纳米钛富集水样重金属镉-胶体金免疫层析法快速检测方法的建立

研究了纳米TiO2分离富集水样中痕量镉的最佳反应条件,应用自制抗Cd(Ⅱ)-iEDTA(Isothiocya-nobenzyi-EDTA)螯合物的单克隆抗体,建立了快速检测环境水样中重金属镉残留的胶体金免疫层析法。采用纳米钛富集水样中的痕量镉,用洗脱剂将吸附的镉离子洗脱后,再采用胶体金免疫层析法快速判断镉离子浓度,进而分析水样中的重金属镉含量。结果表明,pH 9.0时,Cd可被纳米TiO2定量富集,吸附于纳米TiO2上的镉离子可用0.1 mol/L的EDTA.2Na(乙二胺四乙酸二钠)溶液定量脱附。在优化实验条件下,纳米TiO2对Cd的吸附容量为14.7 mg/g,富集倍数可达50倍。制备了比色法判定结果的胶体金试纸条,并建立了纳米TiO2富集-胶体金试纸条联用检测方法。对实测样品的检测耗时约90 min,该方法对Cd的定量下限可达5μg/L,适用于环境水样的检测。     

孔雀石绿的磁性免疫层析快速检测方法研究

开发了一种适用于现场快速检测孔雀石绿(MG)的免疫层析试纸条,在超顺磁性纳米微球上偶联MG单克隆抗体作为检测探针,分别将孔雀石绿完全抗原(MG-BSA)和羊抗鼠IgG喷涂于NC膜的T线和C线。结果发现,T线最佳喷涂量为0.25 mg/mL,抗体最佳偶联量为20μg,构建的试纸条可在25 min内实现养殖用水及鱼肉组织的定性与定量分析,检出限为1μg/mL,定量限分别为0.60,0.97 ng/mL,对无色孔雀石绿无交叉反应,批内、批间相对标准偏差均<12%;通过与HPLC和市售胶体金试剂盒对比发现,水样的回收率在82.0%~117.4%,灵敏度高于市售胶体金试剂盒。该孔雀石绿磁性免疫层析条适用于现场快速检测鱼肉或水体中的残留孔雀石绿。     

嵌段分子筛聚合材料P123-SH萃取分离-石墨炉原子吸收光谱法分析痕量铬的形态

研究了嵌段分子筛聚合材料P123-SH萃取分离-石墨炉原子吸收光谱法对尿中痕量铬的形态分析方法,探讨了嵌段分子筛聚合材料P123-SH吸附铬的原理和最佳条件。在pH 7.0、常温下,Cr3+和Cr(Ⅵ)被很好的分离,且Cr3+可被该材料定量吸附,其吸附容量为6.15 mg/g。吸附的Cr3+可用2 mol/L的HCl洗脱,用石墨炉原子吸收法测定洗脱下来的Cr3+,往溶液中加入0.1%抗坏血酸将Cr(Ⅵ)还原为Cr3+测总铬,Cr(Ⅵ)含量为总铬减去Cr3+,方法测定Cr3+的检出限为0.011μg/L(3σ,n=11),线性范围为0.1～10μg/L,加标回收率在94%～106%之间,对0.50μg/L的Cr3+溶液平行测定7次,RSD为3.6%。方法可应用于生物样品和环境样品中痕量铬的形态分析。     

猪肉中1-氨基乙内酰脲的胶体金免疫层析法快速检测

基于免疫竞争胶体金免疫层析原理,研制了检测食用肉中呋喃妥因代谢物1-氨基乙内酰脲(AHD)的免疫试纸条。用柠檬酸钠还原法制备胶体金颗粒,标记抗1-氨基乙内酰脲的衍生物(CPAHD)的单克隆抗体并喷于玻璃纤维上,CPAHD-BSA(Bovine serum albumin)抗原和羊抗鼠IgG分别结合于硝酸纤维膜上,依次将样品垫、胶体金垫、硝酸纤维素膜和吸水纸组装切割成AHD胶体金免疫层析快速检测试纸条。在5 min内肉眼观察结果,该试纸条对AHD的最低检测限为2.33μg/L,除与呋喃妥因有弱交叉反应外,与其他同类物均无交叉反应,用该试纸条和ELISA(Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay)检测猪肉中添加的AHD,结果呈现很好的相关性。该方法灵敏度高,简便快速,无需特殊仪器设备,可作为呋喃妥因残留批量检测的筛选方法。     

