Base-Catalyzed Intramolecular Cycloaddition of Dialkyl(4-hydroxybut-2-yn-1-yl)[3-(4-bromophenyl)prop-2-yn-1-yl]ammonuim Chlorides and Recyclization of the Products

Russian Journal of Organic Chemistry - Dialkyl(4-hydroxybut-2-yn-1-yl)[3-(4-bromophenyl)prop-2-yn-1-yl]ammonium chlorides in the presence of 2 equiv of potassium hydroxide at room temperature...     

Behavior of tri(n-butyl)ammonium bis[citrato(3-)-O1,O3,O6]silicate in aqueous solution: analysis of a sol-gel process by small-angle neutron scattering

The racemic hexacoordinate silicon(IV) complex tri(n-butyl)ammonium bis[citrato(3-)-O1,O3,O6]silicate (1) was synthesized by treatment of Si(OMe)4 with 2 molar equiv of citric acid and 2 molar equiv of N(n-Bu)3. The corresponding germanium analogue, tri(n-butyl)ammonium bis[citrato(3-)-O1,O3,O6]germanate (5; structurally characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction), was obtained analogously, starting from Ge(OMe)4. Upon dissolution in water, the lambda6Si-silicate dianion of 1 hydrolyzes spontaneously (formation of Si(OH)4 and citric acid), whereas the lambda6Ge-germanate dianion of 5 was found to be stable in water. Aqueous "solutions" of 1, with concentrations that are significantly higher than the saturation concentration of Si(OH)4, look absolutely clear over a period of several weeks; however, in reality, these solutions are sols with very small particles that slowly grow with time and finally form a gel that precipitates. This sol-gel process was monitored by small-angle neutron scattering (SANS). For reasons of comparison, an aqueous solution of the hydrolytically stable germanium compound 5 was also studied by the SANS technique.     

Synthesis,resolution, and absolute stereochemistry of (-)-blestriarene C

A naturally occurring 1,1'-biphenanthrene, blestriarene C (1), was prepared in 13 steps and 30% overall yield. The key steps are the ester-mediated nucleophilic aromatic substitution on 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methoxyphenyl 5-isopropoxy-2-methoxybenzoate (4) by 2-methoxy-4-methoxymethoxy-6-methylphenylmagnesium bromide (5) and a novel intramolecular cyclization of the resulting 4-isopropoxy-2'-methoxy-4'-methoxymethoxy-6'-methylbiphenyl-2-carboxylic ester 14 to 7-isopropoxy-4-methoxy-2-(methoxymethoxy)phenanthren-9-ol (15). The racemic blestriarene C was optically resolved by chiral HPLC on a preparative scale to give several 10-mg yields of both the enantiomers in up to 95% ee. The absolute stereochemistry was determined to be S(a)-(-) by the axial chirality recognition method, which was based on the stereospecific formation of a 12-membered cyclic diester containing two biaryl-o,o'-diyl unites joined by ester -CO(2)- linkages. The validity of the method was confirmed by an X-ray crystallographic analysis and ab initio conformational analyses of such 12-membered cyclic diesters. It was found that blestriarene C and its 7,7'-diisopropyl ether 2 underwent rapid photoracemization even under ambient light exposure.     

Selective reduction of 2-

[formula: see text] NaBH4 reduction of 2,5-bis[(4'-(n-alkoxy)benzoyl)oxy]benzaldehydes produces primarily the rearranged phenol, which does not generate liquid crystalline phases when laterally attached to a polymer backbone. Rearrangement is prevented by quenching the intermediate benzyl alkoxide with a weak acid. For example, 2,5-bis[(4'-(methoxy)benzoyl)oxy]benzaldehyde is selectively reduced to 2,5-bis[(4'-(methoxy)benzoyl)oxy]-benzyl alcohol with less than 5% intramolecular transesterification using 2-3 equiv of NaBH4 in the presence of 20-30 equiv of acetic acid (1:10 NaBH4/AcOH).     

