比热和直流磁化率证明N+H…O-氢键的电子自旋翻转在D-和L-丙氨酸单晶中的不对称相变

为了解决D-和L-丙氨酸在约270K相变的分岐和机理,对其单晶、多晶粉末及原料利用微分扫描量热仪测定比热.用三线法以蓝宝石作校正,并与手册的D-和L-丙氨酸标准比热值比较.在单晶中,实验观察到吸热相变峰最高处时的温度及热焓为:D-丙氨酸,Tc=272.02K,△H=1.87J·mol-1;L-丙氨酸,Tc=271.85K,△H=1.46J·mol-1;热焓差为0.41J·mol-1.参比晶体D-缬氨酸,Tc=273.59K,△H=1.75J·mol-1;L-缬氨酸,Tc=273.76K,△H=1.57J·mol-1;热焓差为0.18J·mol-1.实验发现已测量过的单晶磨成多晶粉末后再测,相变峰消失.说明相变与晶格有关.变温中子衍射排除了D→L的构型相变,但发现N+H…O-氢键沿D-和L-丙氨酸单晶的c轴反向变化.变温偏振拉曼散射反映相变机制与N+H…O-中电子的轨道磁偶极矩相关,观察到偏振光的不对称散射.在外加磁场强度H为+1T和-1T下,变温测定D-和L-丙氨酸晶体的直流磁化率,证明在270K有电子自旋翻转的相变.电子自旋的向上或向下,取决于晶格中NH+3的扭曲振动及N+H…O-氢键沿晶体c轴的方向.由于自旋的定轴性,可以解释单晶和多晶粉末比热结果的分岐.     

D-和L-丙氨酸的磁手性相变

利用变温直流磁化率测定, 在外加磁场强度为1 T, 磁场平行晶体c轴, 发现在温度270 K, D-和L-丙氨酸发生磁手性相变. 结合中子衍射确定磁手性相变机制为, D-和L-丙氨酸中的(N+H)有类金属氢原子特性, 在相变点270 K, 由(N+H)释放的电子自旋有磁手性. 用变温偏振拉曼光谱进一步证明, D-丙氨酸中的(N+H)的电子自旋(↑), 而L-丙氨酸中的电子自旋(↓), 处于高低不同的能态.磁手性相变(宇称和时间反演都破缺)能差为10^-4-10^-5 eV·molecule^-1.     

D-和L-丙氨酸晶体的突现顺磁性: 准一维N+H…O-氢键的自旋-轨道分离

研究了与磁场强度相关的手性丙氨酸晶体的电子轨道运动的磁性质. 根据丙氨酸单晶的两性离子(⁺NH₃-C(CH₃)H-CO₂^-)模型的手性和蛋白质中肽键晶格结构的螺旋性, 当外加磁场为5 T, 磁场方向平行于丙氨酸晶轴(c)的极性N⁺H…O^-氢键, 观察到D-丙氨酸晶格中, 氢原子的电子自旋翻转, 在297.6 K直接突现顺磁性. L-丙氨酸则先发生电子自旋转向, 然后在303.9 K突现顺磁性. 实验发现: 外加强磁场可以分裂手性丙氨酸晶格中氢键的简并顺磁态, 并测出能差. 本文进一步证明了准一维极性N⁺H…O^-氢键在晶格中可以发生自旋-轨道分离, 表现出一维物理的基本特征.     

“宇称-时间不对称”的实验探索: 手性丙氨酸单晶N+H…O氢键的电子自旋翻转相变的不对称拉曼散射

手性丙氨酸单晶的极性N⁺H…O氢键在~270 K的自发对称性破缺, 可用变温拉曼振动光谱在b(cc)b几何条件下在线测定. 由于其对手性的灵敏度, 可以测定D-和L-丙氨酸的N⁺H…O氢键在电子自旋翻转相变时的微小能差. 晶体定向能量的正/负, 在于电子自旋的上/下转向, 取决于原子内在磁场的方向. 变温拉曼振动光谱可以观察到: 在D-和L-丙氨酸单晶之间, 拉曼散射光子的波数位移方向相反, 散射光子的不对称度约为1/3. 由于自旋是轴矢量, 样品必须是单晶, 沿轴向测定. 多晶粉末不能观察到相变. 与次甲基(C_α－H)在260 K的自旋翻转相变, 用变温拉曼振动光谱在c(aa)c 几何条件下的相对测量结果接近一致. 本实验提供了一条证明真实手性和“宇称-时间(PT)不对称”的新线索.     

