The effect of palladium dispersion and promoters on lactose oxidation kinetics

Lactose oxidation was investigated at 70 °C and at pH 8 using oxygen as an oxidant over a comprehensive set of commercially available mono- and multi-metallic as well as promoted Pd catalysts with active carbon, alumina and calcium carbonate as catalyst supports. An optimum cluster size of 6–10 nm resulted in the highest initial turnover frequencies. High conversion levels above 90% were achieved on Pd/C catalyst, as well as over Pd/Al₂O₃ and (Pd–Pb)/CaCO₃, whereas (Pd–V)/C catalyst gave only 30% conversion after 200 min. The latter catalyst was relatively inactive due to its high support acidity and profound deactivation during oxidation. Besides the main oxidation product, lactobionic acid, also, lactulose was generated as a result of lactose isomerisation under alkaline conditions. The electrochemical potentials of the catalysts were measured during lactose oxidation. The main result of these measurements was that, when the electrochemical potential of the catalyst increased very quickly, its oxidation activity was low due to metal over-oxidation. The selectivities to the desired product, lactobionic acid, were relatively high, above 80% for most of the catalysts, except for (Pd–V)/C. Furthermore, the selectivity to the lactobionic acid decreased with increasing metal dispersion, thus, indicating that the optimum metal particle sizes for producing high amounts of lactobionic acid is above 3 nm.     

The Utilization of Pseudomonas taetrolens to Produce Lactobionic Acid

Lactobionic acid is a relatively new product derived from lactose oxidation, with high potential applications as a bioactive compound. Conducted experiments confirmed that both the time and temperature influenced the production of lactobionic acid during bioconversion of lactose using the Pseudomonas taetrolens bacteria. The study also investigated the effect of inoculum concentration on the production of lactobionic acid as a result of oxidation of whey-derived lactose. The highest concentration of lactobionic acid during oxidation of whey-derived lactose at a temperature of 30 °C by microorganisms. P. taetrolens was obtained during 50-h oxidation of the medium, which contained 25 % addition of the inoculum, in which the count of live cells was 2.85?×?10⁹ CFU/ml.     

不同阳离子(NH4+,Na+,K+,Ca2+)溴化物对商用SCR催化剂化学中毒影响机制研究

燃煤飞灰中的碱金属和碱土金属对 NH3-SCR 催化剂的活性有显著的影响. 近年来, 研究者针对碱金属/碱土金属氧化物对 SCR 催化剂中毒作用开展了大量研究. 另一方面, 研究普遍认为, 含溴化合物对提高 SCR 催化剂汞氧化性能具有明显促进作用. 目前为止, 针对碱金属/碱土金属溴化物对 SCR 催化剂影响的系统研究较少. 我们课题组系统研究了不同阳离子的溴化物 (NH4Br, NaBr, KBr 和 CaBr2) 对商用 V2O5-WO3/TiO2催化剂性能的影响.与未中毒样品相比, KBr 中毒后的催化剂 (记为 L-KBr) 上 NOx转化率明显下降, 而 NaBr 和 CaBr2中毒的催化剂 (分别记为 L-NaBr 和 L-CaBr) 上的 SCR 活性也有一定程度的降低. 另外 L-NaBr, L-KBr 和 L-CaBr 催化剂的 N2选择性较差. XPS 结果显示, KBr 中毒后化学吸附氧 (Oα) 比例减小; 同时, KBr 中毒后还原性和表面酸度降低, 这些可能是导致 L-KBr催化剂的活性和 N2选择性变差的主要原因. 对于 L-CaBr 催化剂, 中毒后化学吸附氧 Oα比例有所增加, 这与 H2-TPR 结果显示可还原性增强一致. O2-TPO 结果显示, L-CaBr 催化剂可氧化性降低, 说明 CaBr2中毒还是影响到催化剂表面的氧化还原循环. 催化剂 CaBr2中毒后表面被覆盖减少了反应活性位数量, 但表面酸性的增强可能会抵消活性位点损失带来的负面影响. NH3氧化结果显示, NH3在 L-CaBr 催化剂表面发生过氧化反应, 特别是高温下生成较多 N2O, 降低 N2选择性, 这可能是高温下 L-CaBr 催化剂 SCR 活性和 N2选择性下降的重要原因. CO2-TPD 结果表明, L-KBr 和 L-CaBr 催化剂表面碱性强度增加, 可能有助于增加 NOx物种的吸附量. 基于以上活性评价和表征分析结果, 我们尝试建立了不同溴化物中毒的催化剂表面酸碱性、氧化还原和催化性能之间的关系.     

