微波条件下固体酸催化剂催化酯化生物油的研究

以乙醇和乙酸的酯化作为反应模型,考察固体酸催化剂阳离子交换树脂、SO₄²-/ZrO₂和分子筛在微波加热条件下的酯化活性。结果表明,三类固体酸催化剂的活性顺序为Amberlite树脂﹥SO₄²-/ZrO₂﹥HZSM-5,催化剂活性与酸度一致;酯化反应中水的含量对催化剂的活性有不同程度的影响,水含量较高时催化剂SO₄²-/ZrO₂酯化活性明显变差,而阳离子交换树脂仍具有较高的酯化活性。采用阳离子交换树脂对生物油进行微波催化酯化提质后,原生物油中含有的大量不同种类的羧酸被有效地转化成各种酯类,酯类化合物由原油中的4种增加到13种。与传统加热条件下生物油催化提质比较,生物油微波提质具有明显优势,提质后生物油组分得到优化。     

固体酸预处理高酸值油脂降低酸值

通过沉淀、回流和浸渍分别制备了Al、Ga掺杂的SO 2-4/ZrO2固体酸催化剂,利用该促进型固体酸催化剂酯化预处理高酸值油脂,考察了固体酸焙烧温度、醇油摩尔比等因素对酯化反应的影响. 结果表明,该类型固体酸对高酸值油脂具有良好的酯化反应活性,其中600 ℃焙烧的Ga2O3/SO 2-4/ZrO2在67 ℃下,醇与油摩尔比为30: 1,催化剂用量为4%,对初始酸值为32的油脂进行酯化反应,经8 h反应,油脂酸值降为4.1,有利于后续用碱性催化剂对处理后的油脂进行酯交换反应生成生物柴油.     

磺化活性炭固体酸在藻类乙醇热液化中的应用研究

采用浓硫酸磺化法制备磺化活性炭固体酸(AC-SO_3H),考察了反应温度和活性炭粒度对固体酸总酸量的影响.结果表明,反应温度越高、活性炭粒度越小,AC-SO_3H总酸量越大,最大酸量为0.878 mmol g~(-1).将该催化剂分别应用到小球藻和浒苔的乙醇热液化过程,对其催化性能进行考察.结果表明:AC-SO_3H的催化活性随其总酸量的增加而提高,最佳用量均为5%.在最优催化条件下,小球藻和浒苔液化的生物油产率分别提高了12.32%和10.33%;残渣收率分别降低了4.11%和4.49%;生物油热值分别提高了1.18和2.38 MJ kg~(-1).AC-SO_3H催化剂的加入促进了液化过程中的酯化和脱羧反应,并且可能改变了蛋白质的降解路径,抑制了美拉德反应,对生物油品质起到了改善作用.     

离子交换树脂催化酯化生物油的试验研究

生物油黏稠、稳定性差、热值低、腐蚀性强,需要进行改质与品位提升,将生物油中的有机酸通过酯化的方法转化为中性的酯类可以改善生物油的性能。实验利用模型反应,筛选出了适合于生物油体系的732型和NKC-9型两种树脂作为酯化改质的催化剂。生物油和甲醇在间歇釜内以732和NKC-9为催化剂进行改质以后,酸值分别降低了88.54%和85.95%,表明生物油中的有机酸极大地转化为中性酯类。此外,热值分别提高了32.26%和31.64%,水分分别降低了27.74%和30.87%,密度均降低了21.77%,黏度降低均接近97%。732树脂固定床催化酯化生物油后,酸值降低了92.61%。加速陈化实验和铝片腐蚀性实验结果分别表明,改质生物油的稳定性和腐蚀性能得到了改善。     

