溶胶－凝胶化学与无机/有机杂化高聚物材料的合成

溶胶－凝胶过程是合成无机固体材料的一种常用手段，但将其应用到合成聚合物新材料上则是一种新型的方法。本文介绍了溶胶－凝胶过程在合成无机／有机杂化聚合物中的应用，并讨论了采用这种方法所得到的材料的性能。     

透射电子显微镜在聚合物不同层次结构研究中的应用

聚合物材料的性能与功能取决于各级结构,其中化学结构决定材料的基本功能与性能,而不同层次聚集态结构能够改变材料的性能和赋予材料特殊功能,如高取向超高分子量聚乙烯的模量比相应非取向样品提高3个数量级,聚偏氟乙烯的β和γ结晶结构则能赋予其压电、铁电等特殊功能.因此,明确聚合物不同层次聚集态结构的形成机制、实现各层次结构的精准调控和建立结构-性能关联具有非常重要的意义,致使对聚合物各级结构及其构效关系的研究成为高分子物理学的一个重要领域.本文将着重介绍透射电子显微镜在聚合物不同层次结构研究中的应用,内容包括仪器的工作原理、样品的制备方法、获得高质量实验数据的仪器操作技巧、实验结果的正确分析以及能够提供的相应结构信息.     

含酰亚胺环酞菁聚合物性能的研究

双邻苯二甲腈单体在催化剂作用下通过熔融聚合得到酞菁聚合物。以IR、DTA、TG等对单体和酞菁聚合物的结构和热性能进行了表征和研究。此外,还进行了单体和聚合物的溶解性试验。结果表明,含酰亚胺环的酞菁聚合物具有优良的热和热氧稳定性,化学惰性和高的成碳率(64.6～65.6％,N_2,>800℃)。这类聚合物可望作为高性能材料应用于宇航等部门。     

聚丁基噻吩的合成及性能

用化学聚合方法合成了聚丁基噻吩导电材料,并研究了不同的聚合条件对聚合物性能的影响。聚丁基噻吩导电材料具有较好的稳定性和加工性,其掺杂态的导电率可达到10s/cm。     

聚合物共混：Ⅱ.聚合物的相容性

介绍聚合物的相容性,包括热力学分析、聚合物相容性的判断方法以及改善聚合物相容性的方法.     

冠醚聚合物的合成及性能

本文主要总结了冠醚聚合物的合成方法，并对冠醚聚合物的离子吸附性能、电化学性能等方面作了综述。     

基于聚合物复合物的自修复与可修复聚合物材料

聚合物材料在使用过程中受到损伤,就会丧失原有的力学强度和功能.修复功能能够延长聚合物材料的使用寿命、减少原料浪费并提高材料性能的可靠性.赋予聚合物材料修复性能是可持续发展社会对聚合物材料设计的重要需求.本文系统地介绍了本研究组发展的基于溶液中复合的聚合物复合物构筑自/可修复聚合物材料的方法,以及基于高密度的超分子可逆作用力及聚合物复合原位生成的纳米粒子的协同,解决聚合物复合材料的良好修复性能与高力学强度之间矛盾的策略.基于聚合物复合的方法,我们成功制备了聚合物凝胶、弹性体及高强度聚合物复合材料,并实现了上述修复材料在防雾、质子传导和传感等方面的功能.聚合物复合的方法为制备具有优异力学性能和功能的自/可修复聚合物材料提供了新思路.     

气相生长纳米碳纤维与聚合物复合材料的性能研究

气相生长纳米碳纤维/聚合物复合材料是一种性能优良的复合材料。与传统的聚合物导电复合材料相比这种材料表现出优良的电学性能,屏蔽效能与热性能。本文首先对气相生长纳米碳纤维的生产、性能做了总体的介绍,然后对影响气相生长纳米碳纤维/聚合物导电复合材料的电学性能、屏蔽效能以及热学性能的因素做了详细的阐述,特别强调了纳米纤维的分散分布程度、填充浓度和纵横比等方面的影响。本文还对熔融聚合、原位聚合和溶液聚合等加工方法对气相生长纳米碳纤维(VGCNF)/聚合物复合材料最终性能的影响进行了综述,着重介绍了影响气相生长纳米碳纤维/聚合物复合材料电学性能的因素,其中最重要的影响因素是加工方法和加工条件。     

聚合物氮化碳材料光激发过程研究进展

近年来,不含金属元素的聚合物氮化碳半导体以其独特的材料组成和电子结构特征吸引了研究人员的广泛兴趣,在诸如光催化、光致发光、光电化学等光激发相关领域具有潜在的应用前景。聚合物氮化碳光激发过程由能带结构、载流子行为、激子效应等因素所主导,对于这一过程的研究在材料性能的优化、应用领域的拓展以及应用机制的理解等方面具有重要意义。围绕这一主题,本文综述了近年来聚合物氮化碳材料光激发过程研究中取得的最新进展,简单介绍了聚合物半导体光激发过程的研究方法,分别讨论了光激发下材料中的载流子行为和激子过程,进而总结了常用改性策略对于材料光激发过程的调控机制,此外还对材料光响应特性功能化的研究进行了概括。     