粮食中百草枯残留的金标免疫层析检测方法研究

采用柠檬酸三钠还原法制备胶体金,研究胶体金与抗体蛋白的作用过程,确定稳定标记1.0 mL胶体金需8.10μg抗体蛋白,标记体系的最佳pH值为8.5。以金标抗体为分析探针,PQ-h-OVA为竞争抗原,羊抗兔IgG为控制抗体,构建直接竞争胶体金标免疫层析检测体系(GICA)。确定膜上包被抗原的质量浓度为0.50 g/L,点样量为1.0μL/条;金标点样量:5.0μL/条;羊抗兔二抗的最佳包被质量浓度为0.11 g/L,点样量为1.0μL/条。金标试纸条的目测检出限为10μg/L,检测时间约5 min,交叉反应率小于0.10%。方法的重复性和稳定性较好,该试纸条在室温下至少可保存5个月。     

基于量子点微球免疫层析法快速灵敏检测鸡肉中甲氧苄啶

建立了一种快速灵敏检测甲氧苄啶的量子点微球免疫层析法,对pH、标记抗体浓度、试纸条检测线上的抗原浓度以及试纸条结合垫上的探针体积进行了优化。通过量子点微球试纸条检测仪读取试纸条上检测线和质控线的荧光信号强度,以甲氧苄啶的浓度为横坐标,检测线和质控线荧光信号强度的比值为纵坐标,建立标准曲线。结果表明,方法定量检测范围为1～32μg/L,半抑制率为3.3μg/L,回收率在99.8%～117.4%之间,与12种磺胺类药物均只有不到2%的交叉反应率。该方法适合大批量样品的现场筛查。     

集成免疫磁珠富集和免疫层析的黄曲霉毒素M1快速检测法

以喷涂了检测抗原黄曲霉毒素M1-BSA和驴抗鼠二抗形成检测线和质控线的硝酸纤维膜制备免疫层析试纸条,采用EDC/NHS法制备偶联了抗黄曲霉毒素M1单克隆抗体的免疫磁珠。免疫磁珠与待检样本混合,经捕获、磁分离后,浓缩重悬液直接用免疫层析试纸条检测,首次建立了集浓缩样本与免疫层析于一体的黄曲霉毒素M1快速检测法。该方法用于检测原料乳中黄曲霉毒素M1,检出限为0.1μg/L,低于我国制定的黄曲霉毒素M1限量标准(0.5μg/L),与其它真菌毒素和原料乳中常检违法添加物无交叉反应,分析结果与酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)结果一致。本方法适合现场快速检测原料乳中黄曲霉毒素M1。     

菊酯类农药广谱型免疫层析试纸条的研究及应用

建立了菊酯类农药广谱型免疫层析检测方法,可同时检测水果、蔬菜中12种甲氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯、三氟氯氰菊酯农药残留。以粒径20 nm的胶体金标记羊抗小鼠IgG抗体于金标垫上,分别固定包被原(检测线,T线)、兔抗山羊 IgG 抗体(质控线, C 线)于硝酸纤维素膜( NC 膜)上,与吸水垫及聚氯乙烯( PVC)底板组合成层析试纸条。10 g样品经乙腈提取,PBS稀释4倍,取100μL与菊酯类农药的单克隆抗体混合后,直接用于试纸条检测。结果表明,试纸条对甲氰菊酯、溴氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯、三氟氯氰菊酯农药的裸眼观察检测灵敏度为0.5,5.0,5.0和5.0μg/mL,检测时长为8~10 min,采用QuEChERS方法,方法检测灵敏度可提高16倍。对蔬菜和水果的方法验证表明,除辣椒基质干扰呈假阳性外,其它样本的检测结果均与GC方法结果一致。试纸条采用金标羊抗小鼠IgG二抗的方法,使检测结果的重现性更好、更稳定,且抗基质干扰能力强,为菊酯类农药的累积毒性检测提供了新方法。     

基于新型量子点荧光微球的氯霉素免疫层析试纸条的制备和应用

以羧基化CdTe/ZnSe量子点荧光微球为标记物,通过1-乙基-(3-二甲基氨基丙基)碳二亚胺/N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺(EDC/NHS)活化法将氯霉素(CAP)单克隆抗体与量子点荧光微球偶联制备荧光探针.氯霉素全抗原(CAP-HS-BSA)及羊抗鼠二抗分别喷涂硝酸纤维素膜,形成检测线(T线)和质控线(C线),组装成新型氯霉素量子点荧光微球免疫层析试纸条,建立了快速、定量检测牛奶中CAP的方法.本研究开发的量子点荧光微球试纸条可在15 min内完成牛奶样品中CAP的定量检测,线性范围为0.1~100.0μg/L,检出限为0.1μg/L.牛奶样品CAP的加标回收率为93.3%~97.9%,相对标准偏差在4.9%~6.9%之间.     

