基于化学基本观念建构的“氨”的教学设计研究

随着中学化学教学由"知识为本"向"观念为本"的转变,基于化学基本观念建构的教学正日益受到一线教师的关注和重视。研究选择当前高中化学教学中的重要元素化合物"氨"为依托,进行了基于化学基本观念建构的教学设计。     

初中化学“氧化物的复习”教学实录及反思

实录了1堂"氧化物的复习"的课堂教学过程。以氧化物知识复习为主线,将游戏的元素和方法融入教学情境,从元素观、转化观和分类观的视角去认识和剖析氧化物及其转化规律,体现了物质研究的一般方法,呈现了1堂学科观念教学的具体课例,凸显了元素化合物知识复习的基本流程和思想方法。     

以微粒观促进学生对化学知识的深入理解——以“弱电解质的电离”教学为例

"微粒观"是化学学科的基本观念之一,具有微粒观能促进学生对化学知识深入系统地理解。在中学化学教学中,微粒观是从不同阶段、不同维度、不同水平进行建构的。"弱电解质的电离"教学设计基于学生"微粒观"的建构,以促进学生对"弱电解质的电离"的深层理解。分析了学生对"微粒观"的理解和认识基础,设计了"弱电解质的电离"的关键教学活动。     

“铝及铝的化合物”教学设计

1指导思想及理论依据物质是化学学科的研究对象,元素化合物知识是化学学习的重要内容。新课程中元素化合物知识的编排较以往有了很大的改变,在必修1的阶段,主要是让学生建立以单一元素为核心的知识网络,为学生建立关于物质性质的感性认识,建立元素观、分类观和转化观等基本学科观念,为学生学习元素周期律及物质结构的相关知识奠定基础。     

围绕“化学元素观”展开深入学习——以“水的组成”教学为例

"化学元素观"是中学化学的核心观念之一。阐述了对初中阶段"化学元素观"的理解,分析了"水的组成"在"化学元素观"认识方面的重要价值。以"水的组成"教学为例,就如何围绕"化学元素观"展开深入学习进行了探讨。要发展学生对"化学元素观"的认识,需要立足学科整体的高度,以"化学元素观"为统领,思考具体知识的教学对物质及其化学变化等学科基本问题的渗透与落实,将化学观念教学具体化。     

迷宫游戏助力元素观建构的二氧化硫复习教学

学科观念对学生的学习和发展起着重要而持久的迁移作用。元素观是化学学科的核心观念,元素观的建构有助于学生对物质世界形成有序的认识,并为其他化学观念的形成提供基本框架。高三复习阶段,以元素化合物知识和概念原理知识为依托,借助迷宫游戏进行思维活动,促使学生不断反思、概括、提炼学科事实性知识,将客观存在的、知识形态的元素观念逐步转化为学生脑海中的元素观。     

从学科发展和生活应用的视角学习碳的单质——“金刚石、石墨和C60”(第1课时)教学设计

主要从学科发展和生活应用的视角,对碳的典型单质的结构、性质及用途进行教学设计,在知识的教学中渗透微粒观、元素观和化学价值观.     

化学学科观念建构是单元教学的核心——“物质的分类”单元教学的思考

物质的分类是高一学生学习化学的一个重要内容,其中贯穿着分类方法。如何根据这部分知识内容的特点和学生的学习实际,引导学生从化学的视角对物质进行分类,促进学生化学学科基本观念如元素观、分类观、转化观等的初步形成,这无疑是极为重要的。本文从“物质的分类”单元教学的角度出发,分析了本单元内容的教学价值,从化学学科本质的角度阐述了对“物质分类”的理解,在此基础上提出了基于学科观念建构的单元教学策略。     

