金属有机骨架及其复合材料在固相微萃取中的制备及应用

金属有机骨架材料是近几年涌现出的一类新型多功能多孔固体材料,由金属离子和有机配体自组装形成.基于其比表面积高、孔隙率大、热稳定性好和结构与功能多样化等优点,此类材料可作为潜在的吸附剂来对水体等环境污染物进行预处理分析.此外,金属有机骨架材料和不同功能材料如碳基材料、分子印迹聚合物材料以及磁性纳米粒子等组装形成的金属有机骨架复合材料,其整体性能较优于母体金属有机骨架材料.因此,金属有机骨架复合材料在样品预处理方面的应用也引起了研究者的极大兴趣和广泛关注.结合自己的研究工作,对近5年的金属有机骨架材料以及金属有机骨架复合材料,主要在固相微萃取样品预处理方面的应用进行了综述,并对其发展前景进行了展望.     

磁性金属-有机骨架复合材料的构建及在环境中的应用

磁性金属-有机骨架(MMOFs)复合材料是一类新颖的功能材料;MMOFs在磁性功能粒子的基础上结合了金属有机骨架材料的孔径均一、比表面积高、化学和热稳定性良好、吸附亲和力强等性能,在催化和环境等领域中显示出潜在的应用前景.本文简要概述了近年来制备的MMOFs复合材料,包括磁性微球核壳结构、磁性纳米颗粒镶嵌结构、磁性颗粒无规则互混结构、磁性石墨烯基复合结构;并从环境污染物的吸附、富集和催化降解角度,重点总结了MMOFs在环境分析和环境修复中的应用.     

Co@NC纳米复合材料的制备及其电化学性能研究

本文从开发替代贵金属催化剂（如RuO₂,IrO₂,Pt）的廉价催化剂方面着手,以金属有机框架化合物ZIF-67为前驱物,通过室温溶剂热法合成金属有机骨架ZIF-67,将其高温炭化制备出包覆Co纳米颗粒的氮掺杂的碳基复合材料,即Co@NC. 研究炭化温度对其形貌结构、元素组成和电催化性能的影响. 制备形貌结构最优的Co@NC催化剂,并研究了其在碱性条件下析氧反应的催化活性和稳定性.     

纳米TiO2基质掺杂稀土离子Er3+和Yb3+的上转换发光特性

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了掺杂稀土离子Er3 及Er3 /Yb3 的TiO2纳米晶体,考察了样品在980 nm激发光源作用下,不同的稀土离子掺杂量、不同的焙烧温度、不同的激发温度等对其上转换发光特性的影响,并对Er3 /Yb3 共掺杂的上转换发光机制进行了探讨.     

中科大金属有机骨架纳米纤维研究获进展

<正>近年来,金属有机骨架材料(MOFs)广泛应用于能量转换和储存领域。该材料的存在形式通常是一种单分散的微晶或者纳米晶,以微孔的金属有机骨架纳米颗粒为结构单元构筑复杂组装体是非常困难的,同时其衍生的材料多数缺乏形貌和孔结构的有效控制。不久前,中国科学技术大学2012级博士生张旺在导师     

纳米颗粒透明分散体及其高性能有机无机复合材料

纳米颗粒分散是无机纳米材料在有机体系中应用的关键.本文提出了采用纳米颗粒液相分散体制备高度分散纳米透明有机无机复合材料的新方法,发明了超重力反应-萃取相转移方法制备纳米颗粒液相透明分散体技术,介绍了其制备原理和实施效果,以及其在纳米复合节能膜、纳米润滑油脂和高固含量光学材料等有机无机纳米复合材料中的最新研究进展.     

金属-多孔有机分子笼纳米复合物的研究进展

多孔有机分子笼(POC)是一类具有固定腔隙的离散分子,因其稳定的孔隙结构、较高的比表面积和良好的可溶性,正成为一类可用于容纳特定大小的分子或离子的新兴功能性材料.除此之外,该类材料中稳定存在的开放孔隙结构,使其在气体分离与储存、传感器件、药物运输等领域具有广泛的应用,已逐渐成为国内外研究的热点.目前,多孔有机分子笼存在能与金属结合的位点,并具有空间限域效应,能有效防止金属纳米颗粒的团聚,故常被用于特定尺寸金属纳米颗粒的制备,从而形成金属-多孔有机分子笼纳米复合材料.多孔有机分子笼不仅可调控金属纳米粒子的大小,还可通过多孔笼体结构的保护,在不影响其原子表面可及率的条件下,稳定其微纳结构.相比于传统金属纳米催化剂,金属-多孔有机分子笼纳米复合物不仅具有更优越的稳定性,还可提供更多的催化活性位点.总结了近年来金属-多孔有机分子笼复合领域的研究成果,以及其应用领域的重要进展,为金属-多孔有机分子笼纳米复合物在催化、传感、医学等方面的后续研究提供启示.     