A Convenient Method for the Preparation of (Z)-(2-Aminothiazol-4-yl)-2-methoxyimino-acetylchloride Hydrochloride

Successive treatment of (Z)-(2-aminothiazol-4-yl) -2-methoxyiminoacetic acid, 1, with 0.9 to 1.0 equiv. of hydrogen chloride and 1.04 equiv. (chloromethylene) dimethylammonium chloride provides (Z) - (2-aminothiazol-4-yl) -2-methoxyiminoacetyl-chloride hydrochloride, 3, in high yield.     

Unexpected product distributions in the synthesis of 2,6-bis-(indazolyl)pyridine and 2-(pyrazol-1-yl)-6-(indazolyl)pyridine

Reaction of 2-bromopyridine with 2 equiv of sodium indazolide in diglyme at 140 °C affords 2,6-bis-(indazol-1-yl)pyridine and 2-(indazol-1-yl)-6-(indazol-2-yl)pyridine in purified yields of 24% and 68% respectively. A similar reaction, using 1 equiv of sodium indazolide at 70 °C, gives a low-yield mixture of 2-(indazol-1-yl)-6-bromopyridine and 2-(indazol-2-yl)-6-bromopyridine. Both these intermediates are transformed into 2-(pyrazol-1-yl)-6-(indazol-1-yl)pyridine and 2,6-di(pyrazol-1-yl)pyridine upon treatment with 1 equiv of sodium pyrazolide in diglyme at 140 °C. These observations imply that the indazolyl group is a leaving group comparable to a bromo substituent under nucleophilic attack by pyrazolide or indazolide ions under these conditions. No reaction was observed between 2-(pyrazol-1-yl)-6-bromopyridine and 1 equiv of sodium indazolide under the same conditions. A single crystal structure of its iron(II) complex confirmed the regiochemistry of 2,6-bis-(indazol-1-yl)pyridine, and revealed significant conformational flexibility in the distal ligand indazolyl groups.     

N,1-(15)N2]-2'-deoxyadenosines

[reaction: see text] An efficient route to deoxyadenosine derivatives labeled on both the amino group and nitrogen 1 is uncovered. First, 3',5'-di-O-acetyl-2'-deoxy-1-(2-nitrobenzenesulfonyl)inosine (2a) and only 1.1 equiv of (15)NH4Cl are used for labeling position 1 (1a) through the isolation of the open intermediate and its cyclization with DBU in anhydrous CH3CN. Inosine 1a is then converted to [N,1-(15)N2]-3',5'-di-O-acetyl-N6-benzoyl-2'-deoxyadenosine (5a, the precursor of 6a) via a Pd/dppf-catalyzed chloride-to-benzamide replacement, by using again only 1.1 equiv of the labeling source.     

Synthesis of 2-alkylidenecyclopentanones via palladium-catalyzed carbopalladation/ring expansion of 1-(1-alkynyl)cyclobutanols

The palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling of aryl halides or vinylic halides or triflates and 1-(1-alkynyl)cyclobutanols affords good yields of stereoisomerically pure 2-arylidene- or 2-(2-alkenylidene)cyclopentanones, respectively. The process involves (1) oxidative addition of the organic halide or triflate to Pd(0), (2) regioselective, intermolecular carbopalladation of the carbon-carbon triple bond of the 1-(1-alkynyl)cyclobutanol to produce a vinylic palladium intermediate, (3) regioselective ring expansion to a palladacycle, and (4) reductive elimination of the 2-alkylidenecyclopentanone with simultaneous regeneration of the Pd(0) catalyst. Generally, the best results are obtained by employing 10 mol % of Pd(OAc)(2), 20 mol % of PPh(3), 2 equiv of the aryl or vinylic iodide or vinylic triflate, 2 equiv of diisopropylethylamine, and n-Bu(4)NCl in DMF as the solvent.     

