CuInS2：两步电沉积制备及性能

采用恒电位沉积法制备铜铟合金预制膜,并存管式炉中通过固态源蒸发硫化预制膜得到CuInS:薄膜.通过扫描电镜(SEM)、能量色散谱仪(EDS)和X射线衍射仪(XRD)对CuInS2薄膜的表而形貌、截面厚度、成分组成和薄膜的组织结构进行了研究,并利用紫外可见光吸收谱仪(UV-Vis)研究了不同硫化温度对CuInS:薄膜的形貌及其光学吸收性质的影响.结果表明:不同的退火温度能够影响CuInS:薄膜的表面形貌以及带隙的大小,从而影响其光学吸收特性.     

离子层气相反应法(ILGAR)制备CuInS_2薄膜的研究

0引言Ⅰ-Ⅲ-Ⅵ2族半导体薄膜太阳能电池具有价格低廉、性能优良和工艺简单等优点,已成为最有希望的光电转换器件,是当前国际光伏电池研究领域的热点之一。在Ⅰ-Ⅲ-Ⅵ2族半导体中,CuInS2因其光学禁带宽度适中(1.50eV),可见光区域吸收系数较高(6×105cm-1),化学稳定性好等特点而成为人们最为关注的薄膜太阳能电池材料之一[1~5]。目前,CuInS2薄膜太阳能电池的最高转换效率约为11%[6,7],距理论转换效率(27%~32%)[8]还有很大的差距,而改善CuInS2薄膜质量是提高其光电转换效率的关键。研究表明,CuInS2薄膜的制备技术及工艺条件对薄膜的结构…     

一步法电化学沉积Cu(In1-x,Gax)Se2薄膜的特性

在CuCl2、InCl3、GaCl3及H2SeO3组成的酸性水溶液电沉积体系中, 对Mo/玻璃衬底上一步法电沉积Cu(In1-x, Gax)Se2(简写为CIGS)薄膜进行了研究. 为了稳定溶液的化学性质, 在溶液中加入邻苯二甲酸氢钾和氨基磺酸作为pH缓冲剂, 将溶液的pH值控制在约2.5, 并提高薄膜中Ga的含量. 通过大量实验优化了溶液组成及电沉积条件, 得到接近化学计量比贫Cu 的CIGS薄膜(当Cu与In+Ga的摩尔比为1时, 称为符合化学计量比的CIGS薄膜; 当其比值为0.8-1时, 称为贫Cu或富In的CIGS 薄膜)预置层, 薄膜表面光亮、致密、无裂纹. 利用循环伏安法初步研究了一步法电沉积CIGS薄膜的反应机理, 在沉积过程中, Se4+离子先还原生成单质Se, 再诱导Cu2+、Ga3+和In3+发生共沉积. 电沉积CIGS薄膜预置层在固态硒源280 ℃蒸发的硒气氛中进行硒化再结晶, 有效改善了薄膜的结晶结构, 且成份基本不发生变化,但是表面会产生大量的裂纹.     

单步电沉积法制备CuInS2薄膜

采用单步电沉积法在Mo基底上制备了高质量的CuInS2薄膜. 用X射线衍射仪(XRD)和扫描电子显微镜(SEM)表征了样品的结构和形貌, 研究了沉积电位、退火温度、pH值、反应物浓度等工艺条件对制备的CuInS2薄膜形貌、组分及性能的影响. 制备的CuInS2薄膜致密平整, 呈黄铜矿结构, 晶粒大小为1-2 μm. 用紫外-可见光分光光度计测试了其光学性能, 计算得到常温下禁带宽度为1.41 eV, 非常适合用作薄膜太阳电池的吸收层材料.     

退火处理对LaFeO3/Pd复合薄膜微观结构和在碱液中电化学行为的影响

采用射频磁控溅射装置在Si(111)衬底上分别制备了Pd单膜、LaFeO3单膜和LaFeO3/Pd复合薄膜,利用XRD,SEM,EDS,XPS和电化学测试方法研究了退火处理对LaFeO3/Pd薄膜材料的相结构、形貌、化学组成以及电化学性能的影响。研究结果表明:未退火的溅态LaFeO3薄膜呈无序非晶态结构,随退火温度升高,600℃退火1 h后LaFeO3薄膜晶化为钙钛矿型正交结构,此时薄膜晶粒尺寸呈增大趋势;800℃退火时,随退火时间增加,薄膜晶粒尺寸变化不明显,退火前LaFeO3薄膜表面平整、致密,退火后薄膜表面出现裂纹。XPS分析表明,LaFeO3薄膜中的氧以晶格氧、化学吸附氧和物理吸附氧三种结合状态形式存在,退火后LaFeO3薄膜中化学吸附氧转变为晶格氧。电化学测试结果表明,Pd膜电极和LaFeO3膜电极放电容量很低(3.9~19 mAh·g-1),而LaFeO3/Pd复合薄膜在退火前后的电极放电容量分别达到50和180.7 mAh·g-1,LaFeO3单膜和LaFeO3/Pd复合薄膜电极的交换电流密度I0分别为为3.36和590.51 mA·g-1。镀Pd后能极大改善和提高LaFeO3/Pd复合膜电极的电催化活性和电化学放电容量。     

