创新教学方法,助力本科生科研创新能力培养——"扶-牵-引-放"四步教学法

人才培养是高校最主要的职责。本科阶段是科研创新型人才培养的关键时期,而实验教学是提高本科生科研创新能力、培养应用型人才的重要环节。本文系统介绍了在"基础型-综合型-探究型-设计型"多层次、递进式分析化学实验教学过程中,如何运用"扶-牵-引-放"四步教学法,循序渐进地培养学生发现、分析问题和解决问题的综合实验能力,进而培养学生求异思维和创新能力,实现了知识和技能传授与科研创新素质培养并重的教学目的。     

高分子化学实验教学中的自主科研创新引导——以“水凝胶的制备与性能研究”为例

在创新型人才的培养中,需要着力提升学生的探索精神、批判思维和实践能力,如何激发学生的科研志趣、提高创新能力是专业基础实验课程面临的挑战。高分子化学实验作为一门专业实验必修课,更应适应时代发展潮流与人才培养趋势,课程在夯实基础实验内容和基本原理的前提下,以更具吸引力的前沿性、应用性的实验背景为引导,通过内容编排,增加"自主研究"的教学模式,给予学生更加广阔的自由发挥空间,培养学生的创新能力和科研素养。经过多年的教学实践,我们以"水凝胶的制备与性能研究"为试点项目,进行了自主探索型立体式高分子化学实验课程体系的建设探索,将经典的溶液聚合实验,拓展为4个有应用背景的"科研工作坊",均取得了非常好的教学效果。我们相信,这种自主研究的实验教学方式,以及立足于培养学生创新能力的实验教学思路,将是未来高分子化学实验课程坚持并不断探索的方向。     

化学生物学综合实验教材建设

高质量实验教材是本科实验教学的重要保证,在创新型人才的培养中发挥着巨大的作用。本文从编写背景、指导思想、项目编写与修订等方面介绍了化学生物学综合实验教材的建设情况。该教材经历了十多年实验教学的考验,能较好满足相关学科的学生培养需要。     

化学实验操作的实效性在中考试题中的有效考查

化学是一门以化学实验为基础的自然科学,化学实验试题主要从2个方面考查学生的化学科学素养,一是化学基本理论知识,二是化学实验操作。化学实验在中考题中占有很大的比例,从实验分值占大部分的客观性试题发展到现在分值占大部分的主观性试题,充分体现了考试主要是考查学生的思维能力,培养创新型的人才,而不是培养单纯凭记忆等解决问题的人才。在化学中考试题中如何真正体现学生的创新能力,这就要对化学实验操作的实效性进行有效的考查。     

高师化学实验“34567”教学体系的改革与实践

从教育目标出发,确定了高等师范院校本科化学实验课程体系改革的基本出发点,构建了高师化学实验"34567"教学体系,在实践中培养了学生的综合素质和创新能力.     

仿生材料化学教学改革与探索

仿生材料化学是一门以仿生学为基础,系统阐述通过模仿生物特性来制备材料的课程,对培养学生学习自然以解决工程实践问题的能力具有重要意义。根据培养复合型创新型人才的要求,结合教学实践,我们对教学内容进行了优化调整,引入启发式教学手段,打造多元教学方式,采用更加灵活有效的考核方式,取得了良好的教学效果。     

以科学发展观为指导 培养化学创新人才

以科学发展观为指导,剖析服务型人才创新不足的原因,明确提出什么是创新型人才。介绍了中山大学化学学院在理论课和实验课教学中培养化学创新人才的实践情况,并从理性认识和教学实践中初步总结了创新人才的培养规律和模式。提出以全面开放式本科教学,坚持“五基”教学,实践新的教学质量观作为今后教学改革的努力方向。     

硫掺杂碳纳米球的制备、表征及其储氢性能——化学材料相关专业综合设计性实验教学的探索与实践

综合设计性实验是培养大学生综合素质和创新能力最重要的途径之一。根据化学与材料相关专业的特点,开设"硫掺杂碳纳米球的制备、表征及其储氢性能"综合设计性实验项目,通过文献调研、原理阐述、方案制定、材料制备、结构表征、性能测试、数据处理与分析等实验环节,使学生充分掌握与化学和材料相关的多门课程内涉及的纳米材料制备、结构表征、性能分析等关键知识点,培养学生的综合能力和创新能力。实践表明,通过综合设计性实验的实践,学生的实践能力、创新能力、基本科学素养和综合素质得到明显提高。     

