X射线荧光光谱法测定钨单矿物及钨矿中的钨、锰、铁和铌

钨单矿物及钨矿中钨及其伴生元素的分析历来都采用化学法。Harris等指出:钨的比色法可靠性较差,而重量法手续冗长,成本亦高。他们在比较了各种分析手段的基础上,选定X射线荧光光谱法进行测定。笔者采用熔样法,加入适量的钡和钽作重吸收剂,并以钽作钨的内标,无须借助于数学法校正基体效应,成功地进行了钨单矿物、钨精矿及钨中矿中钨、锰、铁和铌的多元素同时测定。方法简便、快速且成本低,其准确度和精密度均可与化学法相比。     

基于插层化学的单晶氧化钨纳米片的制备、表征与形成机制

结合插层化学与湿化学方法的优点, 建立了一种高比表面积、大径厚比、易分散的二维氧化钨(WO3)纳米片单晶的制备新方法. 微米级WO3与Bi2O3在800 ℃通过固相反应生成层状化合物Bi2W2O9; 所得到的Bi2W2O9经盐酸选择性溶出[Bi2O2]层后得到质子化形式的H2W2O7·xH2O相. 以H2W2O7·xH2O为钨源, 以辛胺插层所得无机-有机混杂纳米带为前驱物, 经硝酸氧化除去前驱物中的有机组分后得到正交相WO3·H2O纳米片; 将所得到的WO3·H2O纳米片在250~ 450 ℃和空气气氛中热处理2~5 h(升温速率为2 ℃/min), 得到单斜相WO3单晶纳米片. TEM与SEM分析结果表明, 单晶WO3·H2O与WO3纳米片的形貌相似, 其大小为(200~500) nm×(200~500) nm, 厚度为10~30 nm; 所得WO3·H2O与WO3纳米片单晶的厚度方向分别为[010]和[001]. N2吸附结果表明, WO3·H2O与WO3纳米片的比表面积分别可达到250与180 m2/g.     

混酸分解-电感耦合等离子体质谱（ICP-MS）法测定地质样品中铌钽锂铍铷钨

地质样品中的铌、钽、锂、铍、铷、钨元素含量相差大,且同一样品中各元素含量差异也较大。如在原矿中的含量只有几十至几百μg/g,而在精矿中的含量则达到了百分之几至百分之几十,高含量样品中的铌钽元素在强酸性溶液中不稳定,极易水解,准确测定这些元素需要多种方法,分析过程繁琐。传统的分析方法过程复杂、难以实现同时测定多种元素。通过考察分解体系酸的用量选择、提取剂的选择、提取剂用量的选择、测定内标元素的选择,建立了混酸分解-电感耦合等离子体质谱法同时测定地质样品中铌、钽、锂、铍、铷、钨元素的测定方法。本文采用氢氟酸-硝酸-盐酸-高氯酸-硫酸分解样品,用3～4滴氢氟酸+ 5 %硫酸+ 5 %过氧化氢萃取体系代替常规有机酸(酒石酸等。)萃取体系。采用ICP -MS同时测定各含量段地质中铌、钽、锂、铍、铷、钨的不同含量。采用该方法测定国家一级标准物质 GBW07155、GBW07153 、GBW07185,结果表明,各元素的检测结果与认定值无显著性误差,精密度RSD（n=6）0.45%～4.05%,准确度?lgC （n=6）在-0.008%～0.009%之间,适用于地质样品中的铌、钽、锂、铍、铷、钨元素的测定。     

离子液体中过氧钨配合物催化氧化燃油脱硫

合成了一种含D,L-丙氨酸配体的钨的过氧配合物WO(O2)2·2C3H7NO2·H2O催化剂.以WO(O2)2·2C3H7NO2·H2O/[Bmim]PF6/H2O2体系为研究模型,考察了反应时间、温度和催化剂用量等因素对燃油脱硫率的影响.结果表明,在70℃反应2h,n(H2O2)∶n(二苯并噻吩)∶n(催化剂)=30...     

