other complementary subjects, such as the application of advanced analytical technologies to reach the authenticity and safety of the pharmaceutical drugs and drug products, their microbiological quality assessment, without disregarding an important topic such as sampling, was presented and discussed. The talks that were presented are the following: "Proficiency Testing as a Need in the Pharmaceutical Field," Arlene Fox (AOAC INTERNATIONAL, Gaithersburg, MD); "Implementation of Traceability in the Pharmaceutical Laboratory," Thomas Layloff, (Management Sciences for Health, Arlington, VA); "Harmonized Characteristics of Certified Reference Materials According to ISO Guides-Attractive also for Pharmaceutical Analysis," Hendrik Emons (Reference Materials, Unit Institute for Reference Materials and Measurements (IRMM), Joint Research Centre European Commission, (Geel, Belgium); "Importance of LC/MS/MS for the Fingerprinting of Pharmaceutical Drugs," Paul A. Steinberg, (Thermo Electron Corp., Woodstock, GA); "Process Analytical Technology (PAT) as a Way for Better Manufacturing and Quality Assurance," John F. Kauffman (Division of Pharmaceutical Analysis, U.S. Food and Drug Administration (St. Louis, MO); "Stability Testing for the Safety Assessment of Pharmaceuticals," Marta Vidal (Boeringher Ingelheim Argentina, Buenos Aires, Argentina); "Validation of Microbiological Methods for Sterile and Nonsterile Pharmaceutical Products," Michael Brodsky (Brodsky Consultants, Thornhill, ON, Canada); "The Relationship Between Pharmacopoeial Reference Standards and ISO REMCO Initiatives and Guides," Ronald G. Manning (United States Pharmacopoeia, Rockville, MD).