有机小分子催化的不对称Strecker反应研究进展

有机小分子催化的不对称合成反应是目前研究最为活跃的领域之一. 不对称Strecker反应是合成光学活性α-氨基酸衍生物的有效手段. 目前报道的催化不对称Strecker反应的有机催化剂主要有手性胍类、手性(硫)脲衍生物、氮-氧偶极化合物、手性Brønsted酸等, 取得了良好的催化活性和对映选择性. 对各类有机小分子催化剂在有机催化不对称Strecker反应中的应用研究进展, 以及催化剂结构与反应条件对催化活性和不对称诱导作用的影响进行了简要评述.     

α-亚胺酯不对称加成合成手性α-氨基酸衍生物的研究进展

手性α-氨基酸衍生物在生命医药、精细化工等领域的广泛应用极大地促进了其合成方法的发展.目前在众多合成手性α-氨基酸衍生物的方法中,α-亚胺酯的不对称亲核加成反应是合成手性α-氨基酸衍生物的有效方法之一,成为不对称催化研究的热点.从反应类型和亲核试剂类型的角度出发,总结了α-亚胺酯不对称亲核加成反应合成手性α-氨基酸衍生物的研究进展.具体介绍了α-亚胺酯的烯丙基化反应、芳基化反应、Mannich反应、烯基化反应、炔基化反应及烷基化反应等六种合成手性α-氨基酸衍生物的主要方法以及相应反应机理及发展现状,并对合成手性α-氨基酸衍生物的发展方向进行了展望.     

醛亚胺的不对称Strecker反应研究进展

α-氨基腈不仅可以很容易地转化为α-氨基酸,而且是合成许多具有生物活性的天然产物和药物的重要中间体.醛亚胺的不对称Strecker反应作为制备光学活性α-氨基腈的直接而有效的方法之一,已被广泛接受.作者介绍了醛亚胺的不对称Strecker反应研究进展.     

氮杂环卡宾催化的氰基甲酸乙酯与醛亚胺的Strecker反应研究

以四氢呋喃为溶剂,氮杂环卡宾为催化剂,进行了氰基甲酸乙酯和亚胺的Strecker反应研究.实验中考察了催化剂的种类、用量及溶剂对反应的影响,确定了最优反应条件.结果显示氰基甲酸乙酯与芳香亚胺、脂肪亚胺都能发生Strecker反应,最终合成了14个α-氨基腈衍生物,产物产率最高达到93%.该反应具有操作简单,条件温和,产率高及环境友好等优点.     

(R)-α-烷基糠胺的立体控制合成

本文以2-羟基蒎烷-3-酮(1)为手性助剂, 经手性酮亚胺(3)的不对称烷基化反应, 立体控制合成了(R)-α-烷基糠胺(5)。反应的对映体过量值经手性毛细管柱色谱测定为91.4→98%。     

(R)-(S)-α-苯乙胺的立体控制合成

光学活性α-苯乙胺广泛地用作为手性拆分剂,拆分有机酸类;同时又是一种较好的手性助剂,诱导不对称合成反应。过去,该类化合物主要是通过拆分方法得到。近年来发展了不对称合成方法,如肟的不对称还原以及用手     

光学活性α-取代(2-吡啶基)甲胺的对映选择性合成

以2-羟基蒎烷-3-酮为手性助剂, 与2-氨甲基吡啶缩合得到中间体酮亚胺, 经去质子化、不对称烷基化、转胺反应得到光学活性α-取代(2-吡啶基)甲胺, 对映体过量值为89-98%。并提出了过渡态模型, 对对映选择性合成反应作了较为合理的解释。     