TiO_2/SiO_2纳米薄膜的光催化活性和亲水性

通过 sol-gel工艺在钠钙玻璃表面制备了均匀透明的 TiO2/SiO2复合纳米薄膜 .实验结果表明 : 当 SiO2添加量较高时 , TiO2/SiO2复合纳米薄膜的光催化活性明显降低 ;当 SiO2添加量较低时 ,TiO2/SiO2复合薄膜的光催化活性无明显变化 .在 TiO2薄膜中添加 SiO2,可以抑制薄膜中 TiO2晶粒的长大 ,同时薄膜表面的羟基含量增加 , 水在复合薄膜表面的润湿角下降 , 亲水能力增强 .当 SiO2含量为 10％－ 20％（摩尔分数）时获得了润湿角为 0°的超亲水性薄膜 .     

LaNiO3/Pd复合薄膜电极材料在碱性溶液中的电化学行为研究

用射频磁控溅射法在Si(111)衬底上沉积制备金属Pd膜、LaNiO3单层膜和Pd/LaNiO3复合薄膜,利用XRD,SEM,EDS能谱、四元探针和电化学方法系统研究了退火处理和表面覆Pd对Pd/LaNiO3复合薄膜电极的相组织结构、表面形貌、电学以及电化学储氢行为的影响。结果表明,700℃退火1 h后,LaNiO3薄膜具有结晶度较佳的钙钛矿型菱方结构组织和最小的电阻率(0.79 mΩ·cm),退火温度高于800℃后,LaNiO3菱方型结构组织开始分解,电阻率增加。LaNiO3薄膜在空气中退火后其表面化学吸附氧转变为晶格氧,导致LaNiO3薄膜氧元素含量明显增加。电化学测试结果表明,在碱液中金属Pd膜具有良好的析氢电催化活性和较好的电化学储氢性能,其最大放电容量为130 mAh·g-1。退火态LaNiO3单膜电极放电容量很小(27 mAh·g-1),当表面覆Pd后退火态LaNiO3/Pd复合薄膜电极放电容量增加至181 mAh·g-1,扣除其表面Pd膜吸氢容量后LaNiO3薄膜电极的实际放电容量最高达到400 mAh·g-1。LaNiO3表面镀Pd后能极大改善和提高LaNiO3薄膜电极的电催化活性和电化学储氢容量。     

TiO2/SiO2纳米薄膜的光催化活性和亲水性

通过sol gel工艺在钠钙玻璃表面制备了均匀透明的TiO2/SiO2复合纳米薄膜.实验结 果表明: 当SiO2添加量较高时, TiO2/SiO2复合纳米薄膜的光催化活性明显降低;当SiO2添加 量较低时,TiO2/SiO2复合薄膜的光催化活性无明显变化.在TiO2薄膜中添加SiO2,可以抑制薄 膜中TiO2晶粒的长大,同时薄膜表面的羟基含量增加, 水在复合薄膜表面的润湿角下降, 亲 水能力增强.当SiO2含量为10％－20％（摩尔分数）时获得了润湿角为0°的超亲水性薄膜.     

热处理对电沉积制备CuInGaSe2 薄膜的影响

CuInGaSe2薄膜太阳能电池因具有稳定、高效、低成本和环保等特点而受到国内外科学家的重视.采用Mo/钠钙玻璃衬底为研究电极,饱和甘汞电极(SCE)为参比电极,大面积的铂网电极为辅助电极的三电极体系,在钼/钠钙玻璃衬底上利用电沉积技术制备出太阳能电池用的CuInGaSe2薄膜.分析了不同热处理温度对电沉积制备的CuInGaSe2薄膜的影响,结果表明:当热处理温度为450℃时,所制备的CuInGaSe2薄膜的化学组成接近理想的化学计量比,薄膜具有黄铜矿结构,颗粒均匀和致密性较好.     

