大型煤粉锅炉汞的排放特性和迁移规律研究

采用EPA 30B方法,对某大型火电厂四台典型煤粉锅炉进行了烟气Hg排放测试,并选取其中两台代表性锅炉对各输入／输出物料进行了Hg量对比分析.通过系统的汞质量平衡核算,得出各物料中汞所占的比例,并据此分析了选择性催化还原脱硝装置(SCR)、静电除尘器(ESP)和湿法脱硫装置(WFGD)等主要烟气净化设施对汞排放的影响,在此基础上研究得到系统汞的迁移规律.结果表明,四台锅炉的烟气Hg排放浓度都不高,普遍在3 μg／m³以下,明显低于新国标规定的排放限值,其中,配备SCR时Hg排放浓度明显更低.其原因在于,设置有SCR时,烟气中相当部分的Hg⁰会被催化氧化成Hg²⁺,Hg²⁺易于被飞灰吸附而脱除.WFGD对Hg²⁺的吸收比Hg⁰强得多,因此,排放烟气中汞的形态以Hg⁰为主,吸收的Hg绝大部分转移至脱硫石膏中.脱硫废水和炉渣对Hg的富集能力都非常有限.     

410t/h煤粉锅炉的汞排放及其NID系统除汞特性研究

对配备有NID系统的410t/h燃煤电站锅炉的煤、底渣、飞灰进行取样,测定了样品中汞的含量。采用Ontario Hydro方法测定了NID前和ESP后烟气中汞的形态。实验结果表明,汞主要以飞灰形式排放,占总汞量的90%,烟气汞占10%。NID前和ESP后的烟气中,汞的浓度分别为21.3μg/m3~22.4μg/m3和1.93μg/m3~3.67μg/m3,说明该NID系统对烟气中汞具有相当高的脱除效率,达到83.6%~90.9%。对汞的化学形态研究表明,NID前烟气汞主要以Hg2+形式存在,占气态汞量的67%;ESP后烟气中Hg2+占气态汞量的71.8%~85.1%,Hg0的含量为零,说明烟气中Hg0在NID系统中经历一系列的氧化还原反应后,被氧化成Hg2+并吸附脱除。     

300 MW燃煤电厂ESP和WFGD对烟气汞的脱除特性

采用燃煤电厂汞形态浓度取样测试OHM标准方法,对一座300 MW燃煤电厂静电除尘器(ESP)和湿法脱硫装置(WFGD)前后烟气进行了等速取样.使用美国Leeman Labs Hydra AA全自动汞分析仪检测烟气中的汞形态浓度.采集了固体样品,包括入炉煤、底渣、ESP电场灰、脱硫剂石灰石、脱硫产物石膏等,使用意大利Milestone公司生产的DMA80全自动汞分析仪检测固体样品中的汞浓度.计算锅炉系统的汞质量平衡,获得了ESP和WFGD前后烟气的汞形态浓度和分布规律,分析讨论了影响烟气汞形态转化的各种影响因素.结果表明,燃煤烟气中气态单质汞Hg⁰和气态氧化汞Hg²⁺占到总汞量的95%.煤渣中的汞可忽略不计;ESP对颗粒态汞Hg^p的脱除效率达到95%以上,但是对Hg⁰和Hg²⁺脱除率不高.ESP对烟气总汞Hg^T脱除效率为12.77%~17.38%;WFGD对Hg²⁺的脱除率达到79.93%~90.53%,但是对Hg⁰没有脱除效果,其含量不仅没有下降反而有少量上升,说明有部分Hg²⁺在WFGD中被还原成Hg⁰.WFGD对Hg^T脱除效率为9.68%~29.36%;该电厂现有污染控制设备ESP+WFGD可以脱除全部的Hg^p和大部分Hg²⁺,但是由于部分Hg²⁺的还原使得Hg^T的脱除效率在25.38%~38.38%.综合来看,该燃煤电厂的污染物控制设备在进行除尘和脱硫的同时,对汞的脱除率并不高,与燃煤中的氯含量较低有关.     