Pd/TiC-C催化剂对甲酸氧化的电催化性能

研究了TiC和C作混合载体的Pd(Pd/TiC-C)催化剂对甲酸氧化的电催化性能。发现Pd/TiC-C催化剂对直接甲酸燃料电池(DFAFC)中甲酸氧化的电催化性能要优于Pd/C催化剂。而且,Pd/TiC-C催化剂的电催化性能与C和TiC的质量比有关,当质量比为2时,Pd/TiC-C催化剂对甲酸氧化的电催化活性和稳定性最好,甲酸在C和TiC的质量比为2的Pd/TiC-C催化剂电极上的氧化峰峰电位为0.164 V,比在Pd/C催化剂电极上负移12 mV,峰电流密度为23.08 mA/cm2,比在Pd/C催化剂电极上高约42％。     

不同金属改性对Pt/β-分子筛催化柴油车尾气中HC、CO及SO_2氧化性能的影响

采用共浸渍法制备了Ce、Cr、Mo和Cu改性的Pt/β-分子筛催化剂,运用氮吸附、XRD、H_2-TPR、NH_3-TPD和XPS等手段对该催化剂进行了表征,研究了不同金属改性对催化剂的织构性质、骨架结构、表面酸性以及在模拟柴油车尾气中抑制SO_2氧化性能和催化HC、CO氧化活性的影响。结果表明,金属改性对催化剂织构性能和骨架结构影响较小。Cr、Mo和Cu的添加可以调变催化剂酸强度,进而抑制SO_2的氧化;Cu改性的催化剂具有最好的抑制SO_2氧化的能力,在350和450℃条件下,与未改性Pt/β-分子筛催化剂相比,Cu改性催化剂上SO_2转化率分别下降了70.4%和70.2%。然而,改性金属与Pt物种之间产生的相互作用,会使Pt物种更难还原,导致Pt对HC和CO氧化的催化活性降低。     

载体和担载酸对乙烯直接氧化合成乙酸反应的影响

 在固定床流动反应器上研究了Pd－酸／载体体系催化乙烯直接氧\r\n化合成乙酸的反应，并对载体相同但担载酸强度不同的催化剂的催化活\r\n性进行了比较．结果表明，担载酸的强度明显影响催化剂的活性，酸强\r\n度越大其催化活性越高．用NH3－TPD和异丙醇脱水探针反应表征了二氧\r\n化硅、活性碳和酸性白土三种载体担载的Pd－H4SiW12催化剂的酸性，\r\n并测试了三种催化剂的催化活性．结果表明，载体通过影响担载酸的强\r\n度而影响催化剂的活性，载体上的强酸中心越多，催化剂的活性越高．\r\n测定了二氧化硅、活性碳和酸性白土三种载体担载的Pd－H4SiW12催化\r\n剂上Pd的分散度，并与其催化活性相关联．结果表明，决定乙烯直接氧\r\n化生成乙酸反应活性的主要因素是催化剂的酸强度而不是Pd的分散度．     

Cs_yP_（1．33）－kMo_（12）SblCu_mV_nAs_kO_x催化剂的研究

以共沉淀方法制备了杂多酸盐催化剂ＣｓｙＰ１．３３－ｋＭｏ１２ＳｂｌＣｕｍＶｎＡｓｋＯｘ．利用ＩＲ及ＳＥＭ研究了催化剂的结构，ＤＳＣ研究了催化剂的稳定性，ＥＳＲ研究了催化剂的氧化还原性，及ＮＨ３－ＴＰＤ研究了催化剂的酸性．同时考察了催化剂对异丁醛一步氧化制甲基丙烯酸的催化性能，并与催化剂的氧化还原性进行了关联．发现Ｃｓ１．５Ｐ１．１３Ｍｏ１２Ｓｂ０．２５Ｃｕ０．２５Ｖ０．２５Ａｓ０．２０Ｏｘ催化剂使异丁醛氧化的目的产物甲基丙烯酸收率最高，达７０．１％．     