TiO_2纳米薄膜油下超疏水/超亲水性的可逆调控

采用简单的提拉镀膜法制备了一种TiO_2纳米薄膜,在油相介质中,水滴在其表面的接触角约为160°,呈现出油下超疏水状态.当在湿度为20%的空气环境下对TiO_2纳米薄膜进行紫外光照射(60 min)后,该薄膜由油下超疏水状态转变为油下超亲水状态.对紫外光照射后的TiO_2纳米薄膜在100℃下热处理70min后,该薄膜又恢复到了初始的油下超疏水状态.因此,通过紫外光照射和热处理可实现TiO_2纳米薄膜油下超疏水性与油下超亲水性的可逆调控. TiO_2纳米薄膜油下水超浸润性可逆调控主要归因于薄膜表面的微纳米结构和化学组成变化的协同作用.     

Fabrication of CuInS2 films from electrodeposited Cu/In bilayers: effects of preheat treatment on their structural, photoelectrochemical and solar cell properties

Polycrystalline CuInS(2) films were fabricated by sulfurization of electrodeposited Cu and In metallic precursor films in a Cu-rich composition at 520 °C in H(2)S (5% in Ar). Structural analyses revealed that the adherence of the thus-formed CuInS(2) film to the Mo substrate was strongly dependent on heating profiles of the Cu/In bilayer film: a CuInS(2) film with poor adherence having many crevices was formed when the Cu/In bilayer film was heated monotonously from room temperature to 520 °C in Ar within 25 min followed by sulfurization, whereas CuInS(2) films with good adherence were obtained when the Cu/In films were pretreated at 110 °C in Ar for 10-60 min just before increasing the temperature up to 520 °C for sulfurization. It was also clarified that the CuInS(2) film obtained without 110 °C pretreatment had pinholes inside the film, whereas the CuInS(2) films formed after 110 °C pretreatment showed no notable pinholes. Photoelectrochemical responses of these CuInS(2) films in an electrolyte solution containing Eu(III) indicated that the CuInS(2) films obtained after 110 °C pretreatment had higher external quantum efficiency (EQE) values than those of films obtained without 110 °C pretreatment, mainly due to better adherence of 110 °C pretreated CuInS(2) films to the Mo substrate than the CuInS(2) film obtained without 110 °C pretreatment. The performance of solar cells with an Al:ZnO/Zn(S,O)/CdS/CuInS(2)/Mo structure also depended on the structural characteristics of the CuInS(2) films, i.e., preliminary conversion efficiencies of ca. 5% were obtained for devices based on the CuInS(2) films obtained after 110 °C pretreatment, whereas the device prepared by the CuInS(2) film without 110 °C pretreatment showed the conversion efficiency less than 1.5%.     

SILAR法制备化学计量CuInS2薄膜

在室温下，以不同c_Cu/c_In的CuCl₂和InCl₃混合溶液作为阳离子前驱体，Na₂S水溶液为硫源，利用连续离子层吸附反应法(SILAR)在玻璃基底上制备了CuInS₂薄膜。XRD结果表明，当c_Cu²⁺/c_In³⁺在1～1.5范围内均可形成具有黄铜矿结构的CuInS₂薄膜。SEM观察到随c_Cu²⁺/c_In³⁺的升高，薄膜表面颗粒长大并出现团簇聚集。通过XPS测定薄膜表面的化学组成证明当c_Cu²⁺/c_In³⁺=1.25时，CuInS₂薄膜接近其标准的化学计量组成。此时薄膜的吸收系数大于>10⁴ cm^-1，禁带宽度E_g为1.45 eV。     

Deposition of CuInS2 thin films using copper- and indium/sulfide-containing precursors through a two-stage MOCVD method

Copper indium disulfide (CuInS2; CIS) films were deposited on various substrates by two-stage metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) at relatively mild conditions, using Cu- and In/S-containing precursors without toxic H2S gas: first, a pure Cu thin film was prepared on glass or indium/tin oxide glass substrates by using a single-source precursor, bis(ethylbutyrylacetato)copper(II) or bis(ethylisobutyrylacetato)copper(II); second, on the resulting Cu film, tris(N,N-ethylbutyldithiocarbamato)indium(III) was treated to produce CIS films by a MOCVD method at 430 degrees C. In this process, their thicknesses and stoichiometries were found to be elaborately controlled on demand by adjusting the process conditions. The optical band gap of the stoichiometric CIS film was about 1.41 eV, which is in the near-optimal range for harvesting solar radiation energy.     