聚合物氮化碳材料光激发过程研究进展

近年来,不含金属元素的聚合物氮化碳半导体以其独特的材料组成和电子结构特征吸引了研究人员的广泛兴趣,在诸如光催化、光致发光、光电化学等光激发相关领域具有潜在的应用前景。聚合物氮化碳光激发过程由能带结构、载流子行为、激子效应等因素所主导,对于这一过程的研究在材料性能的优化、应用领域的拓展以及应用机制的理解等方面具有重要意义。围绕这一主题,本文综述了近年来聚合物氮化碳材料光激发过程研究中取得的最新进展,简单介绍了聚合物半导体光激发过程的研究方法,分别讨论了光激发下材料中的载流子行为和激子过程,进而总结了常用改性策略对于材料光激发过程的调控机制,此外还对材料光响应特性功能化的研究进行了概括。     

Evaluation of piezoelectric PVDF polymers for use in space environments. III. Comparison of the effects of vacuum UV and gamma radiation

Films of piezoelectric PVDF and P(VDF‐TrFE) were exposed to vacuum UV (115–300 nm VUV) and γ‐radiation to investigate how these two forms of radiation affect the chemical, morphological, and piezoelectric properties of the polymers. The extent of crosslinking was almost identical in both polymers after γ‐irradiation, but surprisingly, was significantly higher for the TrFE copolymer after VUV‐irradiation. Changes in the melting behavior were also more significant in the TrFE copolymer after VUV‐irradiation due to both surface and bulk crosslinking, compared with only surface crosslinking for the PVDF films. The piezoelectric properties (measured using d₃₃ piezoelectric coefficients and D‐E hysteresis loops) were unchanged in the PVDF homopolymer, while the TrFE copolymer exhibited more narrow D‐E loops after exposure to either γ‐ or VUV‐radiation. The more severe damage to the TrFE copolymer in comparison with the PVDF homopolymer after VUV‐irradiation is explained by different energy deposition characteristics. The short wavelength, highly energetic photons are undoubtedly absorbed in the surface layers of both polymers, and we propose that while the longer wavelength components of the VUV‐radiation are absorbed by the bulk of the TrFE copolymer causing crosslinking, they are transmitted harmlessly in the PVDF homopolymer. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 3253–3264, 2006     

非晶态与晶态的压电热电铁电高聚物

本文综述了晶态与非晶态两类高聚物的压电性,热释电性和铁电性。这些现象近年来研究得愈来愈广泛。文中以聚氯乙烯作为非晶态高聚物的例子;以PVDF及其共聚物,还有尼龙11作为晶态高聚物的例子。按照偶极子模型,高聚物一般假定需具备四个条件,就可显示出较大的压电性,热释电性和铁电性。本文探讨了上述高聚物的结构与性能,这些对识别材料是很重要的。最后,列举了PVDF及其它材料的压电常数,热释电系数和介电常数,以供读者参考。     

Polymeric liquid crystals: structural basis for ferroelectric and nonlinear optical properties

This paper describes the rational design and structure–property relations in three different types of polar LC polymers with interesting material properties, as follows. (i) Chiral LC polymers, which are functionalized with crosslinkable groups, can be converted into LC elastomers with chiral smectic C^* phases. The mechanical orientability of these elastomers leads to new piezoelectric materials. (ii) The curing (dense crosslinking) of a polymer matrix provides one possibility of stabilizing the polar order of dye molecules, which is necessary for frequency doubling. Additionally, LC phases can help to stabilize this polar structure, which leads to large and stable nonlinear optical coefficients. (iii) Polymer analogous esterifications offer a convenient method for the synthesis of chiral smectic C^* polymers with large ferrolectric polarizations.     

芳杂环高分子

本文简要介绍芳杂环高分子进展及其在高科技工业中的应用概况。     

温度敏感树形聚合物

温度敏感树形聚合物结合了温敏聚合物对温度具有响应行为的特点以及树形聚合物非线形构造的方式、大尺度、结构易于调节和功能化等特征,在智能材料和生物医药等领域有着重要的研究价值和应用前景。此类聚合物可以通过在树形聚合物表面引入温敏基元、控制聚合物结构的亲疏水比例以及采用温敏基元直接构筑聚合物等方式形成,其温敏性可以通过调控聚合物内部或外部基团的亲疏水性、树枝化基元代数、树形构造方式等得以实现与控制。此外,树形聚合物独特的拓扑结构赋予其与线形聚合物不同的温敏行为及脱水机理。本文综述了包括温敏树枝状大分子、温敏树枝化聚合物、温敏超支化聚合物等不同类型温敏树形聚合物近年来的研究进展,重点介绍这些聚合物的合成方法、温敏行为和拓扑结构对温敏行为的影响,以及在纳米材料、生物医用、分子传感器等方面的应用研究。     