W掺杂SiO2介孔材料的制备与表征

以非离子表面活性剂三嵌段共聚物P123为模板剂、正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)为硅源、钨酸钠(Na2WO4·2H2O)为钨源, 通过水热法一步合成了W掺杂的二氧化硅介孔材料W-SiO2, 并通过XRD、HRTEM、EDX、FT-IR、N2吸附-脱附等表征手段, 考察了随着W含量增加, W-SiO2介孔材料结构的变化规律以及钨物种在材料中的存在状态. 结果表明, 当WO3含量w(WO3)约为10%时, W-SiO2中的钨物种是高度分散进入介孔骨架,形成W-O-Si 键; 当w(WO3)=20%时, 样品中开始有未掺入到SiO2骨架中WO3的结晶出现; 当w(WO3)约60%时, W-SiO2 样品能保持很好的介孔孔道结构, 更高含量WO3掺入将破坏二氧化硅介孔结构.     

X射线荧光光谱法测定合金中钨的含量

采用X射线荧光光谱法测定了多种含钨合金钢以及含钨较高的镍基和钴基合金中钨的含量。方法中选择钨的Lβ1线为分析线,并选择2θ角在39.50°处作为背景位置。在合金中钽的Lβ2线对钨分析线有重叠干扰,选两套标准样品用基本参数法(FP)测出了干扰系数k,将k值列入仪器的FP工作软件中来消除钽对钨测定的重叠干扰。用所提出的方法分析了钨质量分数在0.054%～11.71%内的5个标准样品,测定值与认定值相符,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=7)在0.55%～9.5%之间。     

钨化合物催化过氧化氢氧化环己酮合成己二酸

在无相转移催化剂的条件下,用Na2WO4·2H2O 或 H7[P(W2O7)6]·xH2O为催化剂,30% H2O2可以将环己酮高产率地氧化成己二酸.钨催化剂用量、反应液酸度对反应结果有着重要的影响.当钨原子与环己酮的摩尔比为1.5%,反应初始液的pH值为1.0时,己二酸的得率可达82%;而且催化体系具有很好的可循环性.     

钨精矿中钼的直接催化极谱测定

钼的催化极谱测定国内外已有不少报导,但是,通常大量钨对钼的测定都有严重影响。目前,钨精矿中少量钼的直接极谱测定仍有困难。本文研究了钼在EDTA-(NH_4)_2SO_4-KClO_3支持电解质中的催化波,大量钨没有影响,解决了钨精矿中少量钼的测定问题。本法已用于钨精矿及其选矿尾矿等中0.00X—4％钼的直接测定。分析     

金属材料分析方法的选择和施行——第五讲 金属材料中钨的测定（续）

2　钨测定方法的选择及施行2.1　钨的重量测定法测定合金钢、钨铁等金属材料中大量钨,包括国内外标准在内的分析方法主要采用重量法,如 GB/T 223.43-1994,GB/T 7731.1987,ГОСТ12349-83及ATSM E30 77 等。在 ASTM的一些合金钢的新标准方法(如E352,E353,E354)中均未列入钨的测定方法。可以认为,测定高含量钨目前尚没有可以代替钨酸沉淀重量法的新方法。钨的钨酸沉淀重量测定法乃基于将试样中的钨(Ⅵ)以难溶的钨酸状态析出。由于酸的介质(盐酸或硝酸)和温度条件的不同,钨酸的沉淀状态有黄色钨酸(H2WO4)和白色胶状的含水钨酸(H2WO…     

磷钨磷钼钨Dawson型杂多化合物的合成

Dawson型磷钨杂多化合物(HPC)作为多相或均相催化剂,对烯烃环氧化反应极为有效[1]。在HPC中引入钼原子可以提高它的氧化能力;引入过渡元素如铜可以改善其氧化还原反应的可逆性[2]。目前已合成出Nb、Ti、Mn、Fe、Co等多种过渡元素取代的Dawson型HPC[3],并且证明其具有良好的氧化还原催化性能。本文以Na2WO4·2H2O和Na2HPO4·12H2O为原料合成了K10Na2H2P2W16O60,再以其为反应物合成了过渡元素镍、铜取代的磷钨、磷钼钨共三种Dawson型杂多化合物:K14[Ni2P2W16O62]·24H2O、K15H5[Ni(P2W16MoO61)2]·26H2O和K15H3[Cu(…     

