不同金属离子交换的FAU型分子筛的超极化129Xe NMR研究

采用连续流动的激光诱导超极化129Xe为探针分子,利用高分辨固体核磁共振技术研究了不同电子结构的金属阳离子(Na+,Ag+Cu2+,Cu+,Cs+)交换的FAU型分子筛与超极化129Xe之间的相互作用.结果表明,超极化129Xe能够很灵敏地检测不同电子结构的金属离子对限阈空间中电场梯度的影响.Na+对超笼内电场梯度的影响很小,NaX与NaY分子筛中Xe的化学位移表现出相似的行为.对于具有nd10电子结构的Ag+或Cu2+经自还原生成的Cu+,其与Xe的5d0轨道形成dπ-dπ键,导致Xe的化学位移明显向商场方向位移.Cuπ由于具有一定的顺磁性,使得129Xe NMR谱展宽,甚至无法观测.Cs+的电子结构与Xe原子相同,它能吸附更多的Xe原子导致Xe的化学化移明显向低场方向偏移.     

129Xe NMR法研究醇二元混合溶液

129Xe NMR可以作为研究液体结构状态的探针．甲醇是一个与水结构差别最小的有机溶剂．本文研究了129Xe在甲醇-丁醇,甲醇-戊醇,甲醇-辛醇,甲醇-癸醇混合溶剂中化学位移随组成的变化,并测定了混合溶剂的密度和折射率．129Xe化学位移随混合溶剂的摩尔分数的变化为四条曲率很近的曲线,而化学位移随混合溶剂的体积分数的变化为斜率随多碳醇碳原子数增加的直线．这表明甲醇-多碳醇二元混合溶剂中不存在疏溶剂作用,而构成分子均匀分布的体系．129Xe在甲醇-丁醇,甲醇-癸醇中的化学位移与混合溶剂折射率的一种函数的关系为两条斜率很接近的直线,表明Xe在溶液中主要受范德华力作用．     

固体核磁共振在介孔分子筛研究中的应用

介绍了强功率质子去耦、交叉极化、魔角旋转等同体高分辨核磁共振技术的原理,综述了固体高分辨核磁共振技术在介孔分子筛结构与形态研究中的应用及近年来的发展情况.     

锂/钠离子电池材料的固体核磁共振研究进展

固体核磁共振技术是一种定量分析固体材料结构与组成的强有力手段,结合固体核磁共振和常规X-射线衍射(XRD)、X-射线吸收谱(XAS)等表征方法可对锂/钠离子电池材料在电化学反应中的结构演化过程进行全面的分析.例如通过固体核磁共振研究,可获得不同合成与修饰条件下,锂/钠离子电池电极和电解质材料体相以及电极/电解质界面层的化学组成、局域结构和离子扩散动力学等信息,为高性能电池材料的设计和研发提供重要的基础数据.本文结合作者课题组的研究工作,综述了近三年来国内外固体核磁共振技术在锂/钠离子电池电极、电解质材料以及固体电解质界面膜(SEI)研究中的应用和进展.     

超极化核磁共振方法的原理和应用

核磁共振(NMR)技术凭借其高空间分辨率,宽时间响应尺度和非侵入检测等特点,在化学分析和医疗诊断中发挥着重要的作用。但是原子核的低极化使现阶段NMR技术的灵敏度较低。超极化技术是一类可以有效提高NMR灵敏度的方法。其通过物理或化学过程把原子核自旋态推向一个偏离热力学平衡的状态,使NMR信号强度得到几个数量级的提升,极大地改善了灵敏度。多种超极化技术已经在各个领域崭露头角。本文用较为形象的描述对几种常见的超极化技术包括:动态核极化、光泵、光核极化、化学诱导动态核极化、仲氢诱导极化。从其精巧的原理和广泛的应用进行介绍,有助于人们对超极化技术的认知。     