燃煤电站布袋除尘器和静电除尘器脱汞性能比较

采用国际上通用的Ontario Hydro方法（OHM）对中国五个燃煤电站布袋除尘器（FF）/静电除尘器（ESP）前、后的烟气进行采样,应用美国EPA标准方法测定了烟气中Hg0、Hg2+和HgP的浓度。应用DMA80测定固体样品（煤、底灰、ESP飞灰）中的汞浓度。由汞平衡得出各个环节中汞所占的份额。由此得到FF和ESP脱除烟气中汞的性能。安装FF的电站1和2的综合脱除效率约为80%和20%,安装ESP的电站3、4和5的综合脱除效率分别为6%、20%和4%左右。这说明FF比ESP有更加优良的脱汞性能,而且FF/ESP脱除烟气中的汞受到很多因素的影响。     

Oxidation efficiency of elemental mercury in flue gas by SCR De-NOx catalysts

采用模拟实验方法,在氧化气氛工况和SCR(选择性催化还原法)工况下,对比研究新鲜的和运行40000h的SCR催化剂对零价汞(Hg0)的氧化效率,并结合N2吸/脱附、SEM-EDS、FT-IR、离子色谱法等手段对催化剂的组成及结构进行了表征.结果表明,在氧化气氛工况下(一定的HCl和O2浓度),40000h催化剂对零价汞的氧化效率比新鲜催化剂低5％～20％,但是,在SCR工况(氧化气氛下加入NH3和NO)下,氧化效率仅下降5％～10％.运行40000h催化剂出现表面颗粒的团聚现像,而且比表面积、活性物质V及V5+=O基团的含量均相对下降；然而,运行40000h催化剂的水溶性离子含量(特别是Na+、K+、NH4+、SO42-)要高于新鲜催化剂.这些因素都会影响催化剂表面活性位和内部孔道结构,从而影响到催化剂对于烟气中Hg0的氧化效率.     

添加剂对抑制模拟脱硫浆液中汞再释放的影响

针对湿法脱硫系统中汞还原再释放问题,选用Na_2S、2,4,6-三硫醇基钠代三嗪(TMT-18)、二硫代氨基甲酸盐类(DTCR-2)和Fenton试剂作为添加剂,探究其对脱硫浆液中汞再释放现象的影响。结果表明,四种添加剂均能有效抑制该现象的发生。1.0倍化学计量比的Na_2S足够与浆液中Hg~(2+)结合成HgS,从而将还原再释放的汞含量降低至5.27%。重金属捕集剂TMT-18和DTCR-2的最佳投加量分别为3.0倍和1.0倍化学计量比,通过与Hg~(2+)结合形成有机螯合物将浆液中的汞固定在螯合产物中,从而降低Hg~(2+)的还原,再释放的汞含量分别降低至5.09%和4.62%。具有强氧化性的Fenton试剂,当H_2O_2浓度为0.3 mol/L,[Fe~(2+)]/[H_2O_2]=1∶8时,浆液中仅有2.31%的汞被还原再释放。四种添加剂中Fenton对于浆液中汞还原再释放的抑制效果最好。     

300 MW燃煤电站砷、汞排放特征研究

对某300 MW燃煤电站煤、底灰和静电除尘器(ESP)飞灰进行采样并测定了其中的砷、汞含量,同时应用Ontario Hydro Method (OHM) 标准方法和设备对ESP前后烟气中的砷、汞分布进行了直接采样和测试.对砷的检测结果表明,ESP飞灰中砷含量约6.68×10^-6,是原煤中砷含量的2.5倍左右,而底灰中砷含量仅为1.70×10^-6,ESP前烟气中砷含量约153.27 μg/m³,ESP后砷含量急剧降低为41.13 μg/m³;对汞的检测结果表明,原煤中汞含量约2.5×10^-7,飞灰、底灰中的汞含量分别约1.9×10^-7、1.5×10^-7;ESP前后烟气中总汞含量分别为5.49、5.21 μg/m³.砷在飞灰中明显富集,而汞在飞灰和底渣中均不具有富集效果.ESP单元具有明显的协同脱砷效果,平均脱除率约在71%左右,而对汞的协同脱除效果不明显.     

CaCl_2添加对热解煤中汞析出规律影响的实验研究

在程序升温热解反应装置上,研究了低氯煤中添加不同氯含量(质量分数0.1%、0.3%、0.5%)的CaCl2对煤热解过程中汞析出规律的影响。实验结果表明,温度是影响汞析出的关键因素;随着氯添加量的增加,Hg2+析出比例呈上升趋势,且汞的最佳析出温度降低,汞的释放率也有所降低;随着热解气氛中O2比例的增加,Hg2+比例也略有增加;较高的升温速率能加快汞的释放,也能提高Hg2+的比例。低氯煤中添加氯化钙能够强化单质汞的氧化。     