炭基固体酸对花椒籽油的降酸催化性能研究

以葡萄糖为原料,采用水热法碳化再经过磺化制备了炭基固体酸催化剂。通过对炭基固体酸进行Boehm滴定、X射线衍射(XRD)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、氮气吸附、动态激光散射粒度分析表征,测定了催化剂的酸度、物相、所含官能团、形貌、元素状态、比表面积及粒径分布性质。表征结果表明,磺化时硫酸的浓度越大,得到的催化剂总酸度越大;磺化过程能够改变催化剂的比表面积。以花椒籽油酯化降酸反应为探针反应考察其催化性能。结果表明在花椒籽油酯化降酸反应中,催化剂的酸度占主导作用。固体酸催化剂酸度越大,酯化降酸反应催化性能越好。C-98对花椒籽油酯化降酸催化效果优异,可将酸值由63.21 mg KOH/g降到1.71 mg KOH/g,产率达到97.3%。     

酸性离子交换树脂催化酯化改质生物油的研究

以磺酸型离子交换树脂为催化剂, 在模型反应的基础上, 探讨了该催化剂在稻壳裂解油及其轻质馏分的催化酯化改质过程中的活性和效果, 并通过气-质联用仪对酯化前后的生物油进行了成分分析. 结果表明, 酯化过程中采用的催化剂可以方便地分离和循环使用; 生物油中的有机酸顺利地转化为相应的酯类(主要为乙酸乙酯). 通过催化酯化改质后, 两种生物油的理化特性均得到了有效改善, 热值分别由16.80和12.76 MJ/kg提高到20.08和18.33 MJ/kg, 相应提高了19.5%和43.6%; 黏度分别由11.83和1.42 mm²/s, 下降到3.77和1.12 mm²/s; 水分分别为23.7%和28.4%, 流动性明显增强, 理化特性得到了明显提高. 为生物油的精制加工提供了一种有效方法.     

微波水热改性制备S2 /Fe2O3-SiO2固体酸及催化性能

对共沉淀法得到的Fe2O3-SiO2混合氧化物前驱物进行微波水热改性处理，经浸渍（NH4）2S2O8后再焙烧得S2O8^2-／Fe2O3-SiO2固体酸催化剂。用XRD、TEM、N2气吸附／脱附及化学分析方法对其进行了表征，用乙酸／丁醇酯化催化反应评估固体酸的催化性能，并与通常条件下制得的催化剂进行了比较。结果显示，引入SiO2会延迟Fe2O3晶体的形成与长大；对前驱物用250W的微波水热改性处理1．5h，制得的固体酸具有适中的比表面积、均匀的孔径分布，含硫量为6．02％，比表面积为37．1m^2／g。该固体酸对乙酸丁醇酯化反应有很高的催化活性，催化酯化反应3h，乙酸的转化率高达97．7％。     

在铌酸催化剂上气相酯化反应的研究

氧化铌在含水体系中表现出强酸性,因而得到越来越多的应用。有机羧酸酯是一类重要的化工产品,一般用硫酸等作催化剂,但存在腐蚀设备等问题。我们采用铌酸催化剂进行乙醇和6种羧酸的常压气相酯化反应。实验表明,不仅乙醇转化性高,而且酯的选择率高达100％,同时,也克服了上述液体酸催化剂的缺点,有希望成为酯化反应的有效催化剂。     

焙烧温度对纳米级SO4^2-／TiO2固体超强酸性能的影响

用锐钛型纳米TiO2制备了纳米级SO4^2-／TiO2固体超强酸，考查了焙烧温度对酸强度、比表面积、红外光谱及其催化活性的影响．结果显示该催化剂在450℃焙烧3h，可以形成纳米级SO4^2-／TiO2固体超强酸的结构，用该催化剂催化乙酸和丁醇酯化反应可使酯化率达到98．4％。     

生物油超临界CO_2酯化反应研究

将超临界CO2萃取与酯化反应耦合,研究了萃取酯化提质生物油过程。乙酸(AC)、丙酸(PA)和丙烯酸(AR)在超临界CO2(scCO2)条件下酯化时的平衡转化率显著高于常压酯化时的平衡转化率,表明scCO2对酯化反应具有明显的促进作用。这主要是由于生成的酯不断被萃入scCO2相。在恒温下scCO2的密度随压力升高而增大,因而酯化率随着CO2压力的升高而增加,与有机酸单独酯化时相比,混酸(AC、PA和AR)酯化后各种酸的转化率却比较接近,表明酯化过程中存在着酯交换机制。真实生物油的酯化结果表明,在80℃和28.0MPa下酯化3.0h,总酸的转化率可达86.78%。酯化后生物油的pH值从3.78提高到5.11,萃出生物油在140℃下挥发率接近100%,表明油品质量得到显著提升。     