X衍射精细结构和晶体旋光角研究D-,L-,DL-缬氨酸晶格分子间N~+H…O~-氢键电子库珀对的自旋流超导相变(英文)

为了解决D-和L-缬氨酸单晶在～270 K相变的机理和分岐,以比热法测定单晶、多晶粉末及Sigma多晶产品发现,只有D-和L-缬氨酸单晶发生相变,且为吸热反应,能差0.18 J·mol-1.本文以Mo-Kα(λ=0.071073nm)为光源的X衍射精确测定表明,D-/L-缬氨酸单晶属于单斜空间点群P21,Z=4.在相变温度～270 K,其晶格常数分别为:a=0.96706(5)/0.96737(5)nm,b=0.52680(3)/0.52664(3)nm,c=1.20256(7)/1.20196(6)nm,β=90.724(2)°/90.722(3)°.在晶体结构的单元细胞中,含有两种转动异构体:A(trans)和B(gauche I).温度为293、270、223、173 K的X衍射精细结构数据表明:在～270 K,D-缬氨酸单晶分子内N―H…O氢键中,N―H、H…O的键长及键角∠N―H…O都发生波动起伏而不可测,但N―H…O总键长变化稳定可测.说明没有发生构型相变为L-缬氨酸.根据D-和L-缬氨酸单晶中,NH3→CO2顺时针和逆时针的相反走向及D-,L-和DL-缬氨酸晶体旋光角的测定,在270-290 K可以观察到晶格分子间N+H…O-氢键电子库珀对的自旋流超导相变.     

手性分子中的宇称破缺:D-和L-丙氨酸的变温中子结构研究

利用单晶的中子衍射研究295 K和60 K时丙氨酸对映体的结构特征以及由D到L构型转变的可能性.中子衍射数据揭示了变温过程中产生的晶格扭曲和的扭转. 通过分析宇称破缺能差EPV随二面角及扭角的变化,肯定了D-丙氨酸能量高于L-丙氨酸的结论.降温过程中D-和L-丙氨酸的弱氢键的行为的差异表明,可能是由于电弱相互作用宇称不守恒所引起.丙氨酸中子结构再次证实Cα－H…O氢键的存在.然而,比较295 K和60 K(高于和低于丙氨酸相变温度250 K)的中子衍射结构数据,表明并没有发生D型到L型的构型转化,这意味着Salam相变不是传统意义的结构相变.     

宇称与手性——丙氨酸（缬氨酸）对映体宇称破缺能差的实验探索

为什么构成生命的蛋白质全由L型氨基酸组成（DNA和RNA全由D核糖组成）,这是至今未解的科学之谜.由Z°玻色子介导的弱中性流宇称破缺被认为是造成生命分子手性起源的主要原因.1991年Salam提出由于Z°相互作用,电子与电子或电子与核子耦合形成库柏对,在其临界低温下玻色凝聚,有可能引起氨基酸由D型向L型的二级相变,并理论预测相变温度为250 K.本文用差分绝热连续加热量热法测定了100～300 K下D-缬氨酸(丙氨酸)和L-缬氨酸(丙氨酸)的Cp－T图,实验发现在270 K有明显的λ型二级相变.用量子磁强计测定了正向与反向1万高斯下直流磁化率行为,显示出D和L型氨基酸不同电子手征性密度特征.利用毛细管手性柱气相色谱分析否定了Salam预言的氨基酸由D型到L型相变的可能性.本文在实验中发现的相变,虽然不是D型到L型相变,但检测出了电弱力宇称不守恒能差在分子水平上的反映.     

α-甘氨酸晶体的动态磁手性和磁电效应

利用变温直流磁化率测定,在外加磁场强度为±1T,磁场平行于晶体b轴,发现在301-302Kα-甘氨酸有动态磁手性相变.α-甘氨酸晶体的每个晶胞包含四个分子,属于具有中心对称结构的P21/n群,电荷中心对称,不导电.在晶体中,两层之间的N (3)—H(8)…O(1)和N (3)—H(8)…O(2)氢键,沿b轴相互交叉反向配对排列.在303K,用原子力显微镜可观察到α-甘氨酸晶体表面分子层与层间有规则的交叉螺旋排列.结合中子衍射确定相变机制为,在相变温度及外加磁场H=±1T时,α-甘氨酸中的N (3)—H(8),电子自旋反转为(邙).因为N (3)—H(8)…O(1)和N (3)—H(8)…O(2)两反向氢键的强度和键角不同,由动态磁手性和磁电效应,产生电荷中心不对称,导致304K附近的热电相变.     