燃煤电厂脱硫浆液中汞迁移转化及添加剂对石膏中汞稳定性影响

以某300 MW超低排放燃煤机组现场脱硫浆液为研究对象,考察了浆液中汞迁移转化及添加剂对其影响行为,探讨了固相石膏中汞的热释放特性和环境风险。结果表明温度升高仅导致气相Hg~0增加,而浆液pH升高会导致气相和固相中汞含量均有增加,Cl-或SO_4~(2-)浓度升高既可以抑制浆液中汞还原为Hg~0也可以促进固相石膏中汞含量增加,而SO_3~(2-)浓度升高虽然有利于汞富集于固相但会引起Hg~(2+)部分转化为Hg~0。Na_2S、EDTA-2Na或DTCR-4添加剂与Hg~(2+)反应分别生成HgS、Hg(EDTA)2或-[Hg-DTCR]-n,使浆液中75%以上汞转移至固相石膏中,并抑制了Hg~(2+)还原为Hg~0,其中DTCR-4对汞的固化效果最好,但热稳定性依次为Gypsum+EDTA-2Na Gypsum+DTCR-4 Gypsum+Na_2S Gypsum,主要原因是所生成Hg(EDTA)2、-[Hg-DTCR]-n和HgS(black)的稳定性差异所致。进而采用TCLP、SPLP和MEP三种方法获得了样品中汞的化学稳定性为Gypsum Gypsum+Na_2S Gypsum+EDTA-2Na Gypsum+DTCR-4,其原因是石膏中水溶态汞、酸溶态汞和可氧化态汞含量的差异所致。     

Co掺杂铁基氧化物吸附剂燃煤烟气脱汞实验研究

使用柠檬酸法制备了Co掺杂的铁基氧化物(FeCo)吸附剂,通过固定床脱汞实验装置系统考察了FeCo吸附剂的脱汞性能,并利用比表面积(BET)、X射线衍射(XRD)、H_2-程序升温还原(H_2-TPR)、傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等表征手段分析吸附剂的物理化学特性。结果表明,α-Fe_2O_3中掺入Co后,比表面积、孔结构特性均得到改善,且氧化还原性能也相应提升;FeCo吸附剂在200-250℃获得最高约97%的脱汞效率;烟气中O_2和NO的存在有助于FeCo吸附剂对Hg~0的脱除,而SO_2和H_2O则抑制FeCo吸附剂对Hg~0的脱除,同时NO能削弱SO_2对FeCo脱汞的抑制作用。在脱汞过程中,FeCo吸附剂表面的活性组分Fe~(3+)、Co~(3+)和O~*均消耗,参与了Hg~0氧化反应,且吸附剂表面生成了HgO。在含SO_2气氛中进行脱汞反应后,FeCo吸附剂表面发生硫酸盐化,从而削弱了吸附剂的脱汞性能,汞在吸附剂表面以HgO和HgSO_4形式存在。     

SCR脱硝催化剂对烟气中零价汞的氧化效率研究

采用模拟实验方法,在氧化气氛工况和SCR(选择性催化还原法)工况下,对比研究新鲜的和运行40 000 h的SCR催化剂对零价汞(Hg⁰)的氧化效率,并结合N₂吸/脱附、SEM-EDS、FT-IR、离子色谱法等手段对催化剂的组成及结构进行了表征。结果表明,在氧化气氛工况下(一定的HCl和O₂浓度),40 000 h催化剂对零价汞的氧化效率比新鲜催化剂低5%~20%,但是,在SCR工况(氧化气氛下加入NH₃和NO)下,氧化效率仅下降5%~10%。运行40 000 h催化剂出现表面颗粒的团聚现像,而且比表面积、活性物质V及V⁵⁺=O基团的含量均相对下降;然而,运行40 000 h催化剂的水溶性离子含量(特别是Na⁺、K⁺、NH₄⁺、SO₄^2-)要高于新鲜催化剂。这些因素都会影响催化剂表面活性位和内部孔道结构,从而影响到催化剂对于烟气中Hg⁰的氧化效率。     

Experimental Study on Demercurization Performance of Wet Flue Gas Desulfurization System

The demercurization performance of wet flue gas desulfurization (WFGD) system was investigated by measuring mercury concentrations at the inlet and outlet of WFGD system with a QM201H mercury analyzer. The selected desulfurizer included NH₃·H₂O, NaOH, Na₂CO₃, Ca(OH)₂ and CaCO₃. The influences of adding oxidant and coagulant such as KMnO₄, Fenton reagent, K₂S₂O₈/CuSO₄ and Na₂S into desulfurization solutions were also studied. The results show that elemental mercury is the main component of gaseous mercury in coal‐fired flue gas, and the proportion of oxidized mercury is less than 36%. Oxidized mercury could be removed by WFGD system efficiently, and the removal efficiency could amount to 81.1%–92.6%. However, the concentration of elemental mercury slightly increased at the outlet of WFGD as a result of its insolubility and re‐emission. Therefore, the removal efficiency of gaseous mercury is only 13.3%–18.3%. The mercury removal efficiency of WFGD system increased with increasing the liquid‐gas ratio. In addition, adding KMnO₄, Fenton reagent, K₂S₂O₈/CuSO₄ and Na₂S into desulfurization solutions could increase the mercury removal efficiency obviously. Various additives have different effects, and Na₂S is demonstrated to be the most efficient, in which a mercury removal efficiency of 67.2% can be reached.     