HPLC-ICP-MS法测定环境水样中Cr(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅵ)及方法在复杂基体水样适用性

基于高效液相色谱和电感耦合等离子体质谱联用技术,建立测定环境水样中Cr(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅵ)的分析方法。结果表明Cr(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅵ)质量浓度在1~100μg/L范围内线性良好,方法检出限均为0.07μg/L,不同浓度(2,50,90μg/L)测试相对标准偏差在1.1%~6.3%之间。所建立方法无需其他前处理就可用于高盐度水样中两种形态铬分离分析。C18固相萃取小柱可高效吸附废水样品中的有色物质,但对其中的Cr(Ⅲ)和Cr(Ⅵ)没有吸附,可用于废水样品脱色处理。     

Colloidal gold nanoparticle probe-based immunochromatographic assay for the rapid detection of chromium ions in water and serum samples

An immunochromatographic assay (ICA) using gold nanoparticles coated with monoclonal antibody (McAb) for the detection of chromium ions (Cr) in water and serum samples was developed, optimized and validated. Gold nanoparticles coated with affinity-purified monoclonal antibodies against isothiocyanobenzyl-EDTA (iEDTA)-chelated Cr³⁺ were used as the detecting reagent in this completive immunoassay-based one-step test strip. The ICA was investigated to measure chromium speciation (Cr³⁺ and Cr⁶⁺ ions) in water samples. Chromium standard samples of 0–80 ng mL⁻¹ in water were determined by the test strips. The results showed that the visual lowest detection limit (LDL) of the test strip was 50.0 ng mL⁻¹. A portable colorimetric lateral flow reader was used for the quantification of Cr. The results indicated that the linear range of the ICA with colorimetric detection was 5–80 ng mL⁻¹. The ICA was also validated for the detection of chromium ions in serum samples. The test trips showed high stability in that they could be stored at 37 °C for at least 12 weeks without significant loss of activity. The test strip also showed good selectivity for Cr detection with negligible interference from other heavy metals. Because of its low cost and short testing time (within 5 min), the test strip is especially suitable for on-site large-scale screening of Cr-polluted water samples, biomonitoring of Cr exposure, and many other field applications.     

液相色谱-质谱法对饮用水中六价铬的测定

建立了液相色谱分离、电喷雾质谱测定饮用水中六价铬的方法.水样经微孔滤膜过滤后直接进样,以乙腈-1.5 mmol/L四丁基氢氧化铵水溶液为流动相,Xterra~(TM) MS C_(18)色谱柱分离六价铬,使用单四极杆质谱,选择离子模式检测,监测离子为m/z 118、117、101、85,其中117为定量离子.Cr(Ⅵ)的线性范围为1.0 ～100.0 μg/L,方法定量下限为1 μg/L.在空白水样中分别添加1.0、2.0、10.0 μg/L的六价铬,测得平均回收率(n=5)依次为91%、94%、97%,相对标准偏差分别为12.2%、7.4%、3.5%.测定了42个饮用水样品,其中17批检出六价铬,检出量为1.2 ～15.4 μg/L.     

流动注射分光光度法快速测定水样中的铬

建立了用流动注射分光光度法快速检测水样中铬含量的方法.测定耗时140 s,测定频率25样/h.本法利用Cr(Ⅵ)和二苯碳酰二肼显色反应,Cr(Ⅵ)标准溶液的质量浓度在0.05～0.8 mm/L之间与吸光度呈线性.该法的检出限是4.0 μg/L,低于国家对Ⅰ类水的相关标准.应用此法分别测定了北京城区一些地表水中铬的含量,加标回收率在90.1%～113%之间.     