酸、盐处理对Pt/SAPO-11物化及其催化性能的影响

采用不同酸和盐浸渍处理SAPO-11分子筛,然后负载Pt制成改性的Pt/SAPO-11催化剂,用XRF、XRD、N_2吸附-脱附、SEM、NH_3-TPD和Py-IR对催化剂进行表征,分析其物理化学性能。结果表明,酸和盐处理没有破坏SAPO-11的骨架结构,还提高了催化剂的孔容、孔径、比表面积等性质,催化剂的酸性、酸量也明显发生了改变。在固定床反应器中,评价了改性的Pt/SAPO-11催化小桐子油一步加氢制异构烷烃性能;结合催化剂表征数据表明,颗粒粒径、比表面积、孔径、酸性和酸量影响催化剂的活性及产物分布。对比发现,经0.5 mol/L柠檬酸处理的Pt/SAPO-11催化剂孔径大小、酸性、B酸和L酸量分布合适,因此,一步加氢催化处理小桐子油性能优异;其中,生物航油组分(C_(8-16))的收率为32.47%,异构烷烃(C8-16)选择性为53.13%。     

Fe-Mo/KZSM-5上甲醇氧化为甲醛的研究

采用浸渍法制备了ＦｅＭｏ／ＨＺＳＭ５和ＦｅＭｏ／ＫＺＳＭ５分子筛催化剂,利用ＮＨ３ＴＰＤ和Ｏ２ＴＰＤ对催化剂的表面酸性和吸附Ｏ２物种进行了表征,考察了温度、Ｍｏ／Ｆｅ摩尔比、空气／甲醇摩尔比及ＷＨＳＶ对催化性能的影响．实验结果表明,在ＦｅＭｏ／ＫＺＳＭ５催化剂上,适宜的反应条件下,甲醇转化率接近１００％,甲醛选择性达到９０６％．同时还进行了９６ｈ的催化剂的稳定性实验     

Catalyst Design for Methacrolein Oxidation to Methacrylic Acid

Heteropoly compounds (HPCs) with the general formula CsMHPVMo₁₁O₄₀are prepared and tested as catalysts. The influence of elements entering the formula on the catalyst properties is studied: Cs defines the acidity and specific area, V controls the selectivity, and the transition metal M defines the mobility of oxygen in the bulk and the catalyst activity. The mechanism of methacrolein oxidation over HPCs is investigated. Using the response method and mass spectrometry of the reaction mixture, it is shown that only the catalyst oxygen atoms take part in the formation of methacrylic acid and that the transport of active oxygen to adsorbed methacrolein plays a key role in the oxidation process. A correlation between the HPC activity and the redox ability of the metal cation M ⁿ⁺ M ^{n+ i} (i= 1 or 2) is found. New catalysts for methacrolein oxidation to methacrylic acid are developed on the basis of this correlation. These are the salts of PVMo-poly acid with Cs, Cu, and the transition metal M as cations. These catalysts are more active (a conversion of up to 91%) and selective (up to 98%) compared to conventional catalysts for methacrolein oxidation to methacrylic acid.     