“D和L-丙氨酸宇称破缺能差正负”的争论

在宇宙开始大爆炸的时候，电荷变号与镜象反射共轭（CP）是对称的.但现在我们的宇宙绝大部分是正物质核子和电子等组成的，所以我们的宇宙是不对称的. D和L-丙氨酸通常称为对映体（enantiomer），实际上它们并不是由正、反粒子组成的真正的对映体，而是空间反演的，即x→－x, y→－y, z→－z 的非对映异构体（diastereoisomer），所以D-和L-丙氨酸是不对称的，两者间有能量的差别.自然界的力只有弱力是宇称不守恒的.在分子物理中，电弱力宇称不守恒是导致D-和L-丙氨酸能差的根源.所有以前的研究都认为L型丙氨酸比D型稳定.但是，最近以 Quack和 Schwerdtfeger为首的理论物理学家计算了L-丙氨酸在气相和溶液两种状态下,宇称破缺能差与分子构象的关系，提出“D-和L-丙氨酸究竟哪一个稳定”的质疑.由于气相和液相中两面角较难测定，我们用X射线四圆单晶衍射法，测定了270 K和250 K 时D-和L-丙氨酸的O(1)O(2)C(1)C(2)H(4)的原子坐标，算出了二面角，按照 Quack的MC-LR方法，D-和L-丙氨酸宇称破缺能差为1.2×10－19 Hartree, 相当于3.3× 10－18 eV/分子或3.2×10－16 kJ•mol－1，从而得出D-丙氨酸能态高于L-丙氨酸的结论.     

α-甘氨酸晶体的动态磁手性和磁电效应

利用变温直流磁化率测定, 在外加磁场强度为依1 T, 磁场平行于晶体b轴, 发现在301-302 K α-甘氨酸有动态磁手性相变. α-甘氨酸晶体的每个晶胞包含四个分子, 属于具有中心对称结构的P21/n群, 电荷中心对称, 不导电. 在晶体中, 两层之间的N+(3)—H(8)…O(1)和N+(3)—H(8)…O(2)氢键, 沿b轴相互交叉反向配对排列. 在303 K, 用原子力显微镜可观察到α-甘氨酸晶体表面分子层与层间有规则的交叉螺旋排列. 结合中子衍射确定相变机制为, 在相变温度及外加磁场H=±1 T时, α-甘氨酸中的N+(3)—H(8),电子自旋反转为(↑). 因为N+(3)—H(8)…O(1)和N+(3)—H(8)…O(2)两反向氢键的强度和键角不同, 由动态磁手性和磁电效应, 产生电荷中心不对称, 导致304 K附近的热电相变.     

Magnetic properties of diruthenium(II,III) carboxylate compounds with large zero-field splitting and strong antiferromagnetic coupling

The magnetic properties of mixed-valent compounds of general formula Ru2Cl(mu-O2CR)4 [R = CH2-CH3 (1), C(Me)=CHEt) (2)] have been studied in the 2-300 K temperature range. This magnetic study also includes a revision of the magnetic properties of the complex Ru2Cl(mu-O2CCMePh2)4 (3). Compounds 1-3 show a linear structure and a strong antiferromagnetic coupling between the diruthenium units through the chlorine atoms according to previous studies. Two fitting models to explain the magnetic properties of these complexes that incorporate a large zero-field splitting together with a strong antiferromagnetic coupling are described. These models consider that each diruthenium unit (S = 3/2) is magnetically coupled to the nearest diruthenium unit and ignores the longer distance magnetic coupling. The fitting models were found to be successful in fitting the magnetic data of the linear diruthenium(II,III) complexes. The zero-field splitting, D, and the antiferromagnetic coupling, zJ, vary from 37.8 to 48.0 cm-1 and from -7.43 to -13.30 cm-1, respectively, for complexes. The D values are similar to those calculated for the nonlinear diruthenium(II,III) compounds and confirm the validity of the proposed fitting models.     

Helical poly(3-methyl-4-vinylpyridine)/amino acid complexes: preparation, characterization, and biocompatibility