Na2SiF6对Er3+, Yb3+共掺杂上转换发光材料颗粒度的影响

合成了Er3+, Yb3+共掺杂的纳米级上转换发光材料.针对稀土离子Er3+, Yb3+共掺杂上转换发光材料的制备过程, 研究了络合剂和Na2SiF6对控制最终产物颗粒度的作用, 指出络合剂和Na2SiF6的共同作用有利于合成出粒度分布比较均匀的纳米级上转换发光材料, 讨论了Na2SiF6的作用机制, 并简单阐述了上转换发光材料的发展和应用.     

Ti掺杂SBA-15负载Ni基催化剂用于木质素衍生物定向加氢脱氧转化

本研究通过在SBA-15分子筛骨架内掺杂Ti物种并负载Ni纳米颗粒合成了“金属-酸”双功能催化剂(Ni/Ti-SBA-15)。Ti的掺杂不仅提高了催化剂酸性位点的数量,还促进了Ni纳米颗粒在载体上的高度分散。在绿色、温和条件下实现了香兰素到2-甲氧基-4-甲基苯酚(MMP)高效转化,目标产物选择性高达96.46%。此外,Ni/Ti-SBA-15催化剂价格低廉,制备工艺简单,这项工作为制备廉价高效催化剂提供了新的思路,有利于实现生物质衍生物的绿色、低成本升级转化。     

AgNPs@ZIF-67复合纳米粒子的合成及其抗菌性能研究※

细菌感染和因抗生素滥用而引发的细菌耐药性问题已经成为威胁公共健康的重大隐患, 开发新型、高效的抗菌剂势在必行. 金属有机框架材料(MOFs)是当今抗菌材料研究的热点之一. 多孔的碳骨架结构能够提供有限空间避免负载的金属纳米颗粒聚集以及有利于其稳定存在. 基于ZIF-67的载体作用, 发展了一种新颖、绿色、简便、低成本的银纳米颗粒-沸石咪唑骨架(AgNPs@ZIF-67)复合纳米粒子的制备方法. 利用透射电子显微镜、元素分布图谱、X射线衍射、X射线光电子能谱、N₂吸-脱附等温线和Zeta电位等表征手段证实了小尺寸AgNPs均匀、稳定地分散在ZIF-67上. 少量的AgNPs沉积大幅提升了ZIF-67的抗菌性能, 使AgNPs@ZIF-67成为一种很有前途的抗菌纳米材料.     

Tuning of the structure and emission spectra of upconversion nanocrystals by alkali ion doping

Recently, lanthanide based nanocrystals with upconversion fluorescence emission have attracted a lot of interest and the nanocrystals have been used for bioimaging, biodetection, and therapeutic applications. Use of the nanocrystals for multiplexed detection has also been explored; however, nanocrystals with multicolor emission are required. Some efforts have been made to tune the emission spectra of the nanocrystals based on manipulation of upconverting lanthanide ions doped in the crystals or creation of core/shell structures. In this work, alkali ions with an ionic radius slightly larger or smaller than Na such as Li and K were doped into NaYF(4):Yb,Er nanocrystals and their effect on the crystal structure and subsequently the upconversion emission spectra were studied. It was found that the phase transition occurs in the nanocrystals when a different amount of Li and K was doped. Furthermore, the intensity ratios between the blue, green, and red emission peaks changed accordingly, and make it possible to tune the upconversion fluorescence of the nanocrystals by Li and K doping.     

Enhancing Luminescence in Lanthanide‐Doped Upconversion Nanoparticles

The enthusiasm for research on lanthanide‐doped upconversion nanoparticles is driven by both a fundamental interest in the optical properties of lanthanides embedded in different host lattices and their promise for broad applications ranging from biological imaging to photodynamic therapy. Despite the considerable progress made in the past decade, the field of upconversion nanoparticles has been hindered by significant experimental challenges associated with low upconversion conversion efficiencies. Recent experimental and theoretical studies on upconversion nanoparticles have, however, led to the development of several effective approaches to enhancing upconversion luminescence, which could have profound implications for a range of applications. Herein we present the underlying principles of controlling energy transfer through lanthanide doping, overview the major advances and key challenging issues in improving upconversion luminescence, and consider the likely directions of future research in the field.     

