Polymerization of 3-Methoxythiophene in a Direct-Current Discharge

Thin polymer films were obtained from 3-methoxythiophene at the cathode in a dc discharge. It was found using Fourier transform IR spectroscopy that thiophene rings were the main structural units of the polymer; aliphatic fragments and oxygen-containing groups were also present. The polymer based on 3-methoxythiophene was found to exhibit p-type intrinsic conduction with an activation energy of 0.045 eV. The conductivity of the polymer at 20°C was 10⁻⁸ Ω⁻¹ cm⁻¹, and doping with iodine resulted in a rise in conductivity to 10⁻³ Ω⁻¹ cm⁻¹.__________Translated from Khimiya Vysokikh Energii, Vol. 39, No. 5, 2005, pp. 382–385.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Drachev, Gil’man, Krasovskii, Costa-Belobrzeckaja.     

Supramolecular Effect in Initiated Oxidation of Polyisoprene and Polyisoprene-Polybutadiene Blends in Chlorobenzene Solution

Specific features of initiated oxidation of polyisoprene and polyisoprene-polybutadiene blends in chlorobenzene solution were studied in relation to the supramolecular state of the polymer in solution.__________Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Khimii, Vol. 78, No. 3, 2005, pp. 490–492.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Kulish, Gerchikov, Kolesov, Zaikov.     

Effect of Dibenzo-18-crown-6 on the Polymer Electrolyte/Lithium Anode Interface

Photocured polymer electrolytes, applied onto a porous polypropylene separator, with conduction by lithium cations (1 × 10⁻⁴ S cm⁻¹ at 20°C) are designed. The polymer is formed from a 1 : 1 mixture of oligourethane dimethacrylate and polypropylene glycol monomethacrylate, which are capable of undergoing polymerization via double bonds in a liquid organic electrolyte (0.5 M LiClO₄) in a 1 : 1 mixture of propylene carbonate and dimethoxyethane. The polymer electrolyte comprises a polymer composition (20 wt %), a liquid electrolyte (78 wt %), and a photoinducer (2 wt %). Effect of insertion of dibenzo-18-crown-6 into the electrolyte on its electrochemical characteristics (on the electrolyte/Li interface) is investigated. Dependences of the bulk conductivity and exchange currents at the interface on the temperature and storage duration are studied at different crown ether contents.__________Translated from Elektrokhimiya, Vol. 41, No. 5, 2005, pp. 646–650.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Yarmolenko, Efimov.     

Toms Effect in Direct Crude Oil Emulsions as Influenced by the Stream Velocity and Concentration of Anionic Copolymers of Acrylamide

The major relationships in the Toms effect in direct crude oil emulsions differing in the dispersed phase concentration were studied on a modified turbulent rheometer with anionic copolymer of acrylamide as the polymer additive. The Toms effect was studied as influenced by the polymeric additive concentration and shear stress.__________Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Khimii, Vol. 78, No. 3, 2005, pp. 506–511.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Myagchenkov, Chichkanov, Yakovenko.     

Formation of silver clusters by borohydride reduction of AgNO<Subscript>3</Subscript> in polyacrylate aqueous solutions

Chemical synthesis of the compounds of silver clusters and polyacrylate was performed using sodium borohydride as a metal cation reducing agent. The effect of silver cation content on spectral properties and structure of the synthesized metal—polymer systems was studied by optical spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy.Translated from Kolloidnyi Zhurnal, Vol. 67, No. 1, 2005, pp. 79–86.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by B. Sergeev, Lopatina, Prusov, G. Sergeev.     

Electrochemical and chemical modification of poly-o-phenylenediamine redox polymer

Various methods for modification of poly-o-phenylenediamine (PPD) redox polymer with polyaniline (PANI) electron-conducting polymer, ReO ₄ ⁻ and [SiMo₁₂O₄₀]⁴⁻ anions, and palladium clusters are compared. Participation of anions is proven in the processes of PPD synthesis and redox transformations. Formation mechanisms and properties of composites consisting of a redox polymer and electron-conducting polymer and those of two different electron-conducting polymers are compared for example of PPD-PANI and ethylene-dioxythiophene-polybithiophene. A comparison of these systems shows the main change in the potential drop to take place at the metal/polymer interface for a redox polymer and at the polymer/solution interface, for an electron-conducting polymer. Published in Russian in Elektrokhimiya, 2006, Vol. 42, No. 12, pp. 1409–1416. Based on the report delivered at the 8th International Frumkin Symposium “Kinetics of the Electrode Processes,” October 18–22, 2005, Moscow. The article was translated by the authors.     

Synthesis of Carboxylated Monodisperse Latexes and Their Self-Organization in Thin Films

The capability of carboxylated latexes of poly(methyl methacrylate) and copolymers of styrene with glycidyl methacrylate or methacrylic acid for self-organization in thin films was studied in relation to the compositions of the dispersion medium and polymer and to the latex particle size.__________Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Khimii, Vol. 78, No. 1, 2005, pp. 161–167.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Men’shikova, Shabsel’s, Evseeva, Shevchenko, Bilibin.     