催化脱硝技术研究进展—催化剂的种类、制备方法及催化活性

随着工业及城市交通的发展,其所排放的NO和NO_2逐渐增多,由此导致的光化学烟雾、酸雨等大气污染问题愈加严重,与此同时,人类的身体健康也同样受到了威胁.据此, NO_x的消除成为当下的一个重要研究方向.目前NO_x的去除方法主要为选择性催化还原(SCR)去除方法,该法具有高效率的NO_x去除效果、高温度区间,较低的SO_2转化率等特点.催化剂在SCR反应中起着关键和核心作用, NO_x脱除效率的高低取决于催化剂的催化效率,如何提高催化剂的催化效率一直是研究者不断努力的目标.催化剂由载体和活性组分两大部分构成,载体的物质种类、活性组分的组成物质以及二者间的相互作用,是影响催化效率的主要因素.载体物质目前常用的主要是Al_2O_3、 SiO_2和TiO_2等金属氧化物,而活性组分则主要为Pd、 Pt、 Mn、 Ce、 V和W等,但目前应用较为广泛的活性组分主要为Mn、 Ce、 V和W等.研究开发新的载体物质及活性组分对催化脱硝技术的进步具有十分重要的意义.     

Pi-complexation of biphenyl, naphthalene, and triphenylene to trimeric perfluoro-ortho-phenylene mercury. Formation of extended binary stacks with unusual luminescent properties

Trimeric perfluoro-ortho-phenylene mercury (1) crystallizes from CS(2) as a pure compound. In the crystal, 1 forms staggered cofacial dimers (centroid distance of 3.38 A). In the dimer, the individual components are associated via long mercury-pi interactions (3.443 < Hg...C < 3.650 A). Interestingly, this arrangement leads to the existence of relatively short intermolecular mercury-mercury distances (3.811 < Hg...Hg < 4.093 A). In this form, compound 1 is photoluminescent and exhibits a broad emission band with a maximum at 440 nm and a shoulder at 530 nm. Compound 1 interacts with biphenyl, naphthalene, or triphenylene to form 1.biphenyl (2), 1.naphthalene (3), and 1.triphenylene (4), respectively. These adducts have been characterized by elemental analysis and X-ray crystallography. Their structure reveals the existence of stacks in which molecules of 1 and molecules of arenes alternate. In each stack, secondary pi-interactions occur between the arene and the mercury centers of 1. The resulting Hg...C distances range from 3.25 to 3.55 A and are within the sum of the van der Waals radii. They reflect the presence of secondary polyhapto-pi interactions occurring between the electron-rich aromatic molecules and the acidic mercury centers. In the case of the triphenylene adduct 4, a arene-fluoroarene interaction is also observed (centroid distance of 3.605 A). Compounds 2-4 are photoluminescent. The emission observed for 2 and 3 corresponds to the phosphorescence of the aromatic substrate and suggests the occurrence of a mercury heavy atom effect. In the case of 4, the emission appears at longer wavelengths than those typically observed for triphenylene.     

Use of radiation sources with mercury isotopes for real-time highly sensitive and selective benzene determination in air and natural gas by differential absorption spectrometry with the direct Zeeman effect

A new analytical portable system is proposed for the direct determination of benzene vapor in the ambient air and natural gas, using differential absorption spectrometry with the direct Zeeman effect and innovative radiation sources: capillary mercury lamps with different isotopic compositions (¹⁹⁶Hg, ¹⁹⁸Hg, ²⁰²Hg, ²⁰⁴Hg, and natural isotopic mixture). Resonance emission of mercury at a wavelength of 254 nm is used as probing radiation. The differential cross section of benzene absorption in dependence on wavelength is determined by scanning of magnetic field. It is found that the sensitivity of benzene detection is enhanced three times using lamp with the mercury isotope ²⁰⁴Hg in comparison with lamp, filled with the natural isotopic mixture. It is experimentally demonstrated that, when benzene content is measured at the Occupational Exposure Limit (3.2 mg/m³ for benzene) level, the interference from SO₂, NO₂, O₃, H₂S and toluene can be neglected if concentration of these gases does not exceed corresponding Occupational Exposure Limits. To exclude the mercury effect, filters that absorb mercury and let benzene pass in the gas duct are proposed. Basing on the results of our study, a portable spectrometer is designed with a multipath cell of 960 cm total path length and detection limit 0.5 mg/m³ at 1 s averaging and 0.1 mg/m³ at 30 s averaging. The applications of the designed spectrometer to measuring the benzene concentration in the atmospheric air from a moving vehicle and in natural gas are exemplified.     