近红外稀土荧光在功能材料领域的研究进展

稀土近红外荧光材料具有特征发射峰尖锐、光稳定性好和毒性低等特点。近年来,稀土近红外荧光材料在光纤通讯、激光系统、生物分析传感器及生物成像等方面的应用价值日渐突显,引起了研究者们的极大关注。特别是稀土近红外荧光材料已发展成一种新兴的荧光标记材料,并有希望替代有机染料和量子点应用于生物分析和医学成像。基于稀土近红外发光的荧光探针具有低自荧光背景、宽斯托克斯位移、强抑制光漂白、深层穿透组织和短暂分辨的优势,有潜力成为高灵敏度、高选择性的检测手段。利用稀土离子制备的各种荧光材料,如上转换纳米晶、介孔材料、脂基胶体、离子液体、离子胶体、金属有机框架等,由于荧光敏化机理不同,其近红外荧光性能也各有千秋。然而,稀土近红外荧光的真正挑战仍是提高近红外发光的量子效率。本文结合近红外荧光领域的最新进展,综述了不同的稀土近红外荧光设计思路,介绍了各种近红外稀土荧光功能材料,阐述了稀土离子在近红外荧光功能材料中的优势,并展望了稀土近红外荧光材料的发展前景。     

上转换纳米粒子的Y(OH)CO3壳层包覆及壳层转化

Along with the promising applications of lanthanide doped upconversion nanomaterials in diverse fields such as biology, anti-counterfeiting, and lasering, the demand for multifunctional upconversion nanomaterials is increasing. One effective means of obtaining these nanomaterials is to fabricate upconversion nanomaterial-based heterostructures, which may provide superior properties as compared to the sum of the parts. However, obtaining heterostructured upconversion nanomaterials remains challenging mainly because of the crystal lattice mismatch between upconversion nanomaterials and other materials. Typically used strategies for synthesizing upconversion nanomaterial-based heterostructures are applicable only to limited types of materials. Alternatively, transformation of the intermediate layer is a promising strategy used to obtain these heterostructures. Nevertheless, this method remains in its infancy and, to date, only a few intermediate layers have been developed. New types of intermediate layers are therefore highly desirable. In this study, we show that amorphous Y(OH)CO₃ can be a promising candidate as an intermediate layer for fabricating upconversion nanoparticle-based heterostructures. As a proof-of-concept experiment, ligand-free NaGdF₄:Yb/Tm upconversion nanoparticles were first prepared as core nanoparticles. The Y(OH)CO₃ shell was then directly coated on the NaGdF₄:Yb/Tm upconversion nanoparticles in an aqueous solution using urea and Y(NO₃)₃, by a homogeneous precipitation approach. The thickness of the resulting Y(OH)CO₃ shell could be tuned by adjusting the amounts of either urea or Y(NO₃)₃. The as-coated Y(OH)CO₃ shell could be easily converted to YOF by heating at 300 ℃, yielding NaGdF₄:Yb/Tm@YOF core-shell heterostructured nanoparticles. In addition, we found that the NaGdF₄ core could be transformed to lanthanide oxide fluoride if the NaGdF₄:Yb/Tm@Y(OH)CO₃ core-shell nanoparticles were heated at 350 ℃. We also observed that treating the NaGdF₄:Yb/Tm@Y(OH)CO₃ core-shell nanoparticles at even higher temperatures (e.g., 400 ℃) produced aggregations of nanoparticles without regular morphologies. The transformation of the shell can be attributed to the decomposition of Y(OH)CO₃ and reactions between the Y(OH)CO₃ shell and NaGdF₄ core. Meanwhile, the transformation of the NaGdF₄ core at relatively high temperatures could be primarily due to the reactions between Y(OH)CO₃ and NaGdF₄. Notably, in this study, the core-shell structured nanoparticles, with either a Y(OH)CO₃ or YOF shell, maintained the photon upconversion properties of NaGdF₄:Yb/Tm upconversion nanoparticles. In addition, the method used here could be extended to the coating of other shells such as Tb(OH)CO₃ and Yb(OH)CO₃ on upconversion nanoparticles. Moreover, the NaGdF₄:Yb/Tm@Y(OH)CO₃ core-shell nanoparticles could be transformed to other nanoparticles with novel structures such as yolk-shell nanoparticles. These results can pave the way for preparing upconversion nanoparticle-based heterostructures and multifunctional composites, thus promoting new applications of upconversion nanoparticles.     