波长色散X射线荧光光谱法测定钴精矿中钴、铜和锰含量

采用高纯氧化物经四硼酸锂和偏硼酸锂熔融制备人工标准样品,以氧化镱为内标,制作校准曲线,建立了波长色散型X射线荧光光谱法测定钴精矿中钴、铜、锰元素的分析方法。重点研究了混合熔剂、试样稀释比、氧化剂和内标选择、方法检出限、方法准确度和精密度等,结果表明,各元素校准曲线线性范围宽,相关系数均大于0.999, 钴、铜、锰元素检出限分别达到0.002%、0.001%和0.001%,测试准确度和精密度可靠,方法满足行业检测需求。     

Development of the Method of Calibration Equations for the X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis of Multicomponent Samples in the Presence of Undetectable Elements

New calibration equations are proposed based on the use of intensity ratios of spectral lines and peaks of coherently and incoherently scattered characteristic radiation of an X-ray tube. Prospects for their application to the X-ray fluorescence analysis of samples containing undetectable light elements are shown. The proposed method ensures high precision of determination and performance of analysis in the lack of adequate reference samples. The method was tested on an example of analysis of standard samples of bronze and samples of iron oxide materials.     

Energy dispersive X-Ray fluorescence determination of thorium in phosphoric acid solutions

Energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence studies on determination of thorium (in the range of 7 to 137 mg/mL) in phosphoric acid solutions obtained by dissolution of thoria in autoclave were made. Fixed amounts of Y internal standard solutions, after dilution with equal amount of phosphoric acid, were added to the calibration as well as sample solutions. Solution aliquots of approximately 2–5 µL were deposited on thick absorbent sheets to absorb the solutions and the sheets were presented for energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence measurements. A calibration plot was made between intensity ratios (Th Lα/Y Kα) against respective amounts of thorium in the calibration solutions. Thorium amounts in phosphoric acid samples were determined using their energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectra and the above calibration plot. The energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence results, thus obtained, were compared with the corresponding gamma ray spectrometry results and were found to be within average deviation of 2.6% from the respective gamma ray spectrometry values. The average precision obtained in energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence determinations was found to be 4% (1σ). The energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence method has an advantage over gamma ray spectrometry for thorium determination as the amount of sample required and measurement time is far less compared to that required in gamma ray spectrometry.     

Analysis of tungsten carbides by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry

Five sample presentation techniques were examined for the X-ray fluorescence spectrometric analysis of tungsten carbide alloys in powder and cemented forms. Powder samples may be oxidized by air at 600° before fusion (I), or preferably by lithium nitrate during fusion (II); the fusion is effected with lithium-lanthanum tetraborate followed by briquetting with graphite. Powder samples may also be blended with wax and briquetted (III). Cemented carbides are surface-prepared with silicon carbide before analysis (V). Briquettes prepared by blending carbide powder, lithium-lanthanum tetraborate and graphite (IV), give poor reproducibility, however, owing to micro-absorption effects the technique is not recommended. The determination of eight common elements in tungsten carbide is discussed and the relative standard deviations are 0.002–0.004 for major and 0.008–0.01 for minor elements.     

Simultaneous determination of trace niobium, tantalum and tungsten in ferrous and non-ferrous alloys

A method is presented for the determination of niobium, tantalum and tungsten in steel and non-ferrous alloys, based on hydrolysis with sulphurous acid followed by X-ray fluorescence measurements. The limit of determination is about 0.002% and the standard deviation is 0.002 at the 0.05% level. Results below 0.01% by this method are only semiquantitative.     

