壳聚糖对鞣酸絮凝作用的研究

以壳聚糖为絮凝剂，采用絮凝法除去中药药液中的杂质。以鞣酸为研究对象，从鞣酸浓度，体系温度，ＰＨ絮凝剂用量粘均分子量等方面探讨其絮凝规律，用正交试验优化其絮凝条件，为实施中药药液的絮凝法精制工艺提供参考。     

絮凝剂产生菌(DSF-1)絮凝活性研究(Ⅰ)

采用稀释划线法从土壤中分离得到一株絮凝剂产生菌DSF-1。通过高岭土悬浮液对该絮凝剂的絮凝活性做了初步研究,结果表明DSF-1产絮凝剂具有产生速度快、絮凝活性高、耐热性能良好的优点。     

环氧氯丙烷类阳离子改性絮凝剂的合成及性能研究

为提高环氧氯丙烷胺类絮凝剂的絮凝性能,选用六次甲基四胺为交联剂,以环氧氯丙烷、二甲胺为主要原料,合成了环氧氯丙烷-二甲胺-六次甲基四胺(HMTA)季铵盐阳离子改性絮凝剂,其在辽河油田废水处理中表现出优异的絮凝性能,并研究了絮凝剂用量和温度对HMTA絮凝剂絮凝性能的影响。结果表明,使用HMTA絮凝剂的合适温度为45℃,最佳用量为20mg/L,除浊率可达98. 1%,除油率达到35. 1%。红外光谱和核磁共振谱的表征结果证实六次甲基四胺在聚合物中发挥了交联剂的作用,有效提高了环氧氯丙烷胺类絮凝剂的絮凝性能。     

微生物絮凝剂产生菌絮凝活性研究(Ⅱ)

从福州郊区旱田地表土壤中分离得到一株絮凝剂产生菌,根据菌落形态特征,初步鉴定为链球菌.研究表明,培养基组成如下:碳源为蔗糖,氮源为牛肉膏,培养基初始pH值为5～8.5之间能取得较好的效果,添加一定浓度的Na 、Mg2 、Ca2 对培养液的絮凝活性有促进作用,而培养液中少量的Cu2 、Fe3 、Zn2 可抑制絮凝活性,该絮凝剂对高岭土悬浮液有较好的絮凝效果.结合实验现象和双电层理论初步推测了该絮凝剂的絮凝过程模型,对进一步研究微生物絮凝剂的絮凝机理有一定的参考作用.     

微生物絮凝剂产生菌絮凝活性研究(II)

从福州郊区旱田地表土壤中分离得到一株絮凝剂产生菌,根据菌落形态特征,初步鉴定为链球菌。研究表明,培养基组成如下:碳源为蔗糖,氮源为牛肉膏,培养基初始pH值为5~8.5之间能取得较好的效果,添加一定浓度的Na+、Mg2+、Ca2+对培养液的絮凝活性有促进作用,而培养液中少量的Cu2+、Fe3+、Zn2+可抑制絮凝活性,该絮凝剂对高岭土悬浮液有较好的絮凝效果。结合实验现象和双电层理论初步推测了该絮凝剂的絮凝过程模型,对进一步研究微生物絮凝剂的絮凝机理有一定的参考作用。     

一种复合絮凝剂的絮凝性能及应用研究

以淀粉为原料，通过化学改性研制出同时兼含羟基、氰基、酰胺基和季铵盐基团的两亲型高分子絮凝剂(ASF)，然后加入铝酸纳和硅酸钠，以一定的比例进行复配，制得复合型高分子絮凝剂CF-1，并综合研究了CF-l的絮凝性能。结果表明，CF-1对印染、造纸、皮革、制药等工业废水具有很强的絮凝和脱色效果，废水的色度去除率达96％以上，SS去除率达95％以上，CODCr去除率达74％以上。而且其絮凝性能明显优于阳离子聚丙烯蠢胺(CPAM)、聚合氯化铝(PAC)、硫酸铝以及硫酸亚铁等絮凝剂。     

微生物絮凝剂研究进展

综述了微生物絮凝剂产生菌的筛选、培养条件、絮凝剂种类、影响絮凝性能的因素、絮凝剂的应用并对其应用前景作了展望。     

聚合硫酸氯化铝铁的合成与絮凝效果

用硫酸铝、氯化铝和氯化铁合成聚合硫酸氯化铝铁,在比较大的铝铁的比例范围内考察了铝铁比例对絮凝剂性能的影响。在测定不同水温的絮凝效果时,发现水的温度对絮凝效果也有明显的影响,含铁量高的样品在低温下能表现出比较好的絮凝效果,实验结果反映了一些关于絮凝过程的信息。     