多接收电感耦合等离子体质谱测定氙同位素比值研究

核爆炸产生的氙（Xe）同位素是全面禁止核试验条约的重要监测对象。该文建立了大气气溶胶中Xe同位素比值的多接收电感耦合等离子体质谱（MC－ICP－MS）分析方法。通过研发Xe的富集纯化平台,使用高纯氩气（99.999%）为载体,有效降低了大气气溶胶中残留颗粒物和有机物对质谱测量的影响。为提高信号稳定性,建立了MC－ICP－MS专用Xe气体进样系统,通过活性炭吸附质谱样品气的Xe、气体进样系统烘烤和抽真空2 h等措施,有效降低了记忆效应和系统本底,129Xe的本底信号强度从3.0 × 10-2 V降至小于2.7 × 10-3 V,Xe本底对样品比值测量的影响小于万分之一。采用标准样品交叉法校正质量分馏效应,在24 h内穿插测量7次Xe质控标样,Xe同位素比值测量精密度小于0.09%,对130Xe/131Xe和132Xe/131Xe测量精密度小于0.008%,测量结果与参考值在不确定度范围内一致。采用该方法有效鉴别了Xe同位素组成存在差异的实际样品。该文建立的Xe同位素比值的MC－ICP－MS测量技术精密度高,结果准确,可为Xe监测事件识别及溯源等研究提供可靠数据。     

固体多核 NMR 研究 Mo/Hβ-Al2O3 催化剂在烯烃歧化反应中的积炭

 采用固体多核 13C, 27Al 及 29Si MAS NMR 结合吸附气体 Xe 后的 129Xe NMR, 详细研究了乙烯和 2-丁烯歧化生成丙烯反应过程中 6%Mo/Hβ-Al2O3 催化剂上积炭的类型和落位. 结果表明, 积炭以饱和烷烃为主, 并随着反应的进行生成更多的支链烷烃, 积炭主要分布在 Hβ 分子筛上, 并主要落位在分子筛的交叉孔道处.     

预吸附吡啶增强二甲醚在丝光沸石上羰基化反应的稳定性

 对比研究了二甲醚在氢型丝光沸石和吡啶修饰的氢型丝光沸石上的二甲醚羰基化反应. 结果表明, 吡啶预吸附大大提高了二甲醚羰基化反应的稳定性, 并且在 473 K 反应 48 h 能够保持约 30% 的乙酸甲酯收率. 原位红外光谱和 NH3 程序升温脱附研究发现,吡啶吸附在 12 元环内, 而 8 元环内的酸性位基本不受干扰. 129Xe 核磁共振研究表明, 未经修饰的丝光沸石反应后孔道严重堵塞, 而吡啶修饰的分子筛反应后孔道基本不变. 因此, 12 元环内酸性位是积炭失活位, 吡啶吸附抑制了 12 元环内积炭的生成, 二甲醚羰基化反应能够在 8 元环内活性位上顺利进行.     

沸石分子筛催化剂的表面化学修饰及其萘烷基化反应性能

采用液相沉积法, 用铜的无机与有机酸盐对β, Y,丝光沸石进行表面修饰, 以萘的异丙基化反应评价HY,Hb,HM,HMCM-22以及改性沸石的催化反应性能. 用¹²⁹Xe NMR研究铜在沸石表面的分散状态, 并与改性沸石的催化性能相关联, 探讨影响催化剂活性与选择性的原因. 催化剂的反应性评价结果表明, 催化剂的反应活性顺序为HY > Hb > HMCM-22 > HM. Cu改性使HY和Hβ的催化性能明显改善,CuHβ系列的萘转化率最高达60%,β,β'-选择性达70%,CuHY系列则分别为97%和69%. 己酸铜和辛酸铜对β,Y沸石具有良好的表面与孔口修饰作用. ¹²⁹Xe NMR研究结果证明CuHβ沸石中的两种孔道对Xe来说是畅通的,处于不同吸附位的Xe之间存在快速化学交换,微孔中存在Cu²⁺的强吸附位点,Cu²⁺离子也是反应的活性位点,且Cu²⁺和Cu⁺共存于孔道中,与通过量子化学计算的结论相吻合.     