X射线荧光光谱法测定铝土矿中的主成分

建立了X射线荧光光谱法测定铝土矿中主要成分氧化铁、氧化硅、氧化铝、氧化钠、氧化钾、氧化钛、氧化钙、氧化镁的方法。将铝土矿样品以四硼酸锂作熔剂，氟化锂作助熔剂，碘化铵作脱模剂高温熔融制备成玻璃熔片，以标准物质和自制标样作校准曲线，在XRF-2400仪上按选定的仪器条件测量强度，按预先建好的校准曲线计算结果，并与化学法进行对照，结果基本一致，方法操作简单、快速，准确度和精密度均达到国家标准方法规定的要求。     

Energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence determination of cadmium in uranium matrix using Cd Kα line excited by continuum

An energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence method for determination of cadmium (Cd) in uranium (U) matrix using continuum source of excitation was developed. Calibration and sample solutions of cadmium, with and without uranium were prepared by mixing different volumes of standard solutions of cadmium and uranyl nitrate, both prepared in suprapure nitric acid. The concentration of Cd in calibration solutions and samples was in the range of 6 to 90 µg/mL whereas the concentration of Cd with respect to U ranged from 90 to 700 µg/g of U. From the calibration solutions and samples containing uranium, the major matrix uranium was selectively extracted using 30% tri-n-butyl phosphate in dodecane. Fixed volumes (1.5 mL) of aqueous phases thus obtained were taken directly in specially designed in-house fabricated leak proof Perspex sample cells for the energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence measurements and calibration plots were made by plotting Cd Kα intensity against respective Cd concentration. For the calibration solutions not having uranium, the energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectra were measured without any extraction and Cd calibration plots were made accordingly. The results obtained showed a precision of 2% (1σ) and the results deviated from the expected values by < 4% on average.     

Analysis of human blood serum and human brain samples by total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometry applying Compton peak standardization

The method of using the Compton peak as internal standard in total reflection X-ray fluorescence (TXRF) determination is established for trace element determination of Fe, Cu, Zn, Se and Pt in human serum and of Cu and Zn in homogenized brain samples. A new method of spectrometer sensitivity calibration using spiked matrices with known amounts of trace elements is tested against established methods of matrix matching as well as internal element addition. The analytical results with the proposed procedure are compared to a certified international standard and to values with Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS) obtaining analytical results of comparable accuracy and precision. The method is adequate for routine clinical analysis as it has the advantages of requiring very small amounts of material and simple preparations, which avoids the chemical digestion stage.     

熔融制样-X射线荧光测定钨钼锡矿中的主次成分

采用熔融制样-X射线荧光光谱法测定矿物中的Cu、Pb、Zn、Mo、W、Al、Fe、Si、K、Na、Ti、Ca、Sn等13种主次量元素,采用混合均匀的三混熔剂,以硝酸锂为氧化剂、溴化锂为脱膜剂,进行实验条件优化选择。在650℃下对样品进行预氧化,在1100℃下高温熔融,熔融时间为300 s,最后制成均匀透明,表面光滑无气孔的熔片,以部分国家一级标准物质和自制的钨钼锡标准样品,熔融制片进行测定,线性拟合建立标准曲线,并通过测定谱线选择、基体校正,使钨钼锡的测定范围扩宽,从微量到主量均能进行测定,并且适用于多种不同矿石的测定。样品的组成和含量变化会对分析线强度造成吸收、增强以及谱线重叠的影响,采用经验系数和理论α系数结合来校正其产生的基体效应。相同条件下熔融10个标准样品进行测定,其相对标准偏差(RSD)均小于5%,表明方法的准确度、精密度均满足国家相关质量标准的要求。选用一些含量不同的标准样品进行测定,最终的测定结果与标准值相符,表明方法可用于钨钼锡矿的测定。     

光谱法快速测定半钢发热剂中Si、P、S的方法研究

目前,国内没有关于半钢发热剂的国家标准检测方法,只能根据组分范围分别检测各个组分,不仅耗时而且大量化学试剂对环境造成污染。故研究半钢发热剂全组分快速测定方法。文章采用粉末压片制样,研究其制样条件,包括磨样时间、压样时间和压力对测定结果的影响。采用其他方法定值提供的检测样品,作为X-射线荧光光谱法内控标样,文章中基体校正采用经验系数法,通过解谱拟合建立校准曲线,校准曲线建立后仪器建立漂移校正程序。实验结果精密度好,各元素的相对标准偏差在0.15%-1.3%。准确度满足生产需求,实验方法可用于公司快速检测半钢发热剂化学组分。