絮凝法去除水中藻类研究进展

随着工业化和城市化进程的加快,河流、湖泊、水库等接纳了大量各类污废水,污废水中的氮磷为藻类的生长和繁殖提供了大量的营养物质,使其富营养化程度日益加剧。为了有效去除水体中的藻类,目前自来水厂普遍采用絮凝法以达到高效经济除藻的目的。絮凝过程采用的混(絮)凝剂可分为:无机混凝剂、有机絮凝剂及复合絮凝剂。本文对絮凝除藻的作用机理以及各种常用的除藻絮凝剂研究进展进行了总结和评价,并展望了高效除藻絮凝剂的未来发展前景。     

聚丙烯酰胺絮凝效果的母液浓度依赖性及其影响

考察了相同剂量下不同浓度阴离子型聚丙烯酰胺絮凝剂(PAM)母液对三氧化二铁悬浮液的絮凝效果.通过电导率和流变行为测试,阐明了随母液浓度增大絮凝效果先变好后变差的原因.研究结果表明,母液浓度为0.3 g/L时PAM絮凝效果最佳.根据聚电解质标度理论及流变测试结果,认为此最佳母液浓度(cop)接近临界缠结浓度.母液电导率及加入絮凝剂后的搅拌过程中水体电导率变化表明,絮凝剂浓度高于最佳母液浓度时出现的电荷屏蔽现象使得有效电荷减少,导致高母液浓度下絮凝效果变差.向低浓度母液中添加适量β-环糊精后,环糊精分子通过氢键作用搭桥使PAM分子间距变小,发生协同絮凝形成足够大的絮体,从而使絮凝效果得到改善.这一结果表明,低于最佳母液浓度时由于PAM分子相对孤立形成的絮体不足以沉降,是导致絮凝效果较差的原因.     

Flocculation of kaolin particles by two typical polyelectrolytes: A comparative study on the kinetics and floc structures

The flocculation kinetics of kaolin particles induced by two polyelectrolytes is studied by using small-angle laser light scattering (SALLS). Two different methods, image analysis and SALLS, are used to calculated the fractal dimensions of flocs formed under different flocculation mechanisms. For a high charge density of polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride (PDADMAC), the initially flocculation rates are slow due to the quite low molecular weight. Smaller and more compact flocs are in the particle–particle connections, and restructuring of the flocs occurs in the flocculation process. With cationic polyacrylamide C498 of very high molecular weight and low charge density, however, the initially flocculation rates are much higher due to its rapid adsorption on kaolin particles, but it will take the adsorbed polymer a much longer time to reach equilibrium due to re-conformation. High potentialities of adsorption prevent the particles from entering the interior of the floc structure or rearrangement, which results in a more open floc structure. Different underlying flocculation mechanisms are evident for these two kinds of polyelectrolytes, in which charge neutralization is mainly involved for the low molecular weight and high charge density polymer of PDADMAC while polymer bridging is suggested to be the dominant mechanism for the high molecular weight polyelectrolyte of C498.     

Effect of Molecular Weight of Poly-(1,2-Dimethyl-5-Vinylpyridinium Methyl Sulfate) on Flocculation of Aqueous Kaolin Suspension

Effect of molecular weight of poly-(1,2-dimethyl-5-vinylpyridinium methyl sulfate) on flocculation of aqueous kaolin suspension is studied.     

聚硅酸铝在水处理过程中絮凝热效应的研究

用SRC-100溶解―反应量热计测定了聚硅酸铝在水处理过程中的絮凝焓变,利用均匀设计法分析了不同因素对结果的影响。结果表明:絮凝焓变随水样浊度的增加而增大,随铝/硅摩尔比的增加先增大(0～0.7)后减小(0.7～1.6);聚硅酸铝用量与水样浊度、pH值与水样浊度在焓变较小时交互作用较大;聚硅酸铝用量与pH值的相互作用在强碱性条件下随焓变增大而增强。絮凝进行的过程推动力为聚硅酸铝在水中的溶解稀释焓变。     

Synthesis of cationic guar gum-graft-polyacrylamide at low temperature and its flocculating properties

Acrylamide grafted cationic guar gum (CGG-g-PAM), induced by ceric ammonium sulfate, was synthesized using aqueous polymerization technique at 10 °C and the flocculation property was studied with high-turbidity tobacco wastewater (NTU > 4500). Thus five grades of graft copolymers were obtained through alteration of initiator and monomer concentrations in order to understand the effect of molecular weight on flocculation. The grafted copolymer was characterized by FTIR and SEM. Study of DTG demonstrated that CGG-g-PAM had better heat-resistant performance than guar gum, cationic guar gum (CGG) and polyacrylamide. The dosage of polyaluminium chloride (PAC) and CGG-g-PAM, pH value and molecular weight were considered to be the factors that can influence flocculation efficiency. The result showed best flocculation efficiency occurs at pH 5 when the dosage of CGG-g-PAM and PAC are 3.6 ppm and 120 ppm, respectively. The percentage of turbidity and COD removal are 98% and 24% correspondingly, and its flocculating efficiency prevails over that of CGG and cationic polyacrylamide (CPAM).     