Design of an organocatalyst for the enantioselective Diels-Alder reaction with alpha-acyloxyacroleins

We have realized the first enantioselective organocatalytic Diels-Alder reaction between alpha-substituted acroleins, such as alpha-acyloxyacroleins, and not only cyclic but also acyclic dienes. alpha-Acyloxyacroleins are useful as synthetic equivalents of alpha-haloacroleins. The present catalyst could be prepared in situ from pentafluorobenzenesulfonic acid (2.5-3.0 equiv) and chiral triamine (1 equiv) derived from H-l-Phe-l-Leu-N(CH2CH2)2. The enantioselective Diels-Alder reaction of 5-(benzyloxymethyl)cyclopentadiene, cyclopentadiene, cyclohexadiene, 2,3-dimethylbutadiene, and isoprene with alpha-(p-methoxybenzoyloxy)acrolein catalyzed by the above chiral ammonium salt (2.5-20 mol %) at -20-22 degrees C gave the corresponding adducts with 83, 83, 91, 92, and 88% ee, respectively.     

Monomeric oxovanadium(IV) compounds of the general formula cis-[V(IV)(=O)(X)(L(NN))(2)](+/0) [X = OH(-), Cl(-), SO(4)(2)(-) and L(NN) = 2,2'-bipyridine (bipy) or 4,4'-disubstituted bipy

Reaction of [V(IV)OCl(2)(THF)(2)] in aqueous solution with 2 equiv of AgBF(4) or AgSbF(6) and then with 2 equiv of 2,2'-bipyridine (bipy), 4,4'-di-tert-butyl-2,2'-bipyridine (4,4'-dtbipy), or 4,4'-di-methyl-2,2'-bipyridine (4,4'-dmbipy) affords compounds of the general formula cis-[V(IV)O(OH)(L(NN))(2)]Y [where L(NN) = bipy, Y = BF(4)(-) (1), L(NN) = 4,4'-dtbipy, Y = BF(4)(-) (2.1.2H(2)O), L(NN) = 4,4'-dmbipy, Y = BF(4)(-) (3.2H(2)O), and L(NN) = 4,4'-dtbipy, Y = SbF(6)(-) (4)]. Sequential addition of 1 equiv of Ba(ClO(4))(2) and then of 2 equiv of bipy to an aqueous solution containing 1 equiv of V(IV)OSO(4).5H(2)O yields cis-[V(IV)O(OH)(bipy)(2)]ClO(4) (5). The monomeric compounds 1-5 contain the cis-[V(IV)O(OH)](+) structural unit. Reaction of 1 equiv of V(IV)OSO(4).5H(2)O in water and of 1 equiv of [V(IV)OCl(2)(THF)(2)] in ethanol with 2 equiv of bipy gives the compounds cis-[V(IV)O(OSO(3))(bipy)(2)].CH(3)OH.1.5H(2)O (6.CH(3)OH.1.5H(2)O) and cis-[V(IV)OCl(bipy)(2)]Cl (7), respectively, while reaction of 1 equiv of [V(IV)OCl(2)(THF)(2)] in CH(2)Cl(2) with 2 equiv of 4,4'-dtbipy gives the compound cis-[V(IV)OCl(4,4'-dtbipy)(2)]Cl.0.5CH(2)Cl(2) (8.0.5CH(2)Cl(2)). Compounds cis-[V(IV)O(BF(4))(4,4'-dtbipy)(2)]BF(4) (9), cis-[V(IV)O(BF(4))(4,4'-dmbipy)(2)]BF(4) (10), and cis-[V(IV)O(SbF(6))(4,4'-dtbipy)(2)]SbF(6) (11) were synthesized by sequential addition of 2 equiv of 4,4'-dtbipy or 4,4'-dmbipy and 2 equiv of AgBF(4) or AgSbF(6) to a dichloromethane solution containing 1 equiv of [V(IV)OCl(2)(THF)(2)]. The crystal structures of 2.1.2H(2)O, 6.CH(3)OH.1.5H(2)O, and 8.0.5CH(2)Cl(2) were demonstrated by X-ray diffraction analysis. Crystal data are as follows: Compound 2.1.2H(2)O crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pbca with (at 298 K) a = 21.62(1) A, b = 13.33(1) A, c = 27.25(2) A, V = 7851(2) A(3), Z = 8. Compound 6.CH(3)OH.1.5H(2)O crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P2(1)/a with (at 298 K) a = 12.581(4) A, b = 14.204(5) A, c = 14.613(6) A, beta = 114.88(1) degrees, V = 2369(1), Z = 4. Compound 8.0.5CH(2)Cl(2) crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pca2(1) with (at 298 K) a = 23.072(2) A, b = 24.176(2) A, c = 13.676(1) A, V = 7628(2) A(3), Z = 8 with two crystallographically independent molecules per asymmetric unit. In addition to the synthesis and crystallographic studies, we report the optical, infrared, magnetic, conductivity, and CW EPR properties of these oxovanadium(IV) compounds as well as theoretical studies on [V(IV)O(bipy)(2)](2+) and [V(IV)OX(bipy)(2)](+/0) species (X = OH(-), SO(4)(2)(-), Cl(-)).     