Structure and properties of the Nafion—polyaniline—palladium composite electrodes

Effect of conditions of deposition of palladium onto a composite polymeric film Nafion—polyaniline on the properties of the system thus obtained is studied. It is shown that the effect of the said conditions on the character of distribution of palladium in a polymer may be used when estimating electrocatalytic potentialities of such composites.Translated from Elektrokhimiya, Vol. 41, No. 2, 2005, pp. 213–218.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Andreev, Zolotarevskii.This revised version was published online in April 2005 with corrections to the article note and article title and cover date.     

Kinetics of Structural and Chemical Changes in Poly(ethylene terephthalate) Films Treated in Oxygen and Nitrogen Plasmas

The results of measurements of the kinetics of formation of various functional groups in the surface layer of poly(ethylene terephthalate) under the action of a dc-discharge plasma in oxygen and nitrogen are reported. Based on these data, the mechanisms of polymer modification and degradation are hypothesized.__________Translated from Khimiya Vysokikh Energii, Vol. 39, No. 5, 2005, pp. 392–395.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Kuvaldina, Rybkin, Titov, Shutov.     

Preparation of Branched Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) Using a Macroinitiator Based on Cobalt(II) 3-Allylpentane-2,4-dionate

Cobalt(II) 2-allylpentane-2,4-dionate, when used as an initiator of methyl methacrylate polymerization, yields a polymer containing metal chelate groups and exhibiting the properties of a macroinitiator capable of initiating secondary polymerization with the formation of branched high-molecular-weight methyl methacrylate polymers with a low polydispersity.__________Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Khimii, Vol. 78, No. 3, 2005, pp. 479–483.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Shevchenko, Voloshanovskii, Petrova, Berbat.     

Classification and Principles of Planar Chromatography in Test Methods of Chemical Analysis

The test methods of chemical analysis with the use of various versions of planar chromatography are considered. Cellulose paper and thin silica gel layers on polymer supports are used as stationary-phase carriers. The test solution serves as a mobile phase. The length of a colored or decolorized zone in test strips (laminated in a transparent polymer film) obtained by contact with the test solution through a small orifice or slot in the film serves as an analytical signal. Planar chromatography in the test methods of chemical analysis is classified in accordance with the mechanism of interactions between the mobile and stationary phases: precipitation, acid-base (proton-exchange), chemisorption, complexation, redox (electron-exchange), catalytic, and adsorption chromatography. Examples of stationary phases and particular analytical applications are given.__________Translated from Zhurnal Analiticheskoi Khimii, Vol. 60, No. 8, 2005, pp. 869–876.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Amelin.     

Simultaneous construction of polymer backbone and side chains by three‐component polycondensation. Synthesis of polyethers with propargyl side chains from dialdehydes,alkylene bis(trimethylsilyl) ethers,and allenyltrimethylsilane

Polyethers with propargyl side chains were synthesized by the acid‐catalyzed reaction of dialdehydes 1 , alkylene bis(trimethylsilyl) ethers 2 , and allenyltrimethylsilane 4 . When ethylene glycol bis(trimethylsilyl) ether was used as 2 , only oligomer was obtained. However, the use of 2 with longer carbon chains gave the desired polyethers consisting of 1 , 2 , and 4 in the molar ratio 1:1:2 in good yields in the presence of 10 mol % triphenylmethyl perchlorate (TrClO₄) at ?20 °C. This polyether was treated with organometallic reagents such as Co complex or CuCl to give a cross‐linked polymer. This polymer synthesis is unusual in that it concurrently constructs both the polymer backbone and the functional side chains from three starting compounds. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 5440–5448, 2005     

Use of poly(ethylene terephthalate) track membranes as template matrices for the preparation of polymeric nanomaterials based on polypyrrole and poly(<Emphasis Type="Italic">N</Emphasis>-methylpyrrole)

The oxidative polymerization of pyrrole and N-methylpyrrole with the use of template synthesis on poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) track membranes was studied. By scanning electron microscopy (SEM), it was found that a polymer film was formed on the surface of membranes and on the walls of membrane pores. The rates of polymerization on the surface of membranes and pore walls, as well as the yield and structure of the polymer film, depend on the membrane parameters (pore length and diameter and membrane porosity), the chemical structure of the monomer, the diffusion of polymerized solutions through template pores, and the temperature.Translated from Khimiya Vysokikh Energii, Vol. 39, No. 1, 2005, pp. 15–20.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Dobretsova, Ermolaev, Jitariouk, Milinchuk.     

Influence of UV Pretreatment on Thermooxidative Degradation of Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) Films with Fullerene C<Subscript>60</Subscript> or C<Subscript>70</Subscript>

Wariation of the concentration of fullerenes C₆₀ and C₇₀ in poly(methyl methacrylate) films under UV exposure in atmospheric oxygen was studied. The mechanism of the influence exerted by addition of some photostabilizing polymers and xanthene dyes on the photooxidative degradation of fullerene in the polymer matrix was analyzed.__________Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Khimii, Vol. 78, No. 6, 2005, pp. 1038–1042.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Troitskii, Khokhlova, Konev, Denisova, Novikova, Lopatin.     

