电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱测定当归补血汤中铅、铬、镉、砷

采用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱测定了当归、黄芪及两种药材不同配伍形式的水煎液中铅、铬、镉、砷等金属元素含量。比较了不同提取方法及磷脂类化合物对当归补血汤中这些金属元素溶出的影响。实验表明,当归、黄芪生药材及水煎液经硝酸消化,样品消解完全,能满足电感耦合等离子体-原子发射光谱(ICP-AES)检测的要求。方法加标回收率为83.0%~96.0%,相对标准偏差为0.36%~4.67%,且当归∶黄芪配比为1∶5时水煎液中重金属元素溶出率低于1∶1配比,证实了当归补血汤经典配方的合理性,为其临床疗效提供了有效依据。     

基于MP-AES的在线检测技术在地表水中重金属监测中的应用

通过集成在线富集和在线热消解技术,建立了基于微波等离子体原子发射光谱法(MP-AES)的地表水中重金属的在线检测技术,对珠江干流之一的西江水样中重金属元素(Cd,Cu,Cr,Ni,Pb,Fe,Mn和Zn)进行现场同时在线监测。结果表明,该在线检测技术对这些重金属元素的定量检测能力满足地表水环境质量标准(GB 3838-2002)的限量要求;据环境标准样品中重金属元素分析结果,测定值与配制标准值一致;自来水加标样品的回收率为81.5%~102%。该检测技术对重金属的检出限为1.14~5.34μg/L,检测结果的相对标准偏差(RSD)为0.79%~9.4%,方法可满足地表水中重金属的现场、快速、连续、准确监测需求。     

重金属检测方法的研究进展

重金属离子污染日益成为环境污染的重点,危害人体的健康.因此,对重金属的防治工作刻不容缓,对于重金属离子的检测就显得尤为重要.介绍了常见的用于重金属离子检测的技术,包括原子荧光光度法、电感耦合等离子体质谱法、电感耦合等离子发射光谱法、高效液相色谱法、酶分析法、生物传感器、免疫分析法.并讨论了现存重金属检测技术存在的问题和未来检测技术的发展方向。     

模拟酸雨条件下浙江省金华市城市灰尘重金属的解析状况探究

通过网格采样法,采集了金华市一环线以内地区的20个城市灰尘样品,然后利用原子吸收分光光度计测定了城市灰尘重金属Zn、Cu、Cr和Pb在不同pH的模拟酸雨溶液浸提下的析出值,并采用地积累指数法对各重金属有效性的状况做出了评价。结果表明,研究区域内,城市灰尘重金属Zn、Vu、Cr和Pb在酸雨背景下的析出值分别处于清洁水平、轻污染水平、中等污染水平和偏中等污染水平,该区城市灰尘有效Cr和有效Pb的污染程度较高,值得关注与采取措施进行预防与整治。     

Bioaccumulation of Heavy Metals in Some Wild‐Grown Edible Mushrooms

Abstract

In this study some heavy metal uptake in mushroom species, their metal content in soil substrate and the relation in between metal concentration in mushroom and soil were investigated. Mushroom species and soil in which mushroom species were grown were collected from Tokat region of Turkey. Six different mushroom species and their underlying soil (0–10 cm layer) samples were analyzed for some heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Fe, Zn, Cd, Mn, Ni, Cr and Co). The analysis was performed with an atomic absorption spectrometer. The results indicate that in general, heavy metal contents in all mushroom species were lower than the underlying soil substrates except for some mushroom species. The results obtained from the analyses of mushroom and underlying soil samples were evaluated using linear correlation analysis and concentration factors to identify the metal accumulation of mushrooms.     

Chemometric investigations on the representativity of soil sampling

Summary The characterization of the heavy metal contents of a soil area is carried out by narrow screening sampling and subsequent analysis. It is possible by means of the univariate variance analysis to detect significant alterations within the tested area. The position and extent of multivariate changes of the features can be characterized more exactly with the help of multivariate statistical methods such as the combination of cluster and discriminant analytical methods or the principal component analysis. The maximum possible distance between two sampling points is determined by calculation of the autocorrelation function of the features. The number of soil samples, which is necessary for precisely determining the heavy metal contents of the investigated area, can be derived therefrom. With the help of the multivariate autocorrelation function the distance for the representative sampling of the multivariate loads by heavy metals can be described.     