Preparation and Characterization of CuInS2 Thin Films for Solar Cells by Chemical Bath Deposition

Introduction Recent years, chalcopyrite semiconductors have been successfully applied as absorber layers for polycrystalline thin-film solar cells. Among the ternary compound semiconductors, CuInS2 thin films with a direct bandgap of about 1.50 eV and a large absorption coefficient in the range of 104-105cm-1[1] are one kind of the most promising optical absorbers for high efficiency thin film solar cells.To date, CuInS2-based solar cells have shown conversion efficiency of about 12. 5%[2]. They exhibit long-term stability without any signs of degradation.     

两步互扩散法制备高性能CsPbCl3薄膜紫外光电探测器

紫外光电探测器无论在军用和民用上都有着巨大的应用前景,CsPbCl₃作为钙钛矿家族中形成能最大,化学性能稳定的成员,在可见光盲区的紫外光电探测器中有着很大潜在的应用价值。本文针对CsPbCl₃薄膜难以制备的问题,发展了一种两步互扩散溶液法,通过控制前驱体PbCl2的形貌,成功地制备了CsPbCl₃薄膜。利用扫描电镜、吸收光谱和X射线表征技术,证实了制备出的薄膜表面平整无孔洞、晶粒饱满和吸光度强。通过瞬态荧光和变激发光强的稳态荧光,揭示了薄膜具有载流子寿命长、缺陷态少等优异性能。最终构建出了响应度为0.75 A·W^?1的横向结构紫外光电探测器,为将来进一步发展高性能CsPbCl₃薄膜紫外光电探测器奠定了基础。     

Aerosol assisted chemical vapor deposition using nanoparticle precursors: a route to nanocomposite thin films

Gold nanoparticle and gold/semiconductor nanocomposite thin films have been deposited using aerosol assisted chemical vapor deposition (CVD). A preformed gold colloid in toluene was used as a precursor to deposit gold films onto silica glass. These nanoparticle films showed the characteristic plasmon absorption of Au nanoparticles at 537 nm, and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) imaging confirmed the presence of individual gold particles. Nanocomposite films were deposited from the colloid concurrently with conventional CVD precursors. A film of gold particles in a host tungsten oxide matrix resulted from co-deposition with [W(OPh)(6)], while gold particles in a host titania matrix resulted from co-deposition with [Ti(O(i)Pr)(4)]. The density of Au nanoparticles within the film could be varied by changing the Au colloid concentration in the original precursor solution. Titania/gold composite films were intensely colored and showed dichromism: blue in transmitted light and red in reflected light. They showed metal-like reflection spectra and plasmon absorption. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis confirmed the presence of metallic gold, and SEM imaging showed individual Au nanoparticles embedded in the films. X-ray diffraction detected crystalline gold in the composite films. This CVD technique can be readily extended to produce other nanocomposite films by varying the colloids and precursors used, and it offers a rapid, convenient route to nanoparticle and nanocomposite thin films.     

Alginate/gelatin blend films and their properties for drug controlled release

Films of alginate and gelatin, cross-linked with Ca²⁺, with ciprofloxacin hydrochloride as model drug incorporated in different concentrations, were obtained by a casting/solvent evaporation method. Chemical, morphological and mechanical properties characterization was carried out, as well as the studies of the factors that influence the drug releasing from alginate and gelatin films. These factors included the component ratio of alginate and gelatin, the loaded amount of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride, the pH and ionic strength of the release solution, the thickness of the drug loaded films and the cross-linking time with Ca²⁺ and others. The best values of the tensile strength at 101.5 MPa and breaking elongation at 19.4% of blend films were obtained when the gelatin content was 50 wt.%. The results of controlled release tests showed that the amount of ciprofloxacin hydrochloride released decreased with an increase in the proportion of gelatin present in the film. Moreover, the release rate of drug decreased as the amount of drug loaded in the film increased. The alginate/gelatin films were also sensitive to pH and ionic strength. For pH 7.4 the drug release was faster compared to pH 3.6, being simultaneously accelerated by a higher ionic strength. It was observed that in simulated intestinal fluid, the thickness of the film increased from 30 μm to 55 μm with a concomitant reduction of the ciprofloxacin hydrochloride concentration from 100% to 83.5%. When the cross-linking time of these films in the Ca²⁺ solution were 0 min, 5 min, 15 min and 30 min, the drug release rate attained 100%, 100%, 77.6% and 52.4%, respectively, within 24 h. All the results indicated that the alginate/gelatin film was potentially useful in drug delivery systems.     