载体对铜基催化剂NH_3-SCR低温脱硝性能的影响

采用浸渍法制备载体负载铜氧化物催化剂。通过XRD、TG-MS、XPS、NO-TPD、NH_3-TPD和H_2-TPR等手段对催化剂进行表征,考察了有氧条件下载体对催化剂NH_3-SCR低温脱硝性能的影响。结果表明,铜物种在载体上以CuO和Cu_2O形式共存,载体影响铜物种的分散性和氧化态,影响催化剂酸性、氧化还原性和对反应物的吸脱附能力。Cu/HZSM-5催化剂,铜物种分散度高,氧化还原性能好,具有适宜的酸性和酸量,对反应物有良好的吸附-脱附性能,在NH_3-SCR脱硝反应中具有较好的催化活性,反应温度低,T_(50)和T_(90)分别为137和165℃,活性窗口温度宽,NO转化率高于90%的温度为165-358℃。     

Kinetics of lactose and rhamnose oxidation over supported metal catalysts

Several mono- and bimetallic Pd, Pt, Rh and Ru supported on alumina and active carbon catalysts were characterized by CO chemisorption, nitrogen adsorption, XPS and XRD and acidity titrations were performed for active carbon supported catalysts. These catalysts were tested in oxidation of two sugars, namely lactose and rhamnose, at 60 °C and at 70 °C under slightly alkaline conditions (pH 8) with molecular oxygen. The results revealed that there is an optimum metal particle size in a range of 3-10 nm giving the highest initial TOFs for both oxidations. Furthermore, the catalytic activities and conversions were related to other catalyst properties, such as the type and amount of promoters and the presence of different phases. In situ catalyst potential measurements revealed that there is an inverse correlation between the increase of catalyst potential as a function of sugar conversion and the catalyst activity after prolonged reaction times. This method is a valuable tool for in situ characterization of catalysts correlating well with their activities.     

MnCl2-H4SiW12O40/SiO2催化氧化二甲醚制取甲缩醛

 采用浸渍法制备了H4SiW12O40/SiO2杂多酸催化剂,分别使用MnCl2, SnCl4和CuCl2对其进行修饰,并在常压连续流动固定床反应器中考察了催化剂对二甲醚选择氧化制取甲缩醛的催化活性. 结果表明, MnCl2修饰的H4SiW12O40/SiO2催化剂的活性和甲缩醛选择性均高于SnCl4和CuCl2修饰的催化剂. 进一步考察了不同MnCl2含量及反应温度对反应的影响. 在MnCl2含量为5%, 反应温度为593 K时, MnCl2-H4SiW12O40/SiO2催化剂的活性和甲缩醛选择性最佳,二甲醚转化率为8.6%, 甲缩醛选择性为36.3%. X射线衍射结果显示, MnCl2与H4SiW12O40相互作用并均匀地分散在载体上. 用红外光谱研究了MnCl2-H4SiW12O40/SiO2催化剂的结构,发现改性后的催化剂基本保持了杂多酸的Keggin结构. NH3程序升温脱附结果显示, MnCl2的加入较明显地降低了催化剂的酸强度和酸中心数目.     

Quantification of lactobionic acid and sorbitol from enzymatic reaction of fructose and lactose by high-performance liquid chromatography

Experimental conditions for complete separation and quantification of mixtures containing lactobionic acid, sorbitol, lactose and fructose are discussed for the first time. These mixtures appear in the enzymatic bioconversion of fructose and lactose catalyzed by glucose-fructose oxidoreductase (GFOR) and glucono-delta-lactonase (GL) enzymes of Zymomonas mobilis cells. The high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) separation was carried out in a strong cation ion exchange resin (hydrogen form) based on a copolymer of styrene divinylbenzene (PS-DVB). A stationary phase of beta-cyclodextrin was also evaluated. An efficient separation was obtained with PS-DVB column eluted with sulfuric acid 0.450 mM solutions (pH 3.0-3.2) at 75 degrees C. The formation of lactones was observed, which is associated with the dissolution of lactobionic acid crystals; however, by dissolving the lactobionic acid crystals on alkaline calcium hydroxyde solution in equimolar ratio a single lactobionic acid chromatographic peak without lactobionolactone is obtained.     