Determination of mercury species in gas condensates by on-line coupled high-performance liquid chromatography and cold-vapor atomic absorption spectrometry

A method for the speciation of mercury in gas condensates is reported. Mercury(II) chloride (HgCl₂), methylmercury chloride (MeHgCl), phenylmercury acetate (PhHgAc) and diphenylmercury (Ph₂Hg) are separated by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using gradient elution. Prior to the determination, the organic ligands and the matrix were destroyed by oxidation with K₂Cr₂O₇. Mercury is detected with cold-vapor atomic absorption spectrometry (CVAA), where the mercury compounds are reduced to metallic mercury by a treatment with NaBH₄. In a continuous-flow system the concentrations of the reagents used are optimized using a modified simplex algorithm. Detection limits for mercury are at the 10 ng ml^?1 level. Analysis of multi-compound mixtures indicates that chemical reactions between HgCl₂ and Ph₂Hg and between MeHgCl and Ph₂Hg take place. The method developed was applied to the speciation of mercury in gas condensates and did not require use of any solvent extraction or chemical derivatization steps. In the gas condensates, mercury(II) compounds were found to be present at the 100 ng ml^?1 level.     

Nanoparticles as scaffolds for FRET-based ratiometric detection of mercury ions in water with QDs as donors

The quenching of quantum dots' emission by some analytes (Hg(2+), Pb(2+), etc.) has long been hindering the fabrication of QD-based 'turn-on' or ratiometric fluorescent sensors for these analytes. In this study, we demonstrate a facile solution for constructing a robust FRET-based ratiometric sensor for Hg(2+) detection in water with CdTe QDs as the donor. By using the reverse microemulsion approach, CdTe QDs were first embedded into nanosized silica particles, forming the QDs/silica cores, a positively charged ultrathin spacer layer was then deposited on each QDs/silica core, followed by the coating of a mercury ion probe on the particle surfaces. The resultant multilayered QDs/silica composite nanoparticles are dispersible in HEPES buffered water; and in the presence of mercury ions, the QDs inside the nanoparticles will not be quenched by mercury ions due to the existence of the positively charged spacer layer, but can transfer their excited energy to the acceptors (probe/Hg(2+) complex), thus achieving the FRET-based ratiometric sensing for mercury ions in totally aqueous media. With its detection limit of 260 nM, this QD-based sensor exhibits high selectivity toward mercury ion and can be used in a wide pH range. This strategy may be used to construct QDs-based ratiometric assays for other ions which quench the emission of QDs.     

Determination of trace levels of mercury in water samples based on room temperature phosphorescence energy transfer

A novel method has been developed for the sensitive determination of mercury in aqueous media by room temperature phosphorescence (RTP). The measurement principle is based on the energy transfer (ET) from a phosphor molecule (acting as a donor) to a Hg-sensitive dye (acceptor). To our acknowledgment this is the first RTP method for mercury measurement developed so far. α-Bromonaphthalene (BrN) was selected as the phosphorescent donor molecule (BrN can produce significant RTP emission in aqueous media in a β-cyclodextrin rigid microenvironment without deoxygenation).The absorption spectrum of the complex formed between mercury and the dithizone dye possesses a desirable spectral overlap with the RTP emission spectrum of the donor (BrN), giving rise to a nonradiative ET from the phosphor molecules to the mercury complex. An increase in the concentration of Hg(II) causes an increase on the concentration of the dithizone complex (acceptor) with the subsequent increase of the absorbance and, therefore, resulting in a decrease of the RTP emission. Both, RTP intensities and triplet lifetimes of the BrN decreased with increases on the Hg(II) concentration.Possible interferences present in natural waters, including different cations and anions, which could affect the analytical response, were evaluated and the analytical performance characteristics investigated. The use of phosphorescence measurements (low background noise signals) resulted in an improvement on the sensitivity of the Hg(II) detection higher than five times as compared to the molecular absorption spectrophotometric method for Hg(II) detection based on dithizone as Hg-indicator. A detection limit (D.L.) of 14 ng ml⁻¹ of Hg(II) was obtained by RTP with a precision of ±4.8% for five replicates of 300 ng ml⁻¹ of Hg(II). The usefulness of the method was successfully evaluated by the determination of Hg(II) in spiked natural water samples.