多学科交叉研究中的固体核磁共振

正自1946年发现核磁共振现象以来,核磁共振(NMR)在现代基础研究和工业应用中都产生了广泛且重要的影响。固体NMR是一种研究固体材料的重要分析技术,与X射线衍射相比,它对体系中的近程有序变化更为敏感,能够在原子分子水平上研究各类非晶固体材料的微观结构和动力学行为。固体NMR已被广泛应用于多相催化、聚合物、     

A double quantum (129)Xe NMR experiment for probing xenon in multiply-occupied cavities of solid-state inclusion compounds

A method is presented for detecting multiple xenon atoms in cavities of solid-state inclusion compounds using (129)Xe double quantum NMR spectroscopy. Double quantum filtered (129)Xe NMR spectra, performed on the xenon clathrate of Dianin's compound were obtained under high-resolution Magic-Angle Spinning (MAS) conditions, by recoupling the weak (129)Xe-(129)Xe dipole-dipole couplings that exist between xenon atoms in close spatial proximity. Because the (129)Xe-(129)Xe dipole-dipole couplings are generally weak due to dynamics of the atoms and to large internuclear separations, and since the (129)Xe Chemical Shift Anisotropy (CSA) tends to be relatively large, a very robust dipolar recoupling sequence was necessary, with the symmetry-based SR26 dipolar recoupling sequence proving appropriate. We have also attempted to measure the (129)Xe-(129)Xe dipole-dipole coupling constant between xenon atoms in the cavities of the xenon-Dianin's compound clathrate and have found that the dynamics of the xenon atoms (as investigated with molecular dynamics simulations) as well as (129)Xe multiple spin effects complicate the analysis. The double quantum NMR method is useful for peak assignment in (129)Xe NMR spectra because peaks arising from different types of absorption/inclusion sites or from different levels of occupancy of single sites can be distinguished. The method can also help resolve ambiguities in diffraction experiments concerning the order/disorder in a material.     

Exploring surfaces and cavities in lipoxygenase and other proteins by hyperpolarized xenon-129 NMR

This paper presents an exploratory study of the binding interactions of xenon with the surface of several different proteins in the solution and solid states using both conventional and hyperpolarized (129)Xe NMR. The generation of hyperpolarized (129)Xe by spin exchange optical pumping affords an enhancement by 3-4 orders of magnitude of its NMR signal. As a result, it is possible to observe Xe directly bound to the surface of micromolar quantities of lyophilized protein. The highly sensitive nature of the (129)Xe line shape and chemical shift are used as indicators for the conditions most likely to yield maximal dipolar contact between (129)Xe nuclei and nuclear spins situated on the protein. This is an intermediate step toward achieving the ultimate goal of NMR enhancement of the binding-site nuclei by polarization transfer from hyperpolarized (129)Xe. The hyperpolarized (129)Xe spectra resulting from exposure of four different proteins in the lyophilized, powdered form have been examined for evidence of binding. Each of the proteins, namely, metmyoglobin, methemoglobin, hen egg white lysozyme, and soybean lipoxygenase, yielded a distinctly different NMR line shape. With the exception of lysozyme, the proteins all possess a paramagnetic iron center which can be expected to rapidly relax the (129)Xe and produce a net shift in its resonance position if the noble gas atom occupies specific binding sites near the iron. At temperatures from 223 to 183 K, NMR signals were observed in the 0-40 ppm chemical shift range, relative to Xe in the gas phase. The signals broadened and shifted downfield as the temperature was reduced, indicating that Xe is exchanging between the gas phase and internal or external binding sites of the proteins. Additionally, conventional (129)Xe NMR studies of metmyoglobin and lipoxygenase in the solution state are presented. The temperature dependence of the chemical shift and line shape indicate exchange of Xe between adsorption sites on lipoxygenase and Xe in the solvent on the slow to intermediate exchange time scale. The NMR results are compared with N(2), Xe, and CH(4) gas adsorption isotherms. It is found that lipoxygenase is unique among the proteins studied in possessing a relatively high affinity for gas molecules, and in addition, demonstrating the most clearly resolved adsorbed (129)Xe NMR peak in the lyophilized state.     