硫酸化对CeO2-ZrO2催化剂上NH3选择催化还原NO反应的影响

由发电厂等固定源和柴油机等移动源排放的一氧化氮(NO)造成的环境污染问题日益严重.随着严苛的排放法规出台,NO排放控制技术受到越来越多关注.NH3选择性催化还原(SCR)技术是目前去除NO应用最为广泛的方法之一.商业催化剂V2O5-WO3/TiO2在300–400℃温度窗口内显示出优越的NO去除效率,但仍存在一些问题,如钒氧化物的毒性以及在高温时形成N2O和SO3.因此,开发出低钒或无钒的新型催化剂是解决上述问题的关键.CeO2和含铈材料是重要的催化剂载体,具有良好的还原能力和氧存储功能,因而广泛应用于催化领域.CeO2添加到商用催化剂中不仅可以降低钒用量,而且可以提高催化剂抗碱金属中毒能力.CeO2-WO3催化剂在200℃以上时比商用催化剂具有更宽的温度窗口,并展现出较高的抗SO2和碱金属中毒能力.CeO2-ZrO2催化剂通过添加过渡金属元素可以提升其SCR活性,在较宽的温度窗口内具有较高的催化活性.废气中SO2可导致催化剂失活,在实际应用中催化剂硫中毒是较为常见的催化剂失效原因.通常情况下,锰基和铁基催化剂最容易硫中毒.然而CeO2催化剂在硫酸化处理后却展现出良好的SCR活性.催化剂硫酸化主要包括气相、液相和前驱体硫化三种方法.三种方法各有异同,但在催化剂表面形成的硫物种都是SO42–.硫酸化可以增强Ce基催化剂的SCR活性,但是对于硫化引起的催化剂表面酸性、氧化还原性以及NO吸附脱附性质的详细研究报道较少.本文通过液相法对CeO2-ZrO2(CeZr)催化剂进行了硫酸化.XRD结果表明,硫酸化并未对催化剂结晶结构产生影响.TPD和TPR结果表明,硫酸化后催化剂(S-CeZr)表面酸性增强,但抑制了其氧化性.通过原位红外光谱技术系统研究了催化剂在SCR反应过程中表面物种的变化,结果发现,CeZr和S-CeZr的催化机理相同,不同的SCR活性主要是由表面酸性和氧化性引起的.CeO2基催化剂在不同温度窗口遵循不同反应机理.CeZr催化剂具有较强的氧化还原性,使其对NO和NH3具有很强的氧化能力,所以其在低于200℃时具有较好的SCR活性.而S-CeZr催化剂具有更多的Br?nsted酸性位,导致NO不易吸附在催化剂表面,所以其在低温时SCR活性较差,但在高温时(>200℃)具有优良的SCR活性.通过SCR活性和反应机理研究,发现在高温时(>200℃),表面酸性尤其是强酸Br?nsted酸性位在SCR反应中起到决定性作用;而在低温时(<200℃),酸性位对NH3分子较强的键合作用导致NH3难以被氧化,所以较强的酸性位对SCR活性具有抑制作用,而氧化还原性在低温时对SCR反应起到主要作用.同时,在高温时,较高的氧化性可使NH3被O2直接氧化,导致N2选择性降低.     

Zn/SiO_2气相催化裂解1,1,2-三氯乙烷脱HCl:酸性与失活

用浸渍法制备了一系列SiO_2负载的过渡金属催化剂M/SiO_2(M为第Ⅳ周期过渡金属),用于气相催化裂解1,1,2-三氯乙烷(TCE)脱HCl的反应。研究发现,在M/SiO_2催化剂中,Zn/SiO_2催化性能最好,TCE转化率能达到98%,顺-1,2-二氯乙烯(cis-DCE)的选择性为82%。随着Zn负载量的增加,Zn/SiO_2催化剂上TCE转化率逐渐增加,与催化剂上总酸量变化一致。将总酸量以Zn负载量归一化得到比酸量,则比酸量越大,Zn/SiO_2催化剂比活性越高,表明Zn/SiO_2催化剂表面酸性中心是TCE脱氯反应的活性中心。Zn/SiO_2催化剂在TCE脱HCl反应中存在一定的失活现象,归因于反应过程中催化剂表面积炭。低Zn负载量催化剂上会产生较多积炭,归因于其具有较多强酸性中心,表明催化剂表面强酸中心是导致催化剂积炭和失活的主要原因。     