Speciation of chromium in sea water

Dissolved chromium(III) and (VI) are coprecipitated separately from sea water, and chromium in the precipitates and particulate matter is determined by thin-film x-ray fluorescence spectrometry. In combination with an ultraviolet irradiation procedure whch releases bound metals, the method provides information about the speciation of chromium in near-shore surface sea water. The ratios of labile Cr(III)/(IIO+VI) generally lie in a narrow range (0.4–0.5) as do the sums of labile Cr(III) and (VI) concentrations (0.3–0.6 μg l^?1). Bound chromium is variable (0–3 μg l^?1) and constitutes from 0 to 90% of total dissolved chromium. Acidification of the samples in the traditional manner for trace metal determination is shown to alter the proportion of Cr(III) to Cr(VI).     

Chromium(III)-imprinted silica gel for speciation analysis of chromium in environmental water samples with ICP-MS detection

A new chromium(III)-imprinted 3-(2-aminoethylamino) propyltrimethoxysilane (AAPTS)-functionalized silica gel sorbent was synthesized by a surface imprinting technique and was employed as a selective solid-phase extraction material for speciation analysis of chromium in environmental water samples prior to its determination by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The prepared Cr(III)-imprinted silica gel shows the selectivity coefficient of more than 700 for Cr(III) in the presence of Mn(II). The static adsorption capacity of the ion-imprinted and non-imprinted sorbent for Cr(III) were 30.5 mg g(-1) and 13.4 mg g(-1). It was also found that Cr(VI) could be adsorbed at low pH by the prepared imprinted silica gel, and this finding makes it feasible to enrich and determine Cr(VI) at low pH without adding reducing reagents. The imprinted silica gel sorbent offered a fast kinetics for the adsorption and desorption of both chromium species. Under the optimized conditions, the detection limits of 4.43 pg mL(-1) and 8.30 pg mL(-1) with the relative standard deviations (R.S.D.s) of 4.44% and 4.41% (C=0.5 ng mL(-1), n=7) for Cr(III) and Cr(VI) were obtained, respectively. The proposed method was successfully applied to the speciation of trace chromium in environmental water samples. To validate the proposed method, two certified reference materials were analyzed and the determined values were in a good agreement with the certified values. The developed method is rapid, selective, sensitive and applicable for the speciation of trace chromium in environmental water samples.     

On the Use of the Optothermal Window Technique for the Determination of Low Concentrations of Chromium (VI) and Phosphorus in Water

Abstract

In this work we report about the use of the Optothermal Window (OW) technique, actually a variant of Photoacoustic Spectroscopy, combined with well-proven colorimetric methods to the determination of low concentrations of pollutants in water. As a first approach, chromium (VI) and phosphorus were determined in distilled water samples. The determination of Cr (VI) and P species in environmental and biological systems is currently of considerable interest due to the toxicity of their compounds to live organisms. Their maximum allowed values in drinking water were well discriminated in our experiments as well as the limits of optical spectrophotometric measurements. The detection limit in our measurements was 0.1 μmol/L P-PO₄ ^3- for phosphorus at 632.8 nm and 0.2 μmol/L for chromium (VI) at 514 nm.     

微乳相萃取分离富集-原子吸收光谱法分析铬形态

建立了一种微乳相萃取分离-石英双缝管原子捕集火焰原子吸收光谱法(STAT-FAAS)分析环境水样中铬形态的新方法。该方法中,Cr(Ⅲ)与8-羟基喹啉反应形成的疏水性配合物,经萃取进入微乳相,Cr(Ⅵ)留在水溶液中,从而实现Cr(Ⅲ)与Cr(Ⅵ)的相互分离。Cr(Ⅵ)含量的测定通过过氧化氢溶液将Cr(Ⅵ)还原为Cr(Ⅲ),按同样方法分析。实验对微乳相萃取的主要影响因素进行了优化。结果表明,经优化后实验条件为:平衡温度80℃,平衡时间10min,溶液酸度pH=9.0,NH3-NH4Cl缓冲溶液用量2.0mL,8-HQ用量0.05mmol;TritonX-100微乳液组成:m(TritonX-100):m(正戊醇):m(正己烷):m(水)=3.0:15:1.5:4.0。在此条件下,萃取的富集倍数达到25倍(50mL起初样品溶液/2mL最终测定液),线性范围为2.5～500μg/L,检出限为0.62μg/L,相对标准偏差(RSD)为3.8%(n=10,c=10μg/L)。本方法已成功地应用于电镀废水中铬形态分析。