西南山地煤矿区耕地土壤-农作物重金属富集及健康风险评价

为了解西南某典型山地煤矿区周边农田土壤、农作物重金属的富集情况及对当地人群健康的影响程度,采集矿区周边农田土壤样品和对应的农作物样品,测定重金属Cr、Mn、Zn、As、Pb的含量。运用Nemero指数法、潜在风险指数法对土壤重金属的污染程度进行评价;采用靶标危害系数法(THQ)评价农作物重金属对人体的健康风险。结果显示,Cr、Mn、Zn、As、Pb分别是背景值的1.81、1.90、2.89、1.30、0.86倍,处于轻度污染级别,轻微危害程度。农作物重金属Cr、Pb和As含量的超标情况较严重,Zn的含量超标相对较小。各农作物富集的重金属对人体的健康风险大小为：高粱>玉米>白菜>葱>辣椒。农作物重金属对儿童健康的危害均达到了慢性中毒;对成人健康的影响,高粱处于慢性中毒,其它农作物重金属处于产生较大影响的危害程度。农作物重金属与土壤重金属的相关性分析表明,农作物重金属的含量与土壤重金属全量并无线性关系;各重金属在农作物中的转移能力不同;Pb,As在农作物中的转移能力较大,而Cr相对较小。鉴于矿区重金属的富集情况,应尽快采取修复治理措施,为保证当地人群健康,建议当地居民不再食用和种植富集重金属严重的高粱、玉米农作物。     

超积累植物富集机制研究方法进展

按照重金属由土壤到根经茎,最后转移至叶细胞的运输流程,概述了超积累植物对重金属离子的富集机制,详细描述了各步骤中重金属离子含量和形态分析方法,重点分析了微质子激发X荧光、扩展X-射线吸收精细结构(extended X-ray absorption fine structure,EXAFS)、X-射线吸收近边缘结构等分析手段在植物不同部位重金属离子含量和形态分析中的应用。     

电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱(ICP-AES)法测定胡蜂酒中无机元素

采用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法测定胡蜂酒中20种无机元素,建立无机元素对照指纹图谱,对重金属元素进行风险评估。结果表明,胡蜂酒中无机元素种类丰富,其中P、K、Na元素占测定总元素的96.14%。有害元素Pb、Cd、As、Hg、Cu含量符合国家药典标准要求,Cu的靶标危险系数(THQ)为1.00×10^-2,THQ<1说明摄入的重金属对人体健康造成的影响不明显。不同产区胡蜂酒金属元素含量存在差异,根据金属元素图谱得出元素含量按原子序数顺序出现相似的分布态势。结果表明,胡蜂酒中含有丰富的金属元素,很多为营养微量元素,有害元素(Pb、Cd、As、Hg、Cu)含量符合药典要求,从金属元素方面单一来看,饮用胡蜂酒没有明显的健康风险。胡蜂酒无机元素指纹图谱可为胡蜂酒的鉴别提供一定的的参考依据。     

Interactions between heavy metals and photosynthetic materials studied by optical techniques

In this work studies on rapid inhibitory interactions between heavy metals and photosynthetic materials at different organization levels were carried out by optical assay techniques, investigating the possibility of applications in the heavy metal detection field. Spinach chloroplasts, thylakoids and Photosystem II proteins were employed as biotools in combination with colorimetric assays based on dichlorophenol indophenole (DCIP) photoreduction and on fluorescence emission techniques. It was found that copper and mercury demonstrated a strong and rapid photosynthetic activity inhibition, that varied from proteins to membranes, while other metals like nickel, cobalt and manganese produced only slight inhibition effects on all tested photosynthetic materials. By emission measurements, only copper was found to rapidly influence the photosynthetic material signals. These findings give interesting information about the rapid effects of heavy metals on isolated photosynthetic samples, and are in addition to the literature data concerning the effects of growth in heavy metal enriched media.     

Studying the evaporation behavior of heavy metals by thermo-desorption spectrometry

"Thermal desorption experiments" were carried out during which heavy metal evaporation was studied by on-line monitoring. This could be achieved by the use of a tubular furnace connected to a heavy metal detector, i.e. an ICP-OES (inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer), by a specially designed and patented interface. The spectrograms typically had a time resolution of four different elements per minute using a conventional (sequentially operating) ICP-OES. This study shows how thermo-desorption spectrometry (TDS) can be applied to study the evaporation of high boiling substances, such as heavy metal and alkali metal compounds. The future scope of the method is discussed.     