CoCr2O4型催化剂上二氯甲烷的高效催化燃烧

采用共沉淀法在不同焙烧温度下制备一系列尖晶石型CoCr2 O4催化剂并测试其对CH2 Cl2催化燃烧性能．制备的催化剂都具有高的反应活性,并发现其性能受到表面酸性和氧化还原性的协同作用．经600℃焙烧的CoCr2 O4-6催化剂因其具有较高的表面酸量（0．46 mmol·gcat－1）和较高表面吸附氧浓度（Oads／Olat＝0．55）,因此活性最佳,其T50为201℃,T90为278℃．由XRD等结构表征可知该催化剂含CoCr2 O4和 Cr2 O3两相,但CoCr2 O4尖晶石是该催化剂的主要活性组分．     

Improved Performance of W／HZSM-5 Catalysts for Dehydroaromatization of Methane

The dehydroaramatization of methane over W-supported ZSM-5 with varying degrees of Li^ ion-exchanged catalysts was studied with and without oxygen at 1073 K and atmospheric pressure.Catalyst activity and stability were found to be influenced by the catalyst acidity related to BrSnsted acid sites and by the presence of oxygen in the feed. The NH3-TPD and FTIR-pyridine results demonstrated that partially exchanged of H^ ions by Li^ into the W/HZSM-5 catalysts could be used to control the amount of strong acid sites on the catalyst surface. Without oxygen, the 3WHLi-Z (5:1) catalyst that has strong acid sites equal to nearly 74% of the original strong acid sites in the parent HZSM-5 exhibited the highest methane conversion and selectivity towards aromatics. However, the catalyst deactivated in a five hour period. In the presence of oxygen, the catalyst activity and stability could be improved further.The results of this study revealed that a suitable amount of strong Bronsted acid sites as well as oxygen addition in the feed increased the catalyst activity and stability. The 3WHLi-Z(5:1) catalyst exhibited improved performance in the dehydroaromatization of methane.     

Influence of the ZSM-5 Support Acidity on the Catalytic Performance of Pd/ZSM-5 in Lean Methane Oxidation

Although zeolites are characterized by their special acidic properties, there is still no clear consensus on the effect of zeolite support acidity on the catalytic activity of supported Pd catalyst in methane oxidation. Herein, a series of Pd/H-ZSM-5 and Pd/Silicalite-1 catalysts was prepared by the deposition-precipitation method and used in lean methane oxidation. The effect of ZSM-5 support acidity on the catalytic performance of Pd/ZSM-5 was investigated. The results indicate that with the decrease of Si/Al ratio(x), viz., the increase of acid sites in H-ZSM-5(x), the catalytic activity of Pd/H-ZSM-5(x) increases substantially; the activity of various catalysts in the lean methane oxidation decreases in the order of Pd/H-ZSM-5(28)>Pd/H-ZSM-5(48)>Pd/H-ZSM-5(88)>Pd/H-ZSM-5(204)>Pd/Silicalite-1. Furthermore, various characterization measures reveal that the catalytic activity of Pd/H-ZSM-5(x) in lean methane oxidation is mainly related to the Lewis acid sites in the H-ZSM-5 support, whereas less relevant to the Brønsted acid sites. The abundant Lewis acid sites in H-ZSM-5 are capable to enhance the interaction between the Pd species and H-ZSM-5 support, which can inhibit the agglomeration of Pd particles and improve the dispersion of Pd species, and thus boost the catalytic activity of Pd/H-ZSM-5 in methane oxidation.     

Effect of Support and Acidity of Catalyst on the Direct Oxidation of Ethylene to Acetic Acid

The selective oxidation of ethylene to acetic acid was investigated on Pd-acid/ support catalyst system. The catalytic activity is influenced strongly by the acidity of the catalyst. The stronger the catalyst acidity the higher the catalytic activity. The nature of the support also influences the activity of the catalyst substantially. The catalyst has highest activity when it exhibits highest acidity on silica.