Introducing krypton NMR spectroscopy as a probe of void space in solids

A wealth of information about porous materials and their void spaces has been obtained from the chemical shift data in (129)Xe NMR spectroscopy during the past decades. In this contribution, the only NMR active, stable krypton isotope (83)Kr (spin I = (9)/(2)) is explored as a novel probe for porous materials. It is demonstrated that (83)Kr NMR spectroscopy of nanoporous or microporous materials is feasible and straightforward despite the low gyromagnetic ratio and low abundance of the (83)Kr isotope. The (83)Kr line width in most of the studied cases is quadrupolar dominated and field-strength independent. A significant exception was found in calcium-exchanged zeolites where the field dependence of the line width indicates a distribution of isotropic chemical shifts that may be caused by long-range disorder in the zeolite structure. The (83)Kr chemical shifts observed in the investigated materials display a somewhat different behavior than that of their (129)Xe counterparts and should provide a great resource for the verification or refinement of current (129)Xe chemical shift theory. In contrast to xenon, krypton with its smaller atomic radius has been demonstrated to easily penetrate the porous framework of NaA. Chemical shifts and line widths of (83)Kr are moderately dependent on small fluctuations in the krypton loading but differ strongly between some of the studied samples.     

Nondisruptive Dissolution of Hyperpolarized 129Xe into Viscous Aqueous and Organic Liquid Crystalline Environments

Studies of hyperpolarized xenon‐129 (hp‐¹²⁹Xe) in media such as liquid crystals and cell suspensions are in demand for applications ranging from biomedical imaging to materials engineering but have been hindered by the inability to bubble Xe through the desired media as a result of viscosity or perturbations caused by bubbles. Herein a device is reported that can be reliably used to dissolve hp‐¹²⁹Xe into viscous aqueous and organic samples without bubbling. This method is robust, requires small sample volumes (<60 μL), is compatible with existing NMR hardware, and is made from readily available materials. Experiments show that Xe can be introduced into viscous and aligned media without disrupting molecular order. We detected dissolved xenon in an aqueous liquid crystal that is disrupted by the shear forces of bubbling, and we observed liquid‐crystal phase transitions in (MBBA). This tool allows an entirely new class of samples to be investigated by hyperpolarized‐gas NMR spectroscopy.     

Background-Free Detection of Spin-Exchange Dynamics at Ultra-Low Magnetic Field

Ultra-low field nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and imaging (MRI) inherently suffer from a low signal-to-noise ratio due to the small thermal polarization of nuclear spins. Transfer of polarization from a pre-polarized spin system to a thermally polarized spin system via the Spin Polarization Induced Nuclear Overhauser Effect (SPINOE) could potentially be used to overcome this limitation. SPINOE is particularly advantageous at ultra-low magnetic field, where the transferred polarization can be several orders of magnitude higher than thermal polarization. Here we demonstrate direct detection of polarization transfer from highly polarized ¹²⁹Xe gas spins to ¹H spins in solution via SPINOE. At ultra-low field, where thermal nuclear spin polarization is close to background noise levels and where different nuclei can be simultaneously detected in a single spectrum, the dynamics of the polarization transfer can be observed in real time. We show that by simply bubbling hyperpolarized ¹²⁹Xe into solution, we can enhance ¹H polarization levels by a factor of up to 151-fold. While our protocol leads to lower enhancements than those previously reported under extreme Xe gas pressures, the methodology is easily repeatable and allows for on-demand enhanced spectroscopy. SPINOE at ultra-low magnetic field could also be employed to study ¹²⁹Xe interactions in solutions.     

Probing the alkyl ligands on silylated mesoporous MCM-41 using hyperpolarized 129Xe NMR spectroscopy

Variable-temperature hyperpolarized (HP) 129Xe NMR spectroscopy has been employed to characterize surface properties of mesoporous MCM-41 modified by silylation treatment. The characteristic chemical shifts responsible for Xe-surface interactions exhibit strong correlations with both the surface coverage and chain length of the grafted alkylsilanes. Consequently, the deshielding medium contribution due to individual alkyl ligand can be deduced based on the group contribution analysis revealing the potential use of HP 129Xe NMR for probing the surface properties of organic-functionalized porous materials.     