基于学科观念及方法建构的元素化合物单元教学设计与教学实效性研究

一直以来元素化合物的单元教学是以知识的系统性和完备性为教学目标的,然而实际的教学效果并不理想。为此本研究提出了基于学科观念建构的元素化合物单元教学设计,目的在于通过观念建构实现知识的结构化和功能化,进而提高学生解决问题的能力。以山东科技版《化学1必修》教材中"硫的转化"单元为例,本研究提出以建构"转化观"为核心的单元教学目标,研究了"转化观"有效建构的2个重要标志,即学生能够自主建构以价态和类别为横纵坐标的二维物质转化关系图,能够利用转化关系及规律解决实际问题,实现观念的工具化。研究了有效建构"转化观"的教学策略:(1)由整体到局部的策略,即先建构转化关系再利用整体结构指导学生认识重要代表物的性质,实现思维的系统化、有序化和结构化;(2)从自然现象→实验室→工业生产→环境等多角度建构和应用转化关系,以实现知识的工具化;(3)依据各课时教学内容的特点,选择开放程度适当的教学方式,保证教学的实效性。以山东科技版《化学1必修》教材中"材料家族的元素"单元为例,提出了建构"材料观"的单元核心教学目标。具体而言,就是要帮助学生建立从化学的视角认识材料的思路和角度,即认识材料的性能、加工、制备、用途等与物质性质的关系。研究确立了教学的基本思路是:以铝为载体建构基本认识框架,以铝的重要化合物为载体深化认识思路和方法,最后应用该思路和方法认识硅及其化合物的性质与相关材料问题。在教学实践的基础之上,本研究对单元教学的实效性进行了分析,提出了基于学科观念及方法建构的元素化合物单元教学设计的一般思路和方法:明确单元核心基本观念及思想方法→选择与核心观念相匹配的知识载体→合理分配各部分知识载体的功能→合理设计单元中每一课时的教学情境、问题和学生活动→精心设计课时之间的衔接。     

基于化学观念建构的“人类重要的营养物质”教学实录

从建构化学观念角度入手,在“人类重要的营养物质”课堂中深入探讨真实化学问题,其中包括元素观、变化观和能量观等化学观念,实验探究、角色扮演、自编食谱等活动。     

Switching "on" and "off" the expression of chirality in peptide rotaxanes

The hydrogen-bond-directed synthesis, X-ray crystal structures, and optical properties of the first chiral peptide rotaxanes are reported. Collectively these systems provide the first examples of single molecular species where the expression of chirality in the form of a circular dichroism (CD) response can selectively be switched "on" or "off", and its magnitude altered, through controlling the interactions between mechanically interlocked submolecular components. The switching is achievable both thermally and through changes in the nature of the environment. Peptido[2]rotaxanes consisting of an intrinsically achiral benzylic amide macrocycle locked onto various chiral dipeptide (Gly-L-Ala, Gly-L-Leu, Gly-L-Met, Gly-L-Phe, and Gly-L-Pro) threads exhibit strong (10-20k deg cm(2) dmol(-1)) negative induced CD (theta;) values in nonpolar solvents (e.g. CHCl(3)), where the intramolecular hydrogen bonding between thread and macrocycle is maximized. In polar solvents (e.g., MeOH), where the intercomponent hydrogen bonding is weakened, or switched off completely, the elliptical polarization falls close to zero in some cases and can even be switched to large positive values in others. Importantly, the mechanism of generating the switchable CD response in the chiral peptide rotaxanes is also determined: a combination of semiempirical calculations and geometrical modeling using the continuous chirality measure (CCM) shows that the chirality is transmitted from the amino acid asymmetric center on the thread via the macrocycle to the C-terminal stopper of the rotaxane. This understanding could have important implications for other areas where chiral transmission from one chemical entity to another underpins a physical or chemical response, such as the seeding of supertwisted nematic liquid crystalline phases or asymmetric synthesis.     

On the nature of so-called "Khimdu"

The reagent called “Khimdu” has been investigated and evidence found to show that it is not a pure compound but a mixture of several reaction products.     