新型氰化物在Strecker反应合成α-氨基腈中的应用

α-氨基腈是合成多种氨基酸的重要中间体,广泛应用于化学、生物、医药等领域。Strecker反应作为最重要的合成α-氨基腈的方法一直受到研究者们极大的关注,但由于传统Strecker反应以剧毒HCN为氰源,危险性大,操作条件苛刻,严重限制了该反应的发展,因此,寻找一种无毒、环境友好的新型氰化物将是解决这一问题的关键。本文将近十年来报道较多的新型氰化物分为TMSCN(三甲基硅氰)、金属氰化物、有机氰化物三类,综述了这三类氰化物在由Strecker反应合成α-氨基腈中的研究进展,重点阐述了以TMSCN为氰源的Strecker反应的催化剂开发及催化机理,介绍了多种常用的金属氰盐和有机氰化物在Strecker反应合成α-氨基腈中的应用情况,并展望了Strecker反应合成α-氨基腈的研究方向。     

以(+)-樟脑缩苄胺作中间体对映选择合成(R)-α-取代苄胺

本文报道以(+)-樟脑作手性助剂, 苄胺为原料, 二者缩合制得的酮亚胺作中间体3,不对称合成(R)-α-取代苄胺(7)的一条有效新途径。化合物3用丁基锂去质子化提供的锂衍生物4和卤代烷反应, 以较高立体选择性产生烷基化产物6, 化合物6用醋酸羟胺转氨反应后, 获得了光学产率为4.6-90%的(R)-α-取代苄胺(7), 以肟的形式回收(+)-樟脑。     

新型手性磷化合物的合成及其作为配体催化剂在某些不对称合成反应中的应用

从L-氨基酸、D-樟脑、(-)-假麻黄碱、(-)-α-苯乙胺、(S)-(-)-联萘二酚等旋光源出发,合成了26个三配位及四配位手性磷化合物.作为配体催化剂,试验了它们在潜手性酮及亚胺的不对称硼烷还原反应、醛与二乙基锌的不对称烷基化反应以及醛的不对称硅腈化反应中的催化活性.发现其中有些催化剂有很好的立体选择性.     

Carbohydrates as Chiral Auxiliaries in Stereoselective Synthesis. New Synthetic Methods (90)

Carbohydrates are inexpensive natural products in which numerous functional groups and stereogenic centers are combined in one molecule. By directed regio-and stereoselective formation of derivatives they can be converted into efficient chiral auxiliaries for controlling asymmetric syntheses. Stereoelectronic effects and pre-orientation of the reactive and shielding groups through formation of complexes can often be used for effective diastereofacial differentiation. In aldol reactions and alkylations on carbohydrate ester enolates intramolecular complexation promotes simultaneous elimination with formation of ketene. The steric, stereoelectronic, and coordinating properties of carbohydrate templates can also be used selectively to attain high levels of asymmetric induction in processes such as Diels–Alder reactions, hetero-Diels–Alder reactions, [2 + 2] cycloadditions, cyclopropanations, and Michael additions. It was possible with bicyclic, strongly stereodifferentiating carbohydrate auxiliaries to achieve a diastereoselective synthesis of carboxylic acid derivatives branched in the β position by a new 1,4-addition of alkylaluminum halides to α,β-unsaturated N-acylurethanes, in which methylaluminum halides and higher alkyl- or arylaluminum compounds behave mechanistically in a strikingly different manners. As complex ligands in chiral reagents and promoters, carbohydrates allow highly stereoselective reductions and aldol reactions that lead, amongst others, to chiral alcohols and β-hydroxy-α-amino acids in excellent enantiomeric excesses. Glycosylamines offer the possibility of versatile stereoselective applications: in the presence of Lewis acids the corresponding aldimines permit high-yielding syntheses of enantiomerically pure α-amino acids by Strecker and Ugi reactions, controlled by steric and stereoelectronic effects and by complex formation. They can be used with equal efficiency for asymmetric syntheses of chiral homoallylamines and for asymmetric Mannich syntheses of β-amino acids and chiral heterocycles, for example alkaloids.     