MCM-41分子筛的合成及129Xe核磁共振的研究

ＭＣＭ４１中孔分子筛是１９９２年由Ｍｏｂｉｌ公司的科学家Ｋｒｅｓｇｅ［１］等人首次合成的,并在《自然》杂志发表。这种中孔分子筛具有六角形孔径,孔径２ｎｍ～１０ｎｍ,这种分子筛的孔径可以通过水晶模板来控制［２］。已报道的合成ＭＣＭ４１,孔径一般在２．０ｎｍ～３．５ｎｍ,使用的水晶模板一般是单一或两种阳离子季铵盐表面活性剂［３,４］。本论文通过引入第二种扩孔模板,与阳离子季铵盐协同作用,合成了孔径５．２ｎｍ（ＢＥＴ法测）的ＭＣＭ４１。通过氮气的吸脱附,测定了分子筛的比表面和孔径等性质。Ｊ．Ｆｒａｉｓｓａｒｄ…     

Probing the geometry and interconnectivity of pores in organic aerogels using hyperpolarized 129XE NMR spectroscopy

Hyperpolarized (HP) 129Xe NMR was used for the first time to probe the geometry and interconnectivity of pores in RF aerogels and to correlate them with the [resorcinol]/[catalyst] (R/C) ratio. We have demonstrated that HP 129Xe NMR is an ideal method for accurately measuring the volume-to-surface-area (Vg/S) ratios for soft mesoporous materials without using any geometric models. The Vg/S parameter, which is related both to the geometry and the interconnectivity of the porous space, has been found to correlate strongly with the R/C ratio and exhibits an unusually large span: an increase in the R/C ratio from 50 to 500 results in about 5-fold rise in Vg/S. Unlike conventional techniques, HP 129Xe NMR spectroscopy probes the geometry and interconnectivity of the nano- or mesopores in soft materials, providing new insights into the pore structure.     

Hyperpolarized 129Xe NMR investigation of multifunctional organic/inorganic hybrid mesoporous silica materials

An extensive study has been made on a series of multifunctional mesoporous silica materials, prepared by introducing two different organoalkoxysilanes, namely 3-[2-(2-aminoethylamino)ethylamino]propyltrimethoxysilane (AEPTMS) and 3-cyanopropyltriethoxysilane (CPTES) during the base-catalyzed condensation of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS), using the variable-temperature (VT) hyperpolarized (HP) 129Xe NMR technique. VT HP-129Xe NMR chemical shift measurements of adsorbed xenon revealed that surface properties as well as functionality of these AEP/CP-functionalized microparticles (MP) could be controlled by varying the AEPTMS/CPTES ratio in the starting solution during synthesis. Additional chemical shift contribution due to Xe-moiety interactions was observed for monofunctional AEP-MP and CP-MP as well as for bifunctional AEP/CP-MP samples. In particular, unlike CP-MP that has a shorter organic backbone on the silica surface, the amino groups in the AEP chain tends to interact with the silanol groups on the silica surface causing backbone bending and hence formation of secondary pores in AEP-MP, as indicated by additional shoulder peak at lower field in the room-temperature 129Xe NMR spectrum. The exchange processes of xenon in different adsorption regions were also verified by 2D EXSY HP-129Xe NMR spectroscopy. It is also found that subsequent removal of functional moieties by calcination treatment tends to result in a more severe surface roughness on the pore walls in bifunctional samples compared to monofunctional ones. The effect of hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity of the organoalkoxysilanes on the formation, pore structure and surface property of these functionalized mesoporous silica materials are also discussed.     

Nuclear spin relaxation due to chemical shift anisotropy of gas-phase 129Xe

Nuclear spin relaxation provides detailed dynamical information on molecular systems and materials. Here, first-principles modeling of the chemical shift anisotropy (CSA) relaxation time for the prototypic monoatomic (129)Xe gas is carried out, both complementing and predicting the results of NMR measurements. Our approach is based on molecular dynamics simulations combined with pre-parametrized ab initio binary nuclear shielding tensors, an "NMR force field". By using the Redfield relaxation formalism, the simulated CSA time correlation functions lead to spectral density functions that, for the first time, quantitatively determine the experimental spin-lattice relaxation times T(1). The quality requirements on both the Xe-Xe interaction potential and binary shielding tensor are investigated in the context of CSA T(1). Persistent dimers Xe(2) are found to be responsible for the CSA relaxation mechanism in the low-density limit of the gas, completely in line with the earlier experimental findings.