"Adiabatic-hindered-rotor" treatment of the parahydrogen-water complex

Inspired by a recent successful adiabatic-hindered-rotor treatment for parahydrogen pH(2) in CO(2)-H(2) complexes [H. Li, P.-N. Roy, and R. J. Le Roy, J. Chem. Phys. 133, 104305 (2010); H. Li, R. J. Le Roy, P.-N. Roy, and A. R. W. McKellar, Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 133401 (2010)], we apply the same approximation to the more challenging H(2)O-H(2) system. This approximation reduces the dimension of the H(2)O-H(2) potential from 5D to 3D and greatly enhances the computational efficiency. The global minimum of the original 5D potential is missing from the adiabatic 3D potential for reasons based on solution of the hindered-rotor Schro?dinger equation of the pH(2). Energies and wave functions of the discrete rovibrational levels of H(2)O-pH(2) complexes obtained from the adiabatic 3D potential are in good agreement with the results from calculations with the full 5D potential. This comparison validates our approximation, although it is a relatively cruder treatment for pH(2)-H(2)O than it is for pH(2)-CO(2). This adiabatic approximation makes large-scale simulations of H(2)O-pH(2) systems possible via a pairwise additive interaction model in which pH(2) is treated as a point-like particle. The poor performance of the diabatically spherical treatment of pH(2) rotation excludes the possibility of approximating pH(2) as a simple sphere in its interaction with H(2)O.     

Excited-state behavior of N-phenyl-substituted trans-3-aminostilbenes: where the "m-amino effect" meets the "amino-conjugation effect"

The electronic spectroscopy and photochemistry of the trans isomers of 3-(N-phenylamino)stilbene (m1c), 3-(N-methyl-N-phenylamino)stilbene (m1d), 3-(N,N-diphenylamino)stilbene (m1e), and 3-(N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)amino)stilbene (m1f) and their double-bond constrained analogues m2a-m2c and m2e are reported. When compared with trans-3-aminostilbene (m1a), m1c-m1e display a red shift of the S0 --> S1 absorption and fluorescence spectra, lower oscillator strength and fluorescence rate constants, and more efficient S1 --> T1 intersystem crossing. Consequently, the N-phenyl derivatives m1c-m1e have lower fluorescence quantum yields and higher photoisomerization quantum yields. The corresponding N-phenyl substituent effect in m2a-m2e is similar in cyclohexane but smaller in acetonitrile. This is attributed to the weaker intramolecular charge transfer character for the S1 state of m2 so that the rates for intersystem crossing are less sensitive to solvent polarity. It is also concluded that N-phenyl substitutions do not change the triplet mechanism of photoisomerization for m1 in both nonpolar and polar solvents. Therefore, the "m-amino conjugation effect" reinforces the "m-amino effect" on fluorescence by further reducing its rate constants and highlights the N-phenyl-enhanced intersystem crossing from the "amino-conjugation effect" by making S1 --> T1 the predominant nonradiative decay pathway.     

控制“温室效应”

本文简要叙述了太阳辐射能途经大气层时,由于大气中二氧化碳和水蒸气吸收其长波辐射能并将其一部分反射到地球表面,而造成了“温室效应”。文中论述了生物圈中的碳循环,由于人类活动的加剧,使这种碳循环遭到破坏,大气中二氧化碳含量剧增,导致“温室效应”加剧,气候变暖。文中列举了人口激增的情况,由此造成矿物燃料消耗增大以及森林面积的锐减,因而导致“温室效应”的加剧。由此给人类带来巨大危害。为此,文中最后指出“温室效应”必须控制,并呼吁我们必须爱护人类唯一拥有的地球。     

Resonance CARS study of the structure of "green" and "red" chromophores within the red fluorescent protein DsRed

Vibrational spectra of red fluorescent protein DsRed have been studied for the first time by polarization-sensitive multiplex coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering at two excitation wavelengths, 545 and 583 nm, in resonance with the absorption bands of the immature "green" and mature "red" protein chromophores. Overall vibrational patterns of both DsRed chromophores were found to be similar to each other and to differ from that of S65T-GFP at pH8. The combined analysis of our CARS data and published structural information suggest that both "green" and "red" DsRed species possess an extended chromophore structure. Consequently, our data suggest that pi-bonding system extension during isomerization around the cis peptide bond between Phe 65 and Gln 66 is a necessary but not sufficient step in DsRed chromophore maturation.