Improving electrochemical performance of poly(vinyl butyral)-based electrolyte by reinforcement with network of ceramic nanofillers

This study has concerned the development of polymer composite electrolytes based on poly(vinyl butyral) (PVB) reinforced with calcinated Li/titania (CLT) for use as an electrolyte in electrochemical devices. The primary aim of this work was to verify our concept of applying CLT-based fillers in a form of nano-backbone to enhance the performance of a solid electrolyte system. To introduce the network of CLT into the PVB matrix, gelatin was used as a sacrificial polymer matrix for the implementation of in situ sol–gel reactions. The gelatin/Li/titania nanofiber films with various lithium perchlorate (LiClO₄) and titanium isopropoxide proportions were initially fabricated via electrospinning, and ionic conductivities of electrospun nanofibers were then examined at 25 °C. In this regard, the highest ionic conductivity of 2.55 × 10⁻⁶ S/cm was achieved when 10 wt% and 7.5 wt% loadings of LiClO₄ and titania precursor were used, respectively. The nanofiber film was then calcined at 400 °C to remove gelatin, and the obtained CLT film was then re-dispersed in solvated PVB-lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (PVB-LiTFSI) solution before casting to obtain reinforced composite solid electrolyte film. The reinforced composite PVB polymer electrolyte film shows high ionic conductivity of 2.22 × 10⁻⁴ S/cm with a wider electrochemical stability window in comparison to the one without nanofillers.

     

Chemical Behaviour of Zirconium Oxychloride Octahydrate and Acetic Acid in Precursor Solution for Zirconia Film Formation on Glass

Precursor solutions for zirconia films on soda lime silica glass substrate were prepared from zirconium oxychloride octahydrate (ZOO) and acetic acid (HOAC) maintaining the mol ratios, [HOAC]/[ZOO] = 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10. A characteristic UV absorption band at ～280 nm in the ～120 h aged precursor solutions was identified for acetate group of the zirconium acetato complexed species. The presence of acetate ligand coordinated with either ZrOOH+ or [Zr4(OH)8]8+ or with both was predicted by the studies of UV spectra of aged solutions and FTIR spectra of unbaked films on silicon wafer. Dipping technique was followed for film formation. Thicknesses and refractive indices of the baked (450° ± 5°C) films were in the ranges 1818 ± 20 Å and 1.702–1.762 respectively. The positive SIMS experiment on two typical films baked at 450° ± 5°C derived from the precursors with [HOAC]/[ZOO] = 2 and 6, detected the ionic species, Zr+, ZrO+, ZrO2+, Na+, Ca+, Fe+, H+ while the negative SIMS detected O- and Cl-. The relative contents of the ionic species with respect to Zr+ were dependent on the acid content of the precursors. Reflection (%) of the baked films in the UV region was also dependent on the acid content of the precursors. Electron diffraction pattern of the typical baked film derived from the precursor with [HOAC]/[ZOO] = 2 exhibited meta-stable cubic phase of zirconia and the grains were found to be elongated (aspect ratio, 2.00–2.33).     

Self-assembled film based on carboxymethyl-beta-cyclodextrin and diazoresin and its binding properties for methylene blue

Polyelectrolyte-layered films containing beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CD) were fabricated by a layer-by-layer deposition of carboxymethyl-beta-cyclodextrin (CM-beta-CD) as a polyanion and cationic photosensitive diazoresin (DR) on a solid surface. Under UV irradiation, following the decomposition of diazonium group between the adjacent interfaces of the multilayers, the ionic bonds of the self-assembly film convert to covalent bonds and the film become stable toward many common organic solvent. When a high-ionic-strength buffer is employed as a bathing solution, the film is thicker than that deposited from water solution. And the deposition increases with the increase of the carboxymethylated degree of CM-beta-CD. The CM-beta-CD/DR film can bind methylene blue (MB), and the durability of MB-adsorbing films to reductive glucose indicates that MB molecules not only diffuse into the film, but also load to the cavity of beta-CD through a host-guest complexation assisted by electrostatic interactions. The binding quantity of MB increases linearly with increasing the number of bilayers, and is influenced obviously by the pH value of MB aqueous solution. MB molecules can desorb from the 12-bilayer MB-absorbing CM-beta-CD/DR films when being immersed in water/ethanol mixture, and the released quantity of MB increases a little with increasing the concentration of water when it is below 30%, while decreases evidently over 30%.