以“理-工-医”交叉融合实现源头创新——生物医学工程交叉学科研究生培养实践探索

针对科学技术和国家社会发展对生物医学创新型人才的需求，依托于学校的重大项目培育和新兴交叉学科研究课题，建立了生物医学工程与化学、物理、材料、电子和医学等"理-工-医"多学科交叉科研平台。基于"以人为本""全面发展"等现代教育理念和"以学生发展为中心"的高等教育思想，通过组建跨学科的研究生导师团，多导师联合指导，夯实学生多学科基础知识，加强学生对知识的理解和使用，拓宽研究生知识广度，着力培养研究生源头创新能力，打造研究生解决多学科交叉重要问题的能力。实践表明，多学科交叉科研平台在激发研究生源头创新思维、拓展专业知识、培养工程实践能力等方面起到重要的作用。对继续完善多学科交叉的研究生培养体系建设给出了建议。     

相变物质正十四醇微胶囊的制备与表征综合化学实验

为将相变储能材料这一前沿研究领域引入到本科教学实验中,特推荐一个综合性研究实验——相变物质正十四醇微胶囊的制备与表征。首先采用原位聚合法制备以正十四醇为芯材的相变微胶囊,然后运用红外光谱仪、扫描电子显微镜和差示扫描量热法分别对微胶囊的化学结构、形貌和储热性能进行了表征。该实验的制备部分可使学生熟悉高分子化学中缩聚反应原理以及微胶囊制备中常用的原位聚合法,对产物的测试和表征有利于加深学生对红外光谱法和差示扫描量热法的理解。实验过程既锻炼了学生的动手操作能力,也培养了学生的科研创新能力。     

医学专业学生中开展医用化学设计性实验的探索

为适应学科发展和培养应用型人才的需要,探索了在医学生中开展医用化学设计性实验"底物的合成及NAG酶的含量测定"。实验内容包含尿中NAG酶的临床应用、底物的合成及检测方法的建立等,涵盖酶学、有机化学、无机化学、分析化学等多个学科的基本理论知识与实验技能。实验内容又与医学专业紧密联系,把理论知识与临床检验相结合,综合培养了学生的科学素养、思维方法、技术应用能力和综合能力。     

聚磷酸酯医用材料

聚磷酸酯是一种生物相容性好、结构较易进行修饰和功能化的生物降解高分子，可以应用于药物缓释材料、组织工程材料、动物体内显影剂等医用领域。本文论述了近年来的聚磷酸酯医用材料的研究进展，尤其是作为药物缓释材料的合成与应用情况。随着合成研究的深入，聚磷酸酯在医用材料方面的应用将更加引人注目。     

Medical dosimetry in Hungary

Radiation exposure of medical staff during cardiological and radiological procedures was investigated. The exposure of medical staff is directly connected to patient exposure. The aim of this study was to determine the distribution of doses on uncovered part of body of medical staff using LiF thermoluminescent (TL) dosimeters in seven locations.Individual Kodak film dosimeters (as authorized dosimetry system) were used for the assessment of medical staff's effective dose. Results achieved on dose distribution measurements confirm that wearing only one film badge under the lead apron does not provide enough information on the personal dose.The value of estimated annual doses on eye lens and extremities (fingers) were in good correlation with international publications.     

Medical Uses for Polyelectrolyte Complexes

Polyelectrolyte complexes (PEC) are ionically bonded hydrogels. The resin is synthesized by coreacting linear, water-soluble ionic polymers of opposite electrical charge under carefully controlled conditions. The resulting material is insoluble in water, electrolytes, organic, or common solvents, but soluble in special ternary solvents. Optically clear membranes or shaped articles can be prepared by employing simple solvent casting and drying techniques upon resin dissolution. The equilibrium gel water content of typical, homogeneous complexes can be made to range from 30 to 90% by weight by changing the initial polyanion to polycation ratio. For almost any given charge ratio the water content can be varied from 30 to 90% by initial adjustment of the solvent composition. As the gel water content of a membrane is raised the dialytic, oxygen, and water transport increase. High water content membranes with and without glass reinforcement were shown to be extremely permeable materials. Because these hydrated complexes appeared to be chemically inert and could be tailored to be rich in either polyanion or polycation charged groups, their biocompatability was studied. Extraction, toxicity, tissue compatability, carcinogenicity, and blood contact studies on various polyelectrolyte complexes were carried out.     