α-氨基酸的不对称合成

α氨基酸的不对称合成是合成方法学中的重要组成部分,由此而发展出来的方法成为不对称合成领域中的典范。本文着重从合成方法学角度出发,总结了α－氨基酸不对称合成的最新进展。     

Stereoselective Synthesis of α-Aminonitril on Glucose Templates

Both proteinogenic and non proteinogenic α-amino acids are of particular interest as constituents of peptide factors, peptidomimetics and antibiotics for the construction of modern selective drugs. [1] Furthemore, α-amino acid derivatives are interesting building units for chiral-pool syntheses of enantiomerically pure natural products. [2] Numerous efforts in modern organic synthesis are centered on the synthesis of enantiomerically pure α-amino acids. [3] During the past three decades efficient methods of asymmetric synthesis of α-amino acids have been developed; most of them are based on electrophilic transformations of organometallic intermediates. [4] Using the concept that the chirality of the carbohydrates can be exploited for diastereoselective reactions, Kunz and his cooperator had developed a Strecker synthesis with glycosyl amines as chiral auxiliaries. [5]     

A practical synthesis of 3-ethyl-l-norvaline

An efficient process for the synthesis of 3-ethyl-l-norvaline has been developed. The route makes use of a Strecker reaction, whereby (S)-(−)-α-methylbenzylamine acts as a chiral auxiliary to provide nearly diastereomerically pure α-amino nitrile. Crystallization-induced asymmetric transformation enhances the yield and diastereomeric ratio and allows for efficient isolation of the product. The amino nitrile intermediate is converted to enantiomerically pure 3-ethyl-l-norvaline in three steps.     

The phosphate–carboxylate mixed-anhydride method: a mild,efficient process for ester and amide bond construction

A highly efficient carboxylate–phosphate anhydride pathway is described for the direct, economical synthesis of esters and amides from carboxylic acids and alcohols or amines. The reaction proceeds with retention of configuration with both chiral secondary alcohols and α-amino acid derivatives allowing access to useful chiral auxiliaries, ligands, and organocatalysts. Ester and amide products can be isolated directly in high yield due to the water soluble nature of the side products.     

不对称Strecker反应催化剂的研究进展

综述了不对称Strecker反应催化剂的研究进展,重点介绍了金属配合物催化剂、固体酸催化剂、有机小分子手性催化剂、路易斯酸和Brnsted酸催化剂在不对称Strecker反应中的应用。并对其未来发展进行了展望。参考文献44篇。     

Asymmetric synthesis of chiral β-hydroxy-α-amino acid derivatives by organocatalytic aldol reactions of isocyanoesters with β,γ-unsaturated α-ketoesters

The first organocatalytic asymmetric aldol reaction of isocyanoesters with various β,γ-unsaturated α-ketoesters has been described. Using cinchona alkaloid-derived bifunctional thiourea as the catalyst, chiral β-hydroxy-α-amino acid derivatives can be obtained in excellent yields and enantioselectivities (up to 95% yield and 92% ee) after acidic hydrolysis. This protocol provides a straightforward method to access multiple substituted β-hydroxy-α-amino acid derivatives with high enantiomeric purity.     

New chiral phase-transfer catalysts possessing a 6,6′-bridged ring on the biphenyl unit: application to the synthesis of α,α-dialkyl-α-amino acids

A new chiral phase-transfer catalyst possessing a 6,6′-bridged ring on the biphenyl unit has been developed for the practical synthesis of α,α-dialkyl-α-amino acids. This catalyst shows very high activity for the asymmetric alkylation of an alanine derivative to give α,α-dialkyl-α-amino acid derivatives with high enantioselectivities.     

The decarboxylative Strecker reaction

α-Amino acids react with aldehydes in the presence of a cyanide source to form α-amino nitriles in what can be considered a decarboxylative variant of the classical Strecker reaction. This unprecedented transformation does not require the use of a metal catalyst and provides facile access to valuable α-amino nitriles that are inaccessible by traditional Strecker chemistry.