丙烯酰胺与4-乙烯基吡啶共聚物的季胺化及其若干性能

将丙烯酰胺 (AM)与 4 乙烯基吡啶 (4VP)的共聚物 (P(AM co 4VP) )用硫酸二甲酯季铵化 ,制备了系列吡啶季铵盐型阳离子丙烯酰胺共聚物 ,用FTIR、1 H NMR和紫外分光光度法表征了其分子结构与组成 ,并重点研究了其絮凝与缓蚀性 ,考察了阳离子度与分子量对其各种功能的影响 .研究结果表明 ,吡啶季铵盐型阳离子丙烯酰胺共聚物具有优良的絮凝 缓蚀等功能 ,且阳离子度越高 ,性能越好 ,而分子量对其性能亦有显著的影响 .     

Flocculation of Humic Substances and Their Derivatives with Chitosan

The efficiency of the flocculation of humic compounds and their derivatives with chitosan was studied as a function of pH, concentrations of chitosan and dissolved humic compounds, and also the presence of inorganic coagulants. Samples of humic compounds were studied by the methods of potentiometric titration and gel permeation chromatography. The molecular weight distributions and the spectra of ionization constants of their functional groups were calculated. The flocculation efficiency of chitosan with respect to humic compounds is much higher than that of polyacrylamide.     

Effect of Fermentation Conditions on the Flocculation of Recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae Capable of Co-fermenting Glucose and Xylose

Flocculation is a desirable property in industrial yeasts and is particularly important in the fuel ethanol industry because it provides a simple and cost-free way to separate yeast cells from fermentation products. In the present study, the effect of pH and lignocellulose-derived sugars on yeast flocculation was investigated using a flocculent Saccharomyces cerevisiae, MA-R4, which has been recombinantly engineered to simultaneously co-ferment glucose and xylose to ethanol with high productivity. The flocculation level of MA-R4 dramatically decreased at pH values below 3.0 during co-fermentation of glucose and xylose. Sedimentation and microscopic observation revealed that flocculation was induced in MA-R4 when it fermented glucose, a glucose/xylose mixture, or mannose, whereas attempts to ferment xylose, galactose, and arabinose led to the loss of flocculation. MA-R4 fermented xylose and galactose more slowly than glucose and mannose. Therefore, the various flocculation behaviors shown by MA-R4 should be useful in the control of ethanol fermentation processes.     

Synthesis of cationic polyacrylamide via inverse emulsion polymerization method for the application in water treatment

In order to improve the flocculent efficiency of wastewater treatment, a cationic flocculant poly (acrylamide-[2-(methacryloyloxy) ethyl] trimethyl ammonium chloride) (P (AM-DMC)) (CPAM) has been synthesized successfully via an inverse emulsion polymerization. Acrylamide (AM) and [2-(methacryloyloxy) ethyl] trimethyl ammonium chloride (DMC) were served as monomers. The molecular structure of CPAM was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectra (FT-IR) and ¹H nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum (¹H-NMR). The morphology of CPAM particles has been investigated by transmission electron microscope (TEM). Results showed that CPAM was the copolymer of AM and DMC and the particles of CPAM were uniform spheres (the size was about 200?nm). The synthetic conditions of CPAM have been studied and optimized by single-factor experiments. An optimized product was obtained at an intrinsic viscosity of 560?mL/g with a total monomer concentration of 25% and initiator concentration V50 of 0.2% (based on the total monomer mass). The amount of emulsion was 6% and the HLB (Hydrophile-Lipophile-Balance) of emulsion was 7.3. In addition, the flocculation property of CPAM was evaluated with kaolin suspension using jar test, and the result demonstrated that the flocculation property of CPAM performed better than kaolin flocculation.     

Dispersing phase viscometry and zeta potential in alumina dispersions

The stabilities of alumina dispersions were studied as a function of poly- and low molecular weight electrolyte concentration, using viscometry of the dispersing phase, and zeta potential measurements. The relation of polyelectrolyte adsorption to polymer concentration (at different low molecular weight electrolyte concentrations) was found to depend upon the dimensions of the polymer (which were a priori known to decrease with increasing poly- and low molecular weight electrolyte concentration). The occurrence of flocculation and bridging in the destabilization mechanism of the alumina dispersions was also characterized.     

Electrophoretic mobility of poly(acrylic acid)-coated alumina particles

The effect of poly (acrylic acid) (PAA) adsorption on the electrokinetic behavior of alumina dispersions under high pH conditions was investigated as a function of polymer concentration and molecular weight as well as the presence, concentration and ion type of background electrolyte. Systems of this type are relevant to nuclear waste treatment, in which PAA is known to be an effective rheology modifier. The presence of all but the lowest molecular weight PAA studied (1800) led to decreases in dynamic electrophoretic mobility at low polymer concentrations, attributable to bridging flocculation, as verified by measurements of particle size distribution. Bridging effects increased with polymer molecular weight, and decreased with polymer concentration. Increases in background electrolyte concentration enhanced dynamic electrophoretic mobility as the polymer layers were compressed and bridging was reduced. Such enhancements were reduced as the cation was changed from K(+) to Na(+) to Cs(+).