Helical poly(3-methyl-4-vinylpyridine) (P3M4VP)/amino acid complexes have been prepared via acid-base reaction of the achiral polymer with D and L amino acids: alanine, leucine, valine, serine and phenylalanine. The circular dichroism (CD) spectra of P3M4VP/D- and L-alanine complexes in CH(3)OH/H(2)O show opposing (near mirror image) Cotton effect signals at 278.4, 274.8 and 270.8 nm, indicating the formation of enantiomeric secondary structures. The formation of the enantiomeric structures is supported by observed [alpha](D)(25) values of -3.0 and +3.0 for the P3M4VP/D-alanine and P3M4VP/L-alanine complexes, respectively. The preparation of helical P3M4VP/amino acid complexes has been carried out in CH(3)OH and H(2)O at pH 1.8 and 2.7. The intensities of the Cotton effect signals were good. For example, for the P3M4VP/L-alanine complexes in CH(3)OH/H(2)O and H(2)O (pH 1.8), the second Cotton effect signal around 275-277 nm show [theta;] values of 49 980 and 79 210 deg . cm(2) . dmol(-1), respectively. The formation of the helical secondary structure is rapid. The acid-base reaction between P3M4VP and L-alanine in CH(3)OH/H(2)O, in 10 min, show a CD spectrum with Cotton effect signals at 274 and 272 nm with [theta] values of 27,000 deg . cm(2) . dmol(-1) and -36,000 deg . cm(2) . dmol(-1), respectively. P3M4VP permits ready conformational reorientation on complexation with amino acids, but once the helical P3M4VP/amino acid complexes are formed, it is stable at room temperature. P3M4VP is not compatible with HeLa ovarian cancer cells, but the helical P3M4VP/amino acid complexes are compatible with HeLa cells. The complexes minimally interfere with the adhesion and growth of HeLa cells on complex surfaces. Helical poly(3-methyl-4-vinylpyridine)/D- and L-alanine complexes support the attachment and growth of HeLa cells. The micrographs shows HeLa cells after three days: left panel: on P3M4VP/L-alanine complex; right panel: on P3M4VP/D-alanine complex.     

A dinuclear MnIII-CuII single-molecule magnet

The reaction of 1/3 equivalent of CuCl2.2H2O with MnCl2.4H2O and 5-bromo-2-salicylideneamino-1-propanol (H(2)5-Br-sap) in methanol gave dark brown crystals of [MnIIICuIICl(5-Br-sap)2(MeOH)] (1). Complex 1 has an alkoxo-bridged dinuclear core of MnIII and CuII ions, which have elongated octahedral and square-planar coordination geometries, respectively. In dc magnetic susceptibility measurements, chi(m)T values increased as the temperature was lowered, followed by a sudden decrease below 20 K. This behavior is indicative of the occurrence of intramolecular ferromagnetic interactions, and fitting gave an S=5/2 spin ground state with an exchange coupling constant J(MnCu) of +78 cm(-1). Magnetization data collected as a function of temperature and applied magnetic field were analyzed by using a spin Hamiltonian with isotropic Zeeman and axial zero-field splitting (ZFS) terms, and a negative D(5/2) value (-1.86 cm(-1)) was obtained. A high-field EPR (HFEPR) spectrum (342.0 GHz) at 4.2 K was composed of four peaks, and two additional peaks at higher magnetic field appeared as the temperature was increased. The temperature dependences in the HFEPR spectra are indicative of a negative D(5/2) value, and fitting of the data gave D(5/2)=-1.81 cm(-1). In the ac magnetic susceptibility measurements, frequency dependent in-phase (chi(m)') and out-of-phase (chi(m)') signals with peak maxima at 0.7-1.5 K were observed and small peaks below 0.7 K appeared. The ac susceptibility data supports that 1 is a single-molecule magnet (SMM). Arrhenius plots for the chi(m)' peaks from 0.7-1.5 K gave the re-orientation energy barrier (DeltaE) of 10.5 K with a pre-exponential factor of 8.2x10(-8) s.     

A theoretical study on the temperature dependence of zero-field splitting for the tetragonal Cr3+ center in MgO crystal

This paper reports a detailed theoretical calculation of the temperature dependence of zero-field splitting D (characterized by ΔD(T)=D(T)-D(0)) for the tetragonal Cr3+ center in MgO crystal by considering both the static contribution due to the thermal expansion of Cr3+ center and the vibrational contribution caused by electron-phonon (including the acoustic and optical phonons) interaction. The vibrational contribution due to the acoustic phonon is calculated using the long-wave approximation similar to the study on the specific heat of crystals and that due to optical phonon is estimated using the single-phonon model. The calculated results are in reasonable agreement with the experimental values. From the calculation, it is found that the static contribution ΔDstat(T) (which is often regarded as very small and is neglected in the previous papers) is larger than the vibrational contribution ΔDvib(T) and so the reasonable studies of temperature dependence of zero-field splitting should take both the static and the vibrational contributions into account.     