Regioselective alkynylation of 2-aryl-4-chloro-3-iodoquinolines and subsequent arylation or amination of the 2-aryl-3-(alkynyl)-4-chloroquinolines

Palladium-CuI catalyzed Sonogashira coupling of 2-aryl-4-chloro-3-iodoquinolines with terminal acetylenes (1 equiv) in triethylamine afforded the 2-aryl-3-(alkynyl)-4-chloroquinolines as sole products. The 2-aryl-4-chloro-3-iodoquinolines coupled with excess terminal acetylenes (2.5 equiv) in dioxane/water to yield the 2-aryl-3,4-bis(alkynyl)quinoline derivatives in a one-pot operation. The 2-aryl-3-(alkynyl)-4-chloroquinolines were, in turn, subjected to arylation via Suzuki cross-coupling with arylboronic acid derivatives or amination with methylamine, respectively. The structures of the products of successive Sonogashira and Suzuki cross-couplings were also confirmed by X-ray crystallography.     

Specificity of the reaction of (−)-1-{(1S,2R,4R)-1-ethenyl-2-hydroxy-7,7-dimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl}xethanone with ethenylmagnesium bromide

Ethenylmagnesium bromide (1.5 equiv) forms a chelate with (?)-1-{(1S,2R,4R)-1-ethenyl-2-hydroxy-7,7-dimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-yl} ethanone in THF and promotes its fast primary α-ketol rearrangement into 1-ethenyl-2-hydroxy-2,8,8-trimethylbicyclo[3.2.1]octan-3-one. The latter reacts with excess magnesium reagent (0.5 equiv) according to common 1,2-addition pattern at the carbonyl group and is simultaneously involved in the second α-ketol rearrangement which leads to 1-ethenyl-3-hydroxy-3,8,8-trimethylbicyclo[3.2.1]octan-2-one as thermodynamically more stable regioisomer.     

Double anionic cycloaromatization of 2-(6-substituted-3-hexene-1,5-diynyl)benzonitriles initiated by methoxide addition

[reaction: see text] Treatment of 2-((3Z)-undecene-1,5-diynyl)benzonitrile with 5 equiv of sodium methoxide in refluxing methanol for 16 h gave 1-pentyl-6-methoxyphenanthridine in 12% yield, 1-pentyl-6-phenanthridone in 6% yield, and 2-(2-pentyl-6-methoxyphenyl)benzonitrile in 4% yield. Under the same reaction conditions, methanolysis of several other benzonitriles gave similar results. Phenanthridine and biphenyl derivatives were obtained as the major products. A mechanism for this novel cycloaromatization reaction of enediynes is proposed.     

Highly enantioselective conjugate addition of nitroalkanes to alkylidenemalonates using efficient phase-transfer catalysis of N-spiro chiral ammonium bromides

Highly enantioselective conjugate addition of nitroalkanes to alkylidenemalonates has been accomplished for the first time by the utilization of efficient phase-transfer catalysis of N-spiro C2-symmetric chiral quaternary ammonium bromide 1. For instance, simple mixing of nitropropane (2, R1 = Et), diisopropyl benzylidienemalonate (3, R2 = Ph), Cs2CO3 (1 equiv), and (S,S)-1 (1 mol %) in toluene at 0 degrees C for 2.5 h gave rise to the desired conjugate addition product 4 (R1 = Et, R2 = Ph) quantitatively (anti/syn = 86:14) with 97% ee (anti isomer). The applicability of this procedure has been demonstrated with other representative alkylidenemalonates and nitroalkanes. Since 4 can be readily transformed into the corresponding gamma-amino acid hydrochloride 5 without loss of diastereo- and enantioselectivity, the present method provides a new and practical access to various optically active gamma-amino acid derivatives.     