Medical applications of biopolyesters polyhydroxyalkanoates

Microbial polyhydroxyalkanoates(PHAs) are a family of biopolyesters produced by many wild type and engineered bacteria.PHAs have diverse structures accompanied by flexible thermal and mechanical properties.Combined with their in vitro biodegradation,cell and tissue compatibility,PHAs have been studied for medical applications,especially medical implants applications,including heart valve tissue engineering,vascular tissue engineering,bone tissue engineering,cartilage tissue engineering,nerve conduit tissue engineering as well as esophagus tissue engineering.Most studies have been conducted in the authors’ lab in the past 20+ years.Recently,mechanism on PHA promoted tissue regeneration was revealed to relate to cell responses to PHA biodegradation products and cell-material interactions mediated by microRNA.Very importantly,PHA implants were found not to cause carcinogenesis during long-term implantation.Thus,PHAs should have a bright future in biomedical areas.     

医用可生物降解高分子材料

对目前医用可生物降解高分子材料的研究及应用状况分化学合成，天然和生物技术合成三类作了综述。对材料的生物相容性、可生物降解性及物理机械性能进行了分析和比较。并就医用生物降解高分子材料的发展趋势作了预测。     

Medical applications of breath hydrogen measurements

In this article, technical developments in breath analysis and its applications in the field of clinical diagnosis and the monitoring of various symptoms, particularly molecular hydrogen in breath, are introduced. First, a brief overview of the current uses of the hydrogen breath test is provided. The principles of the test and how hydrogen can be used as a biomarker for various symptoms, and monitoring microbial metabolism, are introduced. Ten case-study applications of breath hydrogen measurements for which hydrogen exhibits beneficial effects for diagnosis, including the contexts of oxidative stress, gastrointestinal disease, and metabolic disorders, are discussed. The technologies and problems involved in breath hydrogen testing, sampling, pretreatment, and detection in exhaled breath are discussed, and research including current analytical systems and new sensors is focused on in the context of hydrogen detection.     

医院病案管理现代化的思考

为改进医院最重要的信息－病案的管理，对医院病案管理现代化的必要性、关键、基础及其内容进行了分析和讨论。     

Medical UV Exposures and HIV Activation

This paper presents the first attempt to evaluate the potential of clinical UV exposures to induce the human immunodeficiency (HIV) promoter and, thus, to upregulate HIV growth in those skin cells that are directly affected by the exposure. Using the data for HIV promoter activation in vitro, we computed UVB and psoralen plus UVA (PUVA) doses that produce 50% of the maximal promoter activation (AD₅₀). Then, using (a) literature data for UV transmittance in the human skin, (b) a composite action spectrum for HIV promoter and pyrimidine dimer induction by UVB and (c) an action spectrum for DNA synthesis inhibition by PUVA, we estimated the distribution of medical UVB and PUVA doses in the skin. This allowed us to estimate how deep into the skin the HIV-activating doses might penetrate in an initial and an advanced stage of UVB or PUVA therapy. Such analysis was done for normal type II skin and for single exposures. The results allow us to predict where in the skin the HIV promoter may be induced by selected small and large therapeutic UVB or PUVA doses. To accommodate changes in skin topography due to disease and UV therapy, our considerations would require further refinements. For UVB we found that, when the incident dose on the surface of the skin is 500 J/m² (290–320nm) (initial stage of the therapy), the dose producing 50% of the maximal HIV promoter activation (AD^UVB₅₀) is limited to the stratum corneum. However, with an incident dose of 5000 J/m² (an advanced stage of the therapy), AD^UVB₅₀ may be delivered as far as the living cells of the epidermis and even to some parts of the upper dermis. For PUVA we found that, when the incident UVA doses are 25 or 100 kJ/m² (320–400nm) (an initial and an advanced stage of therapy, respectively), and the 8-methoxypsoralen concentration in the blood is 0.1 μg/mL (the desired level), the combined doses to the mid epidermis (and some areas of the upper dermis) are well below the 50% HIV promoter-activating PUVA dose (AD^PUVA₅₀). Only under the worst scenario conditions, i. e. an exceptionally high drug concentration in the patient's tissues and localization of HIV in the nearest proximity to the skin surface, would the combined PUVA dose expected during photochemotherapy exceed AD^PUVA₅₀. These results suggest that the probability of HIV activation in the epidermis by direct mechanisms is higher for UVB than for PUVA treatment. However, complexities of the UV-inducible HIV activation and immunomodulatory phenomena are such that our results by themselves should not be taken as an indication that UVB therapy carries a higher risk than PUVA therapy when administered to HIV-infected patients.