含偶氮苯生色团的环氧树脂型光动力高分子的合成

1995年 ,Ｎａｔａｎｓｏｈｎ等和Ｔｒｉｐａｔｈｙ等分别同时报道了在干涉的偏振激光照射下 ,聚合物膜表面分子可发生宏观质量迁移的现象[1 ,2 ] .这种现象一经发现就得到了科技界和工业部门的广泛关注 .利用此效应可以在聚合物表面形成表面起伏光栅 (Ｓｕｒｆａｃｅｒｅｌｉｅｆｇｒａｔｉｎｇｓ)等复杂结构 ,并可用热或光的方法不留痕迹地进行擦除[3 ,4] .这类新型材料和有关的表面可逆光加工技术在光电子通讯和信息存储等领域具有很大的发展潜力和应用价值[5 ,6] .具有上述特性的聚合物也被称为光动力高分子 (Ｐｈｏｔｏｄｙｎａｍｉｃｐ…     

Recent advances in the syntheses of radical‐containing macromolecules

Tailor‐made polymers containing specific chemical functionalities have ushered in a number of emerging fields in polymer science. In most of these next‐generation applications the focus of the community has centered upon closed‐shell macromolecules. Conversely, macromolecules containing stable radical sites have been less studied despite the promise of this evolving class of polymers. In particular, radical‐containing macromolecules have shown great potential in magnetic, energy storage, and biomedical applications. Here, the progress regarding the syntheses of open‐shell containing polymers are reviewed in two distinct subclasses. In the first, the syntheses of radical polymers (i.e., materials composed of non‐conjugated macromolecular backbones and with open‐shell units present on the polymer pendant sites) are described. In the second, polyradical (i.e., macromolecules containing stabilized radical sites either within the macromolecular backbone or those containing radical sites that are stabilized through a large degree of conjugation) synthetic schemes are presented. Thus, the state‐of‐the‐art in open‐shell macromolecular syntheses will be reported and future means by which to advance the current archetype will be discussed. By detailing the synthetic pathways possible for, and the inherent synthetic limitations of, the creation of these functional polymers, the community will be able to extend the bounds of the radical‐containing macromolecular paradigm. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2016 , 54, 1875–1894     

Responsive polymers for analytical applications: A review

Stimuli-responsive polymers are capable of translating changes in their local environment to changes in their chemical and/or physical properties. This ability allows stimuli-responsive polymers to be used for a wide range of applications. In this review, we highlight the analytical applications of stimuli-responsive polymers that have been published over the past few years with a focus on their applications in sensing/biosensing and separations. From this review, we hope to make clear that while the history of using stimuli-responsive polymers for analytical applications is rich, there are still a number of directions to explore and exciting advancements to be made in this flourishing field of research.     

Stiff-Chain Polymers—Structure,Phase Behavior,and Properties

Most of the industrial plastics used up to now consist of flexible macromolecules in which the repeat units are joined together in a nonlinear fashion by rotating bonds. Stiff-chain polymers, which in the ideal case have a rodlike shape, have received much less attention. The reason for this is that such polymers usually exhibit an exceedingly low solubility. Very often, they are absolutely insoluble and do not melt. However, in recent years these polymers have aroused technical interest because high-modulus fibers and moldings can be fabricated from them. These favorable mechanical properties are directly related to the nearly parallel arrangement of the rodlike macromolecules in the solid state which is achieved through spinning or extrusion from a liquid crystalline (nematic) state. It is therefore evident that a thorough understanding of the phase behavior and the structure is required for a universal technical utilization of these materials. The great variety of methods used in polymer science today has led to a deeper understanding of stiff-chain polymers. Experimental results together with theoretical modeling of the phase behavior have direct implications for the practical use of these macromolecular materials.     

pH-responsive polymers for imaging acidic biological environments in tumors

For many years researchers have understood the importance of the extracellular pH in solid tumors in relation to cancer morbidity and mortality. However current diagnostic imaging techniques do not allow for the non-invasive determination of pH in vivo. Recent research in the use of pH-responsive organic polymers for the preparation of imaging agents capable of imaging pH in vivo has demonstrated the tremendous potential of these materials in overcoming many of the problems associated with low molecular weight pH-responsive imaging agents. This review will highlight these recent developments with a focus on the use of pH-responsive polymers in the development of imaging agents for both fluorescent imaging and magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2013, 51, 1062–1067