Synthesis and characterization of 8-(dimethylamino)-1-naphthyl derivatives of aluminum, gallium, and indium

The group 13 dichlorides of formula Ar'MCl2 [Ar' = 8-(dimethylamino)-1-naphthyl (8-(Me2N)C10H6)], M = Al (1), Ga (2), and In (3), have been prepared via the salt elimination reaction of 1 equiv of Ar'Li with MCl3 in toluene solution at -78 degrees C. The reaction of 1 with LiAlH4 in diethyl ether solution at -78 degrees C produced the dihydride [Ar'AlH2]2 (4). The X-ray crystal structures of 1-4 have been determined and show that 1 and 2 are monomeric while 3 and 4 are dimeric in the solid state. The reaction of 1 with RLi in toluene solution at -78 degrees C results in ligand redistribution and formation of Ar'2AlR (R = Me (5), t-Bu (6)). The chloride analogue of 5 and 6, Ar'2AlCl (7), can be prepared directly from the reaction of 2 equiv of Ar'Li with AlCl3 in toluene solution at -78 degrees C. The homoleptic derivative Ar'3Al (8) was obtained when 3 equiv of Ar'Li was employed. Crystal data for 1: monoclinic, space group P2(1), a = 6.534(1) A, b = 10.801(1) A, c = 9.631(2) A, beta = 105.57(2) degrees, V = 654.8(2) A3, Z = 2, R = 0.0453. Crystal data for 2: monoclinic, space group P2(1), a = 6.552(2) A, b = 10.833(2) A, c = 9.601(2) A, beta = 106.05(2) degrees, V = 654.9(3) A3, Z = 2, R = 0.0609. Crystal data for 3: monoclinic, space group P2(1)/c, a = 7.401(2) A, b = 15.746 A, c = 10.801(4) A, beta = 92.37(3) degrees, V = 1257.6(7) A3, Z = 2, R = 0.0712. Crystal data for 4: monoclinic, space group P2(1)/c, a = 13.343(2) A, b = 11.228(2) A, c = 7.505(1) A, beta = 100.64(1) degrees, V = 1105.0(4) A3, Z = 4, R = 0.0560.     

Diastereodivergent Hydroxyfluorination of Cyclic and Acyclic Allylic Amines: Synthesis of 4-Deoxy-4-fluorophytosphingosines

A diastereodivergent hydroxyfluorination protocol enabling the direct conversion of some conformationally biased allylic amines to the corresponding diastereoisomeric amino fluorohydrins has been developed. Sequential treatment of a conformationally biased allylic amine with 2 equiv of HBF(4)·OEt(2) followed by m-CPBA promotes epoxidation of the olefin on the face proximal to the amino group under hydrogen-bonded direction from the in situ formed ammonium ion. Regioselective and stereospecific epoxide ring-opening by transfer of fluoride from a BF(4)(-) ion (an S(N)2-type process at the carbon atom distal to the ammonium moiety) then occurs in situ to give the corresponding amino fluorohydrin. Alternatively, an analogous reaction using 20 equiv of HBF(4)·OEt(2) results in preferential epoxidation of the opposite face of the olefin, which is followed by regioselective and stereospecific epoxide ring-opening by transfer of fluoride from a BF(4)(-) ion (an S(N)2-type process at the carbon atom distal to the ammonium moiety). The synthetic utility of this methodology is demonstrated via its application to a synthesis of 4-deoxy-4-fluoro-l-xylo-phytosphingosine and 4-deoxy-4-fluoro-l-lyxo-phytosphingosine, each in five steps from Garner's aldehyde.     