Single-molecule magnets: site-specific ligand abstraction from [Mn12O12(O2CR)16(H2O)4] and the preparation and properties of [Mn12O12(NO3)4(O2CCH2Bu(t))12(H2O)4

Site-selective carboxylate abstraction has been achieved from [Mn(12)O(12)(O(2)CR)(16)(H(2)O)(4)] complexes by treatment with HNO(3) in MeCN. The reaction of the R = Ph or CH(2)Bu(t)() complexes with 4 equiv of HNO(3) gives [Mn(12)O(12)(NO(3))(4)(O(2)CR)(12)(H(2)O)(4)] (R = CH(2)Bu(t) (6) or Ph (7)) in analytical purity. Complex 6.MeNO(2) crystallizes in monoclinic space group C2/c with the following cell parameters at -168 degrees C: a = 21.280(5), b = 34.430(8), c = 33.023(8) A, beta = 104.61(1) degrees, V = 23413 A, and Z = 8. The four NO(3)(-) groups are not disordered and are bound in bridging modes at axial positions formerly occupied by bridging carboxylate groups. (1)H NMR spectroscopy in CD(2)Cl(2) and CDCl(3) shows retention of the solid-state structure on dissolution in these solvents. DC magnetic susceptibility (chi(M)) and magnetization (M) studies have been carried out in the 2.00-300 K and 1.0-7.0 T ranges. Fits of M/Nmu(B) versus H/T plots gave S = 10, g = 1.92, and D = -0.40 cm(-1), where D is the axial zero-field splitting parameter. AC magnetic susceptibility studies on 6 have been performed in the 1.70-10.0 K range in a 3.5 Oe field oscillating at frequencies up to 1500 Hz. Out-of-phase magnetic susceptibility (chi(M)' ') signals were observed in the 4.00-8.00 K range which were frequency-dependent. Thus, 6 displays the slow magnetization relaxation diagnostic of a single-molecule magnet (SMM). The data were fit to the Arrhenius law, and this gave the effective barrier to relaxation (U(eff)) of 50.0 cm(-1) (72.0 K) and a pre-exponential (1/tau(0)) of 1.9 x 10(8) s(-1). Complex 6 also shows hysteresis in magnetization versus DC field scans, and the hysteresis loops show steps at regular intervals of magnetic field, the diagnostic evidence of field-tuned quantum tunneling of magnetization. High-frequency EPR (HFEPR) spectroscopy on oriented crystals of complex 6 shows resonances assigned to transitions between zero-field split M(s) states of the S = 10 ground state. Fitting of the data gave S = 10, g = 1.99, D = -0.46 cm(-1), and B(4)(0) = -2.0 x 10(-5), where B(4)(0) is the quartic zero-field coefficient. The combined results demonstrate that replacement of four carboxylate groups with NO(3)(-) groups leads to insignificant perturbation of the magnetic properties of the Mn(12) complex. Complex 6 should now be a useful starting point for further reactivity studies, taking advantage of the good leaving group properties of the NO(3)(-) ligands.     

Magnetic properties and crystal structure of a one-dimensional phase of tetrakis(mu2-benzoato-O,O')-bis(dimethyl sulfoxide)dicopper(II)

A new crystalline polymorphic phase of tetrakis(mu2-benzoato-O,O')-bis(dimethyl sulfoxide)dicopper(II) was obtained by direct synthesis, in space group P2(1)/n. The copper coordination is in a slightly distorted square pyramidal geometry with an intramolecular Cu...Cu distance of 2.6494(8) angstroms. The Cu-O distances of the two copper in a dimer are different, giving different chemical environments for each Cu ion. The crystal structure is built up of well-separated stacking columns oriented along the b-axis, with units uniformly spaced, producing a one-dimensional (1-D) zigzag chain through Cu(II)-S...S-Cu(II) interdimer interactions [S...S separation: 3.975(2) angstroms]. Magnetization measurements in the range 2-300 K indicate two magnetic orderings, at low temperature (T < 10 K) a weak ferromagnetic ordering is observed, and above this temperature an antiferromagnetic behavior takes place. ESR spectra at 300 and 77 K of a polycrystalline sample show the characteristic signal of zero-field with D = 0.354 cm(-1), consistent with a ferromagnetic Cu...Cu exchange interaction at low temperature.     

Magnetic properties of BiMnO3 studied with Dc and Ac magnetization and specific heat

Magnetic and specific heat measurements were performed in a single-phased powder BiMnO3 sample prepared at 6 GPa and 1383 K. The imaginary part of the ac susceptibilities showed strong frequency dependence below the ferromagnetic Curie temperature of 98 K. The relaxation measurements revealed time-dependent magnetic properties below 98 K. These data indicate the appearance of a "spin-glass-like" state in BiMnO3. Specific heat measurements showed the existence of ferromagnetic spin waves. However, no simple term Cm [directly proportional] T3/2 was found indicating an unconventional behavior of the magnetic specific heat. The Debye temperature was estimated to be 410 K using isostructural compounds BiScO3 and BiCrO3.