Analysis of heavy metals in road-deposited sediments

Road-deposited sediments were analysed for heavy metal concentrations at three different landuses (residential, industrial, commercial) in Queensland State, Australia. The sediments were collected using a domestic vacuum cleaner which was proven to be highly efficient in collecting sub-micron particles. Five particle sizes were analysed separately for eight heavy metal elements (Zn, Fe, Pb, Cd, Cu, Cr, Al and Mn). At all sites, the maximum concentration of the heavy metals occurred in the 0.45-75 μm particle size range, which conventional street cleaning services do not remove efficiently. Multicriteria decision making methods (MCDM), PROMETHEE and GAIA, were employed in the data analysis. PROMETHEE, a non-parametric ranking analysis procedure, was used to rank the metal contents of the sediments sampled at each site. The most polluted site and particle size range were the industrial site and the 0.45-75 μm range, respectively. Although the industrial site displayed the highest metal concentrations, the highest heavy metal loading coincided with the highest sediment load, which occurred at the commercial site. GAIA, a special form of principal component analysis, was applied to determine correlations between the heavy metals and particle size ranges and also to assess possible correlation with total organic carbon (TOC). The GAIA-planes revealed that irrespective of the site, most of the heavy metals are adsorbed to sediments below 150 μm. A weak correlation was found between Zn, Mn and TOC at the commercial site. This could lead to higher bioavailability of these metals through complexation reactions with the organic species in the sediments.     

大庆地区城市污泥中重金属元素含量水平调查与分析

采用原子吸收光谱法和原子荧光光谱法测定了大庆市四座生活污水处理厂污泥中重金属元素含量,平行测定的相对标准偏差在1.6%~4.6%,加标回收率在93.6%~102.1%,表明方法的精密度和准确度都较好,四个污水处理厂污泥中重金属总量大小依次为ZnCuCrPbNiCd,锌的含量高可能与城市排水管道大多采用镀锌材料以及锌的理化性质有关。将其含量水平与标准比较发现:大庆城市污泥中重金属含量水平不高,完全符合《农用污泥中污染物控制标准》的重金属标准,为城市污泥处理、处置和环境管理提供可靠的数据支持。     

Distribution of heavy metal concentrations in surface sediments in Dubai Creeks, United Arab Emirates

Dubai is developing rapidly and many developmental activities are concentrated around its Creek. The present study reports the lateral distribution of heavy metals and compares it with local historical record of heavy metal concentrations. For this purpose surface sediment samples were collected and analyzed for metal contents, total organic carbon content (TOC), mineralogy and grain size. The percentages of the different grain size fraction of the collected sediments were as follow 65% for sand size, 15% for silt size fraction, and the rest accounted for clay size fraction. The microscopic analyses indicate that the sediment composed mainly from carbonate and quartz with traces of rock fragments. Such mineral composition is not believed to be a potential source of heavy metal. The study found that the average recorded heavy metal concentrations in the collected sediment samples were 87, 96, 127, 38.5, and 279 ppm for Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn, respectively. Those values were slightly higher than metal concentrations recoded in 2001 with 1.22 (Cr), 2.5 (Cu), 2.87 (Ni), 0.69 (Pb), and 2.1 (Zn) folds. However, in 2001 and 2003 the measured metal contents, along the creek, were lower than those of the average earth crust. Along the Creek most metals recorded the highest concentrations in the upper reach of the Creek. The distribution of the measured heavy metals was not affected significantly with the TOC values. The present study also documented obvious related point sources of pollution.     

Multivariate geostatistical analysis of soil contaminations

Soil is one of the most endangered compartments of our environment. The input of pollutants into the soil caused by industrial production, agriculture, and other human activities is a problem of high relevance. A contour analysis of soil contamination is the first step to characterize the size and magnitude of pollution and to detect emission sources of heavy metals. The evaluation and assessment of the large number of measured samples and pollutants require the use of efficient statistical methods which are able to discover both spatial and multivariate relationships. The evaluation of the presented case study – soil contamination by heavy metals – is carried out by means of multivariate geostatistical methods, also described as theory of linear coregionalization. Multivariate geostatistics connects the advantages of common geostatistical methods (spatial correlation) and multivariate data analysis (multivariate relationships). In the given case study of soil pollution by heavy metal emissions it is excellently possible to detect multivariate spatial correlations between different heavy metals in the soil and to determine their common emission sources. These emission sources are located in the area under investigation. Received: 2 October 1997 / Revised: 22 January 1998 / Accepted: 27 January 1998     

Nuclear and related analytical methods applied to the determination of Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb in a red ferralitic soil and Sorghum samples