Asymmetric [2 + 1] Cycloaddition Reactions of 1-Seleno-2-silylethene

The reaction of (E)-1-(phenylseleno)-2-(trimethylsilyl)ethene (1) and vinyl ketones 2a-d in the presence of a chiral Lewis acid prepared from TiCl(4), Ti(O(i)Pr)(4), (R)- or (S)-1,1'-binaphthol (BINOL), and MS4A gave enantiomerically enriched cis cyclopropane products 3a-d. The enantiomeric excess and chemical yield varied depending on the ratio of TiCl(4) and Ti(O(i)Pr)(4) to 1. Reproducible results (43-47% ee/33-41% yields) for cis-1-acetyl-2-[(phenylseleno)(trimethylsilyl)methyl]cyclopropane (3a) were obtained using 1.1 equiv of TiCl(4), 0.54-0.65 equiv of Ti(O(i)Pr)(4), and 1.65 equiv of BINOL. The observed enantioselectivity was explained by consideration of the structure of the postulated intermediates, alkoxy titanium-carbonyl complexes, via ab initio MO calculations.     

Synthesis of substituted 2-(2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)acetamides

The reaction of chloroacetamide with 2 equiv of γ-aminobutyric acid potassium salts provides a convenient method for the synthesis of substituted 4-[(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)amino]butanoic acids. Alkylation products of 2-aminoacetic and 3-aminopropanoic acid with chloroacetamide were isolated. Thermal cyclization of substituted 4-[(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)amino]butanoic acids afforded 2-(2-oxopyrrolidin-1-yl)acetamides.     

Tris(eta4-naphthalene)- and tris(1-4-eta4-anthracene)tantalate(1-): first homoleptic arene complexes of anionic tantalum

Reduction of tantalum pentachloride by 6 equiv of sodium naphthalene in 1,2-dimethoxyethane provided, after recrystallization from tetrahydrofuran, 50-55% yields of yellow, pyrophoric [Na(THF)][Ta(C10H8)3]. The product was shown by 1H and 13C NMR spectra and an X-ray study (on the corresponding [Na(crypt 2.2.2)]salt) to be tris(eta4-naphthalene)tantalate(1-), 1, the first homoleptic naphthalene complex of a third row (5d) transition metal. Salts of 1 react under mild conditions with excess CO (1 atm pressure, -60 degrees to +20 degrees C) and 3 equiv of anthracene, C14H10 (20 degrees C), to give 99 and 52% yields of yellow [Ta(CO)6]- and orange [Ta(C14H10)3]-, (2), respectively. The latter is the first homoleptic anthracene complex of a group 5 element and only the third one known, the others being Cr(eta6-C14H10)2 and [Co(eta4-C14H10)2]-. NMR spectra and X-ray structural characterization, as the [Na(crypt 2.2.2)] salt, established 2 to be [Ta(1-4-eta4-C14H10)3]- and is very similar to 1 in solution and in the solid state. Salts of 2 also undergo facile ligand substitution reactions. For example, it reacts with 1,3,5,7-cyclooctatetraene, COT, at 20 degrees in THF to give high yields of the previously known [Ta(COT)3]-, which was structurally characterized as the Na(crypt 2.2.2)salt. One particularly important feature concerning 1 and 2 is that they are the first available synthons for "naked" atomic Ta- and promise to be useful reagents for the general exploration of low-valent tantalum chemistry. Also, 1 and 2 represent the first homoleptic arene tantalum complexes to have been prepared by conventional syntheses. The only previously known substance of this class is the neutral bis(benzene)tantalum(0), which was accessed by the co-condensation of atomic tantalum and benzene vapor in a sophisticated (electron-gun furnace equipped) metal atom reactor.     

Diastereo- and enantioselective synthesis of (E)-2-Methyl-1,2-syn- and (E)-2-Methyl-1,2-anti-3-pentenediols via allenylboronate kinetic resolution with ((d)Ipc)2BH and aldehyde allylboration

Enantioselective hydroboration of racemic allenylboronate (±)-1 with 0.48 equiv of ((d)Ipc)(2)BH at -25 °C proceeds with efficient kinetic resolution and provides allylborane (R)-Z-4. When heated to 95 °C, allylborane (R)-Z-4 isomerizes to the thermodynamically more stable allylborane isomer (S)-E-7. Subsequent allylboration of aldehydes with (R)-Z-4 or (S)-E-7 at -78 °C followed by oxidative workup provides 1,2-syn- or 1,2-anti-diols, 2 or 3, respectively, in 87-94% ee.