Characterization of Fast Pyrolysis Bio-oils Produced from Pretreated Pine Wood

The pretreatment of biomass prior to the fast pyrolysis process has been shown to alter the structure and chemical composition of biomass feed stocks leading to a change in the mechanism of biomass thermal decomposition. Pretreatment of feed stocks prior to fast pyrolysis provides an opportunity to produce bio-oils with varied chemical composition and physical properties. This provides the potential to vary bio-oil chemical and physical properties for specific applications. To determine the influence of biomass pretreatments on bio-oil produced during fast pyrolysis, we applied six chemical pretreatments: dilute phosphoric acid, dilute sulfuric acid, sodium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide, and hydrogen peroxide. Bio-oils were produced from untreated and pretreated 10-year old pine wood feed stocks in an auger reactor at 450 °C. The bio-oils’ physical properties of pH, water content, acid value, density, viscosity, and heating value were measured. Mean molecular weights and polydispersity were determined by gel permeation chromatography. Chemical characteristics of the bio-oils were determined by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and Fourier transform infrared techniques. Results showed that the physical and chemical characteristics of the bio-oils produced from pretreated pine wood feed stocks were influenced by the biomass pretreatments applied. These physical and chemical changes are compared and discussed in detail in the paper.     

Producing fuel and specialty chemicals from the slow pyrolysis of poultry DAF skimmings

The production of bio-oil via the slow pyrolysis of dissolved air flotation (DAF) skimmings from poultry processing is described. The raw DAF skimmings were characterized for physicochemical properties and for thermal behavior (TGA). The bio-oil was produced in a batch pyrolysis system at varying temperatures between 400 and 700 °C to study the effect of temperature on product yield. The fatty acids in the bio-oil produced displayed a high degree of saturation that caused the bio-oil to have poor cold flow properties (high cloud point and viscosity) so a solvent extraction scheme was devised to extract a bio-oil fraction rich in unsaturated fatty acids that could be further esterified into a bio-diesel and fatty nitriles that could be further processed into surfactants. This ethyl acetate-soluble fraction demonstrated much improved cold flow properties as well as lower water content and a higher HHV. The esterification of this soluble fraction was performed using methanol and sulfuric acid as an acid catalyst and the formation of fatty acid methyl esters was verified using GC/MS and FT-IR.     

Inorganics distribution in bio oils and char produced by biomass fast pyrolysis: The key role of aerosols

Fast pyrolysis of biomass is a promising process for the preparation of bio-oil dedicated to energy production. Inorganic species originally present in biomass are known to induce problems such as bio-oil instability or deposits and fouling. However the mechanisms of inorganic species release during biomass pyrolysis into the raw bio-oils still remain unclear. The present work focuses on the determination of inorganic distribution in the products from wheat straw and beech wood fast pyrolysis performed in a fluidized bed. More specifically, the bio-oils are fractionated by using a series of condensers. The results show that more than 60 wt.% of the inorganic content of the overall bio-oil is contained in the aerosols. Several possible interpretations for this observation are discussed. It is likely that the inorganics are transported within the aerosols droplets and solid particles which are recovered in the bio-oils, either by mechano-chemical processes, or by entrainment of submicron intermediate liquid compound formed in the first steps of biomass fast pyrolysis.     