Several studies on the influence of heavy metals to the growth of vegetables have been carried out in Cuba by the Ministry of Agriculture in order to evaluate the effects resulting of the continuous application of fertilizers and other materials to the soils. The analysis of metal contents in soil and vegetable samples is often troublesome due to the low concentration levels to be determined. In the the present work EDXRF, AAS and ASV methods were applied and compared for the evaluation of Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb contents in red ferralitic soil and Sorghum samples. Several certified reference materials (CRM) (inorganic and organic matrixes) were analyzed in order to evaluate the performance of the analytical procedures and the bias and precision of the results. A study was performed with growing Sorghum in several series of pots where different quantities of metals were added to the soil substrate. The observed correlation between the metal contents in soil and plants as well as the influence of different additions of each metal on the plant growth is also presented.     

电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱(ICP-AES)法测定蒙药巴特日中17种元素的含量

建立了快速、准确同时测定蒙药巴特日中多种元素含量的方法。采用电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱(ICP-AES)法同时测定了蒙药巴特中17种常量、微量及重金属元素的含量,进行了加标回收实验,结果表明,巴特日中Ca、P、K的含量较高,富含Fe和Mg等营养元素,Pb、Cd等重金属元素均低于国家标准。相对标准偏差(RSD)在0.36%~0.86%,加标回收率为95.8%~103%。测定的实验数据准确,可靠,可用于蒙药巴特日中多种元素的同时测定。     

Sample digestion methods for the determination of traces of precious metals by spectrometric techniques.

Recent advances in digestion methods used in the analysis of precious metal samples by spectrometric techniques are reviewed. The applicability of a fire assay, a wet acid treatment, chlorination and alkaline oxidizing fusion to a quantitative recovery of metals from various materials is discussed. Data on the precious metal contents obtained by using particular digestion methods as well as UV-VIS spectrophotometry, atomic absorption spectrometry, atomic emission spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry in the examination of various samples are tabulated.     

湛江湾红树林湿地土壤重金属含量分析及污染评价

采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP-AES)和电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)对湛江湾红树林湿地土壤中8种重金属(As、Cu、Cd、Cr、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn)含量进行测定,采用单因子污染指数法、内梅罗综合污染指数法和地累积指数法进行污染评价,并结合相关性分析和因子分析方法探讨重金属来源。结果表明:除Ni外,其余7种重金属元素含量平均值均未超过国家土壤环境质量标准(GB15618-2018);但Ni、Zn、Cu、Hg、As和Cd元素均超过广东砖红壤环境背景值,其中As、Ni、Hg和Zn元素超标情况严重。8种重金属元素内梅罗综合污染指数评价结果为0.373~22.576,平均值为3.378,整体处于重度污染;单因子污染指数依次为Ni>Hg>Zn>Cd>As>Cu>Pb>Cr。单个重金属元素地累积指数评价结果与内梅罗综合污染评价相一致,均显示红树林土壤中Hg、Zn和Ni元素污染严重,是影响研究区土壤环境质量的重要因素。从站位看,位于湾内北部的北涯村、观海长廊以及西部的世乔村站位污染较严重,高污染站位约占总站位数的33%,主要为Cd、Hg和Zn。统计分析结果显示,除Ni外,湛江湾红树林土壤中7种重金属元素之间显著相关;结合实地调查结果推测重金属污染主要来自工业污染、船舶排污、养殖排污、生活排污及农业面源污染等人为活动的输入,其次为自然因子的输入。     

Competitive sorption and desorption of heavy metals in mine soils: influence of mine soil characteristics

Many mine soils are chemically, physically, and biologically unstable and deficient. They are sometimes amended with sewage sludge and ashes but often contain heavy metals that increase the already high mine soils' heavy metal contents. Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn in mutual competition were added to five mine soils (Galicia, Spain). Soil capacities for heavy metal sorption and retention were determined by means of distribution coefficients and selectivity sequences among metals. Influence of soil characteristics on sorption and retention was also examined. Retention selectivity sequences indicate that, in most of the soils, Pb is the preferred retained metal, followed by Cr. The last metals in these sequences are Ni, Cd, and Zn. Soil organic matter content plays a fundamental role in control of Pb sorption. Gibbsite, goethite, and mica influence Cr retention. Soil organic matter, oxides, and chlorite contents are correlated with K(d sigma sp medium). Heavy metals are weakly adsorbed by soils and then desorbed in high amounts. To recover these soils it is necessary to avoid the use of residues or ashes that contain heavy metals due to their low heavy metal retention capacity.