Structure of Solutions of Polyamido Acid Salts in a Mixed Solvent

The changes in the structural organization of solutions of N,N-dimethylhexadecylammonium salt of the polyamido acid based on 3,3’,4,4’-diphenyltetracarboxylic dianhydride and o-tolidine in a dimethylacetamide-dioxane mixed solvent during 24-h keeping at room temperature were studied by polarized light scattering. The stability of the salt solutions was studied as influenced by the composition of the mixed solvent, chemical nature of its components, and molecular weight of the polymer.__________Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Khimii, Vol. 78, No. 3, 2005, pp. 474–478.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Kalinina, Silinskaya, Sklizkova, Kozhurnikova, Filippov, Kudryavtsev.     

Ionic Transport in Dilute Solid Polymer Electrolytes with Amorphous Structure

The ionic structure and transport properties of amorphous solid polymer electrolytes in the system copolymer of acrylonitrile and butadiene (40 : 60)—lithium hexafluoroarsenate (SPE) is studied in the region of small salt concentrations (up to 0.37 mol dm⁻³) at 298–368 K. In conditions studied, LiAsF₆ is dissociated predominantly to ions. Macroscopic models of ion transport are used to analyze the results of measurements of transport characteristics of SPE. Transport of anions free of the polymer matrix is realized activationlessly and resembles the Stokes drift in viscous media. Transport of cations solvated by electron-donating groups of the polymer turns possible only at temperatures in excess of a critical value (T _crit ≈ 333 K), when the statistical mean of molecules in the first coordination sphere of the lithium cation becomes less than four (which is the coordination number for solvation) and requires the overcoming of an energy barrier of ∼6 kJ mol⁻¹. Below T _crit, the SPE are unipolar anionic conductors.__________Translated from Elektrokhimiya, Vol. 41, No. 5, 2005, pp. 537–545.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Bushkova, Sofronova, Lirova, Zhukovskii.     

New family of highly emissive,soluble poly(1,4‐fluorenylenevinylene) derivatives: Synthesis and characterization

A new poly(arylene vinylene) derivative, poly(1,4‐fluorenylenevinylene), with the advantages of poly(p‐phenylene vinylene) and polyfluorene (PF), was designed, synthesized, and characterized. The polymer showed a defect‐free structure and a number‐average molecular weight of 32,600. The resulting polymer was thermally stable with a high glass‐transition temperature (200 °C) and was readily soluble in common organic solvents. The polymer film showed a maximum emission at 515 nm and had a photoluminescence quantum yield of 58 ± 5%. A cyclic voltammetry study revealed that the highest occupied molecular orbital and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy levels of the polymer were 2.9 and 5.51 eV, respectively. The double‐layer light‐emitting‐diode devices fabricated from the polymer emitted bright green light with a maximum around 515 nm. The device showed a maximum luminous efficiency of 0.13 cd/A and a maximum luminance value of 600 cd/m² at 17 V. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 6515–6523, 2005     

Metal Nanoparticles on Polymer Surfaces: 5. Catalytic Activity of Colloidal Platinum Films Incorporated in Polystyrene Surface Layer

The fundamental possibility to enlarge Pt nanoparticles in monolayer ensembles formed on polystyrene surfaces by the adsorption from hydrosol in solution of isopropanol and K₂PtCl₄ is demonstrated for the first time. The enlargement of “seeding” nanoparticles is performed after their preliminary incorporation (partial embedding) into the polymer surface layer by the annealing of a system within the range between “surface” and “bulk” glass transition temperatures of polystyrene. It is shown that a colloidal film of metallic platinum with a thickness up to 200 nm is formed in the course of enlargement and it is mechanically fixed in the polymer surface layer. Such a system exhibits, over a long time, high catalytic activity in the model reaction of methyl viologen reduction with hydrogen.__________Translated from Kolloidnyi Zhurnal, Vol. 67, No. 3, 2005, pp. 398–403.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Rudoy, Sukhov, Dement’eva, Abkhalimov, Vereshchagina, Kartseva, Ershov.     

Diphenylbutadiene chromium tricarbonyl in radical polymerization of methylmethacrylate

The synthesis of poly(methylmethacrylate) in the presence of diphenylbutadiene chromium tricarbonyl under radical initiation and temperature conditions that approach those in industry proceeds without autoacceleration and is characterized by a linear increase in the polymer molecular weight with conversion. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Anomalous Melting of Poly(Phenylene Oxide)

Slow evaporation of toluene from poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide), PPO, at 23°C produced crystals which melt between 185 and 265°C and have a crystallinityof 0.58. About 8 wt% of the crystals appear to melt temperatures below 220°C. The lattertemperature marks the end of the glass transition interval for this polymer.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.