生物质快速热解油水相溶液超声乳化特性

使用生物油水相溶液与0# 柴油乳化,筛选了四种常用乳化剂和一种助乳化剂进行复配乳化实验,考察了复配乳化剂型号、乳化剂用量、超声作用时间对乳化效果的影响。结果表明,六种乳化液超过30d不破乳,与0# 柴油相比,密度和热值相差不大,含水量3%以下,黏度增大约40%,pH值降低一半。因素分析法表明,水相溶液与柴油质量比和不同的水相溶液对乳化效果影响较大。探讨了乳化机理,认为生物油水相溶液中水、醛、酸、酮等极性组分化合物稳定地被乳化剂包裹在W/O型乳化液液滴中,生物油水相溶液中少量的乙酸乙酯、芳香类化合物等则增溶于非离子乳化剂胶束中。热力学分析表明,超声乳化作用比静置作用具有更大的熵增,乳化液更趋于稳定平衡状态。     

HZSM-5上生物质催化裂解的近期研究进展

概述了近期的HZSM-5对生物质和生物油催化裂解的研究进展,重点介绍了催化剂的应用、生物油提质的方法和反应机理.     

Effect of Acid, Steam Explosion, and Size Reduction Pretreatments on Bio-oil Production from Sweetgum, Switchgrass, and Corn Stover

Bio-oil produced from biomass by fast pyrolysis has the potential to be a valuable substitute for fossil fuels. In a recent work on pinewood, we found that pretreatment alters the structure and chemical composition of biomass, which influence fast pyrolysis. In this study, we evaluated dilute acid, steam explosion, and size reduction pretreatments on sweetgum, switchgrass, and corn stover feedstocks. Bio-oils were produced from untreated and pretreated feedstocks in an auger reactor at 450?°C. The bio-oil??s physical properties of pH, water content, acid value, density, and viscosity were measured. The chemical characteristics of the bio-oils were determined by gas chromatography?Cmass spectrometry. The results showed that bio-oil yield and composition were influenced by the pretreatment method and feedstock type. Bio-oil yields of 52, 33, and 35?wt% were obtained from medium-sized (0.68?C1.532?mm) untreated sweetgum, switchgrass, and corn stover, respectively, which were higher than the yields from other sizes. Bio-oil yields of 56, 46, and 51?wt% were obtained from 1?% H₂SO₄-treated medium-sized sweetgum, switchgrass, and corn stover, respectively, which were higher than the yields from untreated and steam explosion treatments.     

离子液体作用下微波辐照生物质快速热解制备生物质油(英文)

以离子液体1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑氯([Bmim]Cl)和1-丁基-3甲基咪唑四氟化硼([Bmim]BF4)为催化剂,在微波加热作用下,研究了稻草和锯屑的热解。微波加热20 min,稻草和锯屑的生物油产率分别为38%和34%。考察了微波加热时间、微波功率和离子液体用量对生物质油产率的影响。当以相同的离子液体为催化剂时,稻草微波热解得到的生物质油产率大于锯屑的。生物油成分主要有糠醛、醋酸和1-羟基-2-丁酮等,其含量主要取决于生物质原料和加入的离子液体的类型。     

生物质快速热解制备液体燃料

本文回顾了生物质快速热解液化技术的国内外研究现状,重点叙述了初级生物油的化学组成和燃料性质,指出生物油是一种复杂的含氧有机混合物,具有水分含量高、氧含量高、热值低、酸含量高、安定性差和化石燃油不互溶等独特的性质;针对这些性质,介绍了几种常用的生物油精制提炼方法,包括催化裂解、催化加氢、高温热解气过滤、添加助剂、催化酯化、柴油乳化以及制备富氢合成气与费托合成,并分析了各种精制技术发展的关键问题.     

生物质快速热解制备液体燃料

本文回顾了生物质快速热解液化技术的国内外研究现状,重点叙述了初级生物油的化学组成和燃料性质,指出生物油是一种复杂的含氧有机混合物,具有水分含量高、氧含量高、热值低、酸含量高、安定性差和化石燃油不互溶等独特的性质;针对这些性质,介绍了几种常用的生物油精制提炼方法,包括催化裂解、催化加氢、高温热解气过滤、添加助剂、催化酯化、柴油乳化以及制备富氢合成气与费托合成,并分析了各种精制技术发展的关键问题。