Preparation and luminescence properties of lanthanide (Eu3+, Sm3+) complexes and their hectorite-based composites

The complexes of europium and samarium with phthalates ligands were synthesized and characterized. The luminescence behaviors of the lanthanide complexes as well as their hectorite-based composites were investigated by fluorescence spectra. The results indicated that the lanthanide complexes showed slightly lower intensities in hectorite matrix than that of corresponding pure complexes. The lanthanide ion relative fluorescence intensity (LRFI) was enhanced when the lanthanide complexes were doped into hectorite.     

Lanthanide‐Based Luminescent Materials for Waveguide and Lasing

Microlasers and waveguides have wide applications in the fields of photonics and optoelectronics. Lanthanide‐doped luminescent materials featuring large Stokes/anti‐Stokes shift, long excited‐state lifetime as well as sharp emission bandwidth are excellent optical components for photonic applications. In the past few years, great progress has been made in the design and fabrication of lanthanide‐based waveguides and lasers at the micrometer length scale. Waveguide structures and microcavities can be fabricated from lanthanide‐doped amorphous materials through top‐down process. Alternatively, lanthanide‐doped organic compounds featuring large absorption cross‐section can self‐assemble into low‐dimensional structures of well‐defined size and morphology. In recent years, lanthanide‐doped crystalline structures displaying highly tunable excitation and emission properties have emerged as promising waveguide and lasing materials, which substantially extends the range of lasing wavelength. In this minireview, we discuss recent advances in lanthanide‐based luminescent materials that are designed for waveguide and lasing applications. We also attempt to highlight challenging problems of these materials that obstacle further development of this field.     

Lanthanide‐Doped Nanocrystals: Strategies for Improving the Efficiency of Upconversion Emission and Their Physical Understanding

The fundamental understanding of lanthanide‐doped upconverted nanocrystals remains a frontier area of research because of potential applications in photonics and biophotonics. Recent studies have revealed that upconversion luminescence dynamics depend on host crystal structure, size of the nanocrystals, dopant concentration, and core–shell structures, which influence site symmetry and the distribution and energy migration of the dopant ions. In this review, we bring to light the influences of doping/co‐doping concentration, crystal phase, crystal size of the host, and core–shell structure on the efficiency of upconversion emission. Furthermore, the lattice strain, due to a change in the crystal phase and by the core–shell structure, strongly influences the upconversion emission intensity. Analysis suggests that the local environment of the ion plays the most significant role in modification of radiative and nonradiative relaxation mechanisms of overall upconversion emission properties. Finally, an outlook on the prospects of this research field is given.     

Tuning the Upconversion Luminescence Lifetimes of KYb2F7:Ho3+ Nanocrystals for Optical Multiplexing

Conventional luminescent color coding is limited by spectral overlap and the interference of background fluorescence, thus restricting the number of distinguishable identities that can be used in practice. Here, we demonstrate the possibility of generating diverse time‐domain codes, specially designed for a single emission band, using lanthanide‐doped upconversion nanocrystals. Based on the knowledge of concentration quenching, the upconversion luminescence kinetics of KYb₂F₇: Ho³⁺ nanocrystals can be precisely controlled by modifying the dopant concentration of Ho³⁺ ions, resulting in a tunable emission lifetime from 75.8 to 1944.5 μs, which suggests the practicality of these time‐domain codes for optical multiplexing.     

Electrogenerated upconverted emission from doped organic nanowires

The electrogenerated upconversion was achieved in the uniformly doped organic nanowires based on triplet energy transfer from tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II) to 9,10-diphenylanthracene.     

Lanthanide upconversion nanoparticles and applications in bioassays and bioimaging: A review

Through the process of photon upconversion, trivalent lanthanide doped nanocrystals convert long-wavelength excitation radiation in the infrared or near infrared region to higher energy emission radiation from ultraviolet to infrared. Such materials offer potential for numerous advantages in analytical applications in comparison to molecular fluorophores and quantum dots. The use of IR radiation as an excitation source reduces autofluorescence and scattering of excitation radiation, which leads to a reduction of background in optical experiments. The upconverting nanocrystals offer excellent photostability and are composed of materials that are not particularly toxic to biological organisms. Excitation at long wavelengths also minimizes damage to biological materials. In this review, the different mechanisms responsible for the upconversion process, and methods that are used to synthesize and decorate upconverting nanoparticles are presented to indicate how absorption and emission can be tuned. Examples of recent applications of upconverting nanoparticles in bioassays for the detection of proteins, nucleic acids, metabolites and metal ions offer indications of analytical advantages in the development of methods of analysis. Examples include multi-color and multi-modal imaging, and the use of